Josephus Daniels
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| Josephus Daniels | |
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| In office March 5, 1913 – March 4, 1921 |
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| Preceded by | George von L. Meyer |
| Succeeded by | Edwin Denby |
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| Born | May 18, 1862 Washington, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | January 15, 1948 (aged 85) Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Addie Worth Bagley Daniels |
| Alma mater | Duke University University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |
| Profession | Politician, Publisher |
Josephus Daniels (May 18, 1862 – January 15, 1948) was a newspaper editor and publisher from North Carolina who was appointed by United States President Woodrow Wilson to serve as Secretary of the Navy during World War I. He was also a close friend and supporter of President Franklin Roosevelt and served as his Ambassador to Mexico.
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[edit] Early life and career
The father of Josephus Daniels was a shipbuilder for the Confederacy and was killed before the boy was 3.[1] A native of Washington, North Carolina, Daniels moved with his mother and two siblings to Wilson, North Carolina after his father was accidentally killed by Confederate troops during the Civil War.[2] He was educated at Wilson Collegiate Institute and at Trinity College (now Duke University). He edited and eventually purchased a local newspaper, the Wilson Advance. Within a few years, he became part owner of the Kinston Free Press and the Rocky Mount Reporter.[2] He studied law at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and was admitted to the bar in 1885, but did not practice law. After becoming increasingly involved in the North Carolina Democratic Party and taking over the weekly paper Daily State Chronicle, he was North Carolina's state printer in 1887-93 and chief clerk of the Federal Department of the Interior under Grover Cleveland in 1893-95.
In 1888, Daniels married Addie Worth Bagley, the granddaughter of former Governor Jonathan Worth.
[edit] News and Observer
In 1894, Daniels acquired a controlling interest in the Raleigh News & Observer, which led him to leave his federal office. The paper was unabashed in its advocacy for the Democratic Party, which at the time was struggling against a fusion of the Republicans and Populists.[3]
Daniels and other Democrats launched a "White Supremacy" campaign to appeal to racist sentiment. That led to Democratic victories in 1898 and 1900 and to the disfranchisement of African Americans. On December 15, 2005, the 1898 Wilmington Race Riot Commission noted in its draft report that Daniels' involvement in the overthrow of the elected city government of Wilmington, NC, by actively promoting white supremacy in The News and Observer was so significant that he has been referred to as the "precipitator of the riot."
Daniels later said he regretted his tactics and supported a number of progressive causes, like public education, anti child-labor laws, and banning alcohol.
The News and Observer remained under Daniels' family control until its sale to The McClatchy Company in 1995.
[edit]
Daniels supported Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 presidential election, and after Wilson's victory was appointed as Secretary of the Navy.
Secretary Daniels held the post from 1913 to 1921, throughout the Wilson administration, overseeing the Navy during World War I. Future U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt served as his Assistant Secretary of the Navy.[4]
Secretary Daniels believed in government ownership of armorplate factories, and of telephones and telegraphs. At the end of the First World War he made a serious attempt to have the Navy control all radio transmitters in the United States. If he had succeeded amateur radio would have ended, and it is likely that radio broadcasting would have been substantially delayed.
Daniels banned alcohol from United States Navy ships in General Order 99 of 1 June 1914. This led to the folk etymology that "cup of joe" (referring to a cup of coffee) derives from Daniels' name.
In 1917, Secretary Daniels determined that no prostitution would be permitted within a five-mile radius of naval installations. In the Vieux Carré of New Orleans, this World War I directive caused long-lasting consequences for servicemen and others during subsequent decades.[5]
During World War One, Daniels created the Naval Consulting Board to encourage inventions that would be helpful to the Navy. Daniels asked Thomas Edison to chair the Board. Daniels was worried that the US was unprepared for the new conditions of warfare and needed new technology.[6]
Daniels wrote The Navy and the Nation(1919), a collection of war addresses he made as Secretary of the Navy.
[edit] USS Josephus Daniels
The Navy named USS Josephus Daniels (DLG/CG-27) for the Secretary. It was in commission from 1965 to 1994. One of the recruit barracks at the Navy's Recruit Training Center in Great Lakes, Illinois is also named for him.
[edit] Later life
After leaving government service in 1921, Daniels resumed the editorship of the Raleigh News and Observer.
Daniels strongly supported Franklin Roosevelt for president in 1932.
[edit] Ambassador to Mexico
President Roosevelt appointed his former boss at the Department of the Navy as United States Ambassador to Mexico. The appointment of a friend as Ambassador was an important element of Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor Policy;" however, Daniels' arrival in Mexico City was marred by a violent demonstration when a group of Mexicans stoned the American Embassy.[7] Although the American naval bombardment in April 1914 of the Mexican Naval Academy at Veracruz was blamed on then Secretary of the Navy Daniels, he had disagreed with the act and only proceeded when ordered to by Wilson. After accepting the appointment as Ambassador in order to try and heal the rift the invasion had created between the two nations, his speeches and policies while serving as Ambassador to Mexico did greatly improve US-Mexican relations. He praised a proposed Mexican plan for universal popular education and, in a speech to US consular officials, advised them to refrain from interfering too much in the affairs of other nations. Daniels also favored the Loyalist cause in the Spanish Civil War, realizing that a collapse of the Spanish government would have dire affects on Mexico.
