John Sandfield Macdonald

John Sandfield Macdonald
The Hon. John Sandfield Macdonald
1st Premier of Ontario
In office July 15, 1867 – December 20, 1871
Preceded by	None
Succeeded by	Edward Blake
Personal details
Born	December 12, 1812(1812-12-12) St Raphael West, Glengarry County, Upper Canada
Died	June 1, 1872(1872-06-01) (aged 59) Cornwall, Ontario
Political party	Liberal-Conservative
Spouse(s)	Marie Christine Waggaman
Religion	Roman Catholic
Signature

John Sandfield Macdonald, QC (December 12, 1812 – June 1, 1872) was the first Premier of the province of Ontario, one of the four founding provinces created at the confederation of Canada in 1867. He served as both premier and Attorney-General of Ontario from July 15, 1867 to 1871.

A Reformer and advocate of responsible government, Macdonald served in all eight Assemblies of the United Province of Canada prior to Confederation. He also served in several pre-confederation administrations, including a period as co-premier of the United Province from 1862 to 1864. It was this time when Macdonald suffered a collapsed lung from chronic tuberculosis. [1]

Macdonald was initially an opponent of confederation, but came to accept it and became an ally of Sir John A. Macdonald (no relation). John A. Macdonald helped manoeuvre Sandfield Macdonald into the position of first Premier of Ontario.

His government was moderate and initially a coalition of liberals and conservatives (described in contemporary accounts as a "Patent Combination" government), but suffered from defections by more radical Reformers. This group joined with the Clear Grits to form the opposition Liberal Party led by Edward Blake and Oliver Mowat. In December 1871, Macdonald's government was defeated by Edward Blake's Liberals. Macdonald resigned, and died several months later.

Sandfield Macdonald would be the last Roman Catholic Premier of Ontario for 132 years; not until Dalton McGuinty became premier in 2003 would another Roman Catholic assume the office. After Macdonald's tenure, sectarian tensions in the province rose, and the Conservative Party increasingly became identified with the Orange Order and sectarian Protestantism. Even though most of the party's leaders were not sectarian themselves (with a few notable exceptions), Orange Ontarians became a core constituency of the party that leaders were loath to neglect. Catholics, meanwhile, increasingly voted for the Liberal Party. While the Liberals could never be called a Catholic party, the Catholic vote became as important a constituency to the Liberals as the Orange vote became to the Conservatives.

Macdonald's brothers, Donald Alexander Macdonald and Alexander Francis Macdonald, were also politicians, and served as federal Members of Parliament. Donald, who served as an MP the longest of the three brothers, was in the House of Commons concurrently with both Sandfield and Alexander, although Sandfield and Alexander did not serve concurrently with each other.

In the early years of confederation, politicians were allowed to serve simultaneously in the House of Commons and in a provincial legislature. From 1867 to 1872, Sandfield Macdonald was also a Liberal MP in the Canadian House of Commons.

Personal life

In 1840 while he was on one of his missions from the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada the Earl of Durham to the British Minister at Washington he met Marie Christine Waggaman, daughter of George Augustus Waggaman, a former Whig senator from Louisiana. They were married in 1840 and raised three children.

He was personally referred to by his middle name Sandfield and often signed his correspondence and documents as "J. Sandfield Macdonald".

Macdonald is buried in historic St. Andrews Cemetery in St. Andrews West, Ontario. The gravesite is marked by a bronze plaque, the first under a new (2007) program to honour Ontario premiers at their burial sites. The Ontario Heritage Trust plans to commemorate each of the province's 18 deceased premiers in a similar way, styled after a national program to mark the graves of prime ministers.

External links

• "John Sandfield Macdonald". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. 1979–2005. 
• John Sandfield Macdonald - Parliament of Canada biography
• Ontario Legislative Assembly Parliamentarian History

• John Sandfield Macdonald at Find a Grave
• Ontario Plaques - John Sandfield Macdonald

Political offices
Preceded by John A. Macdonald	Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada - Canada West 1862–1864	Succeeded by John A. Macdonald
Parliament of Canada
Preceded by None	Member of Parliament for Cornwall 1867–1872	Succeeded by Darby Bergin
Legislative Assembly of Ontario
Preceded by None	Member of the Legislative Assembly for Cornwall 1867–1875	Succeeded by Alexander Fraser McIntyre
Preceded by John Alexander Macdonald	Attorney General of Canada West 1862–1864	Succeeded by John Alexander Macdonald

Preceded by Augustin-Norbert Morin

Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of the United Provinces of Canada 1852–1853

Succeeded by Louis Victor Sicotte