Joseph Wirth

Joseph Wirth
Chancellor of Germany
In office 10 May 1921 – 14 November 1922
Preceded by	Konstantin Fehrenbach
Succeeded by	Wilhelm Cuno
Personal details
Born	6 September 1879(1879-09-06)
Died	3 January 1956(1956-01-03) (aged 76)
Political party	Catholic Centre Party

Karl Joseph Wirth, known as Joseph Wirth, (6 September 1879 Freiburg im Breisgau – 3 January 1956 Freiburg im Breisgau) was a German politician of the Catholic Centre Party who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1921 to 1922.

Biography

The son of a working engineer, he was educated at the University of Freiburg. In 1908 he was appointed to the chair of Economics at the Technical College of Freiburg, and after his election as a municipal councillor in 1911 he devoted himself to financial questions. In 1913 he obtained a seat as a member of the Catholic Centre Party in the diet of Baden, and in 1918 was appointed Minister of Finance. In January 1919 he was elected a member of the Constituent Assembly which sat at Weimar.

In March 1920, when the ministry was reconstructed after the Kapp Putsch, he received the portfolio of finance, which he continued to hold in subsequent ministries. His task was to carry out the system of increased national taxation which his predecessor Matthias Erzberger had induced the Reichstag to adopt. When in May 1921 the Allied ultimatum on reparation was presented to Germany and the sanctions enforced on the Rhine, the Fehrenbach-Simons ministry, which had rejected the London terms, resigned, and Wirth was called upon to form a new cabinet. He succeeded in obtaining the cooperation of a number of able Democrats, Catholics and Socialists, including the prominent industrialist and economist Walther Rathenau as Minister of Reconstructions. Wirth himself retained the portfolio of finance. The new ministry then accepted the Allies' reparation terms — 132 billion marks (£6,600,000,000) payable in yearly instalments of £100,000,000 plus the proceeds of a 25% duty on German exports. By August 31, 1921, Germany had paid the first half-yearly instalment of £50,000,000, and in the following October Rathenau succeeded in concluding a comprehensive agreement with France for paying reparations in kind for the reconstruction of the devastated regions.

After the assassination of Erzberger on August 26, 1921, the conflict between the government and the reactionary Bavarian ministry of von Kahr came to a head, von Kahr showing the same recalcitrancy against carrying out the special ordinances against reactionary plots as he had previously exhibited in regard to the dissolution of the illegal volunteer force, the Einwohnerwehr. Wirth stood his ground, and ultimately von Kahr was compelled by his own party in Bavaria to resign and make way for a more conciliatory minister-president.

The strife which arose out of this acute internal crisis had hardly abated when the announcement in mid-October of the decision of the League of Nations on the partition of Upper Silesia between Germany and Poland aroused wild excitement throughout Germany, and, among other consequences, sent the exchange value of the mark down (October 17) to 750 to the pound. Wirth had not concealed his conviction that the severance from Germany of the rich industrial district of Upper Silesia would fatally affect Germany's capacity to pay further reparation instalments, and the political tension in Berlin again became acute. Eventually Wirth resigned, but nobody was found able to form a ministry in his place and he resumed office.

Wirth's grave in Freiburg

Only 41 years old when he took office, he was the youngest Chancellor of Germany to date. He is perhaps best known for his speech in front of the Reichstag after the assassination of Walther Rathenau by rightist extremists in 1922. Wirth famously proclaimed "The enemy is on the right!". He received the Stalin Peace Prize in 1955 for his anti-fascist positions.

First Cabinet, May - October 1921

• Joseph Wirth (Z) - Chancellor and Finance Minister
• Gustav Bauer (SPD) - Vice Chancellor and Treasury Minister
• Friedrich Rosen - Foreign Minister
• Georg Gradnauer (SPD) - Interior Minister
• Robert Schmidt (SPD) - Economics Minister
• Heinrich Brauns (Z) - Labour Minister
• Eugen Schiffer (DDP) - Justice Minister
• Otto Gessler (DDP) - Defence Minister
• Wilhelm Gröner - Transport Minister
• Andreas Hermes (Z) - Food Minister

Changes

• 29 May 1921 - Walther Rathenau (DDP) enters the cabinet as Reconstruction Minister.

Second Cabinet, October 1921 - November 1922

• Joseph Wirth (Z) - Chancellor and Foreign Minister
• Gustav Bauer (SPD) - Vice Chancellor
• Adolf Köster (SPD) - Interior Minister
• Andreas Hermes (Z) - Finance Minister and Food Minister
• Robert Schmidt (SPD) - Economics Minister
• Heinrich Brauns (Z) - Labour Minister
• Gustav Radbruch (SPD) - Justice Minister
• Otto Gessler (DDP) - Defence Minister
• Johannes Giesberts (Z) - Postal Minister
• Wilhelm Groener - Transport Minister

Changes

• 1 February 1922 - Walther Rathenau (DDP) succeeds Wirth as Foreign Minister. Wirth remains Chancellor
• 10 March 1922 - Anton Fehr (Bavarian Peasants' League) succeeds Hermes as Food Minister. Hermes remains Finance Minister.
• 24 June 1922 - Upon Rathenau's assassination, Wirth again becomes Foreign Minister.

References

•  "Wirth, Karl Joseph". Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). 1922. 

Political offices
Preceded by Konstantin Fehrenbach	Chancellor of Germany 1921–1922	Succeeded by Wilhelm Cuno
Preceded by Friedrich Rosen	Minister of Foreign Affairs 1921–1922	Succeeded by Walther Rathenau
Preceded by Walther Rathenau	Minister of Foreign Affairs 1922	Succeeded by Hans von Rosenberg
Preceded by Carl Severing	Minister of the Interior 1930–1931	Succeeded by Wilhelm Groener