In 1941, when his son Jonathan was named a special assistant to FDR, Josephus resigned his post in Mexico to return to North Carolina and resume the editor's post at the News & Observer and continued his outspoken editorial style.
Daniels had married Addie Worth Bagley on May 2, 1888, and the Daniels family grew to include four sons: Josephus, Worth Bagley, Jonathan Worth, and Frank A. III. After Addie Daniels died in 1943, the S.S. Addie Daniels was commissioned in her honor in 1944.
Daniels published several recollections of his years in public office. In addition to The Navy and the Nation, he wrote Our Navy at War (1922), The Life of Woodrow Wilson (1924), and The Wilson Era (1944).
During the course of his life, Daniels operated several newspapers, culminating with the News & Observer, which is still in operation. He served in public office with a strong belief in improving conditions for labor and the working class. The story of Daniels' life closely mirrors that of North Carolina during the same time period. From the catastrophe of Civil War to national prominence, Daniels was a prime example of the strengths and weaknesses that marked the progress of his state. From the continuing presence of the News & Observer to the public middle school in Raleigh which bears his name (Josephus Daniels Middle School), the influence of Josephus Daniels continues to be felt. In 1941, he retired to Raleigh due to his wife's poor health. After completing a five-volume autobiography in which he expressed regret over the vicious attacks (but not the overall righteousness) of the White Supremacy campaign, he died in Raleigh on January 15, 1948 at the age of eighty-five. He is buried in Historic Oakwood Cemetery.[8] Daniels divided his shares of the News and Observer among all his children, one of whom, Jonathan Worth Daniels, became editor.[9]
Eight years after he died, the new Daniels Middle School was named after him. Daniels Hall on North Carolina State University main campus is also named after him.[10]
[edit] Selected works
- 1919 -- The Navy and the Nation. New York: George H. Doran Company. OCLC 1450710
- 1922 -- Our Navy at War. Washington, D.C.: Pictorial Bureau. OCLC 1523367
- 1924 -- The Life of Woodrow Wilson, 1856-1924. Philadelphia: Universal Book and Bible House. OCLC 4894794. reprint by Kessinger Publishing, 2004. 10-ISBN 0-766-18631-8; 13-ISBN 978-0-766-18631-6; OCLC 81967751
- 1939 -- Tar heel editor. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. OCLC 335116
- 1941 -- Editor in Politics. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. OCLC 339245
- 1944 -- The Wilson Era: Years of Peace, 1910-1917. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. OCLC 750810 (1944 edition); OCLC 63786963 (1946 edition)
- 1947 -- Shirt-sleeve Diplomat. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. OCLC 422237
[edit] See also
Media related to Josephus Daniels at Wikimedia Commons
[edit] Notes
- ^ Father a shipbuilder for the Confederacy
- ^ a b Zogry, Kenneth Joel. (2002). "Josephus, Jonathan, and Frank Daniels" in The North Carolina Century: Tar Heels who Made a Difference, 1900-2000, p. 302.
- ^ Zogry, p. 303.
- ^ Haugen, Brenda. (2006). Franklin Delano Roosevelt, p. 42.
- ^ Stanonis, Anthony. (1997). "An Old House in the Quarter: Vice in the Vieux Carré of the 1930s." Loyola University New Orleans History Writing Award.
- ^ Scott, Lloyd N. (2002). Naval Consulting Board of the United States, pp. 286-288.
- ^ Dent, David W. (1995). U.S.-Latin American Policymaking: A Reference Handbook, p. 313.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Zogry, p. 304.
- ^ North Carolina State University: Daniels Hall
[edit] References
- Covington, Howard E. and Marion A. Ellis. (2002). The North Carolina Century: Tar Heels who Made a Difference, 1900-2000. Charlotte, North Carolina: Levine Museum of the New South. 10-ISBN 0-807-82757-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-807-82757-4; OCLC 50124471
- Cronon, E. David. (1960). Josephus Daniels in Mexico. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 10-ISBN 0-299-02061-4; 13-ISBN 978-0-299-02061-3
- Daniels, Josephus. "The Significance of Naval Preparedness," in The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol. 66-68. (July-November 1916). OCLC 1479265
- Kittredge, Tracy Barrett. (1921). Naval Lessons of the Great War: A Review of the Senate Naval Investigation of the Criticisms by Admiral Sims of the Policies and Methods of Josephus Daniels. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Company. OCLC 1900437
[edit] External links
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Josephus Daniels |
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Wikisource has original works written by or about: Josephus Daniels |
- Detailed 1916 Article on Daniels with photos
- "Josephus Daniels" from the North Carolina Encyclopedia, The State Library of North Carolina
- Works by Josephus Daniels at Project Gutenberg
- North Carolina Election of 1898
- Josephus Daniels at Find A Grave
| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by George von L. Meyer |
United States Secretary of the Navy March 5, 1913 – March 4, 1921 |
Succeeded by Edwin Denby |
| Diplomatic posts | ||
| Preceded by J. Reuben Clark, Jr. |
U.S. Ambassador to Mexico March 17, 1933 – November 9, 1941 |
Succeeded by George S. Messersmith |
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