Josip Jelačić
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| Josip Jelačić | |
|---|---|
| 1801-1859 | |
 Ban Josip Jelačić |
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| Place of birth | Petrovaradin, Habsburg Monarchy (today Serbia) |
| Place of death | Zagreb, Habsburg Monarchy (today Croatia) |
| Allegiance |  Austrian Empire |
| Rank | Lieutenant Field Marshal |
| Battles | Battle of Pákozd (1848) Battle of Mór (1848) |
| Awards |  Military Order of Maria Theresa (1849) |
Count Josip Jelačić of Bužim (16 October 1801, Petrovaradin (Hungarian: Pétervárad – 20 May 1859, Zagreb; also spelled Jellachich, Jellačić or Jellasics) was the Ban of Croatia between 23 March 1848 and 19 May 1859. Jelačić was a noted army general, remembered for his military campaigns during the Revolutions of 1848 and for his abolition of serfdom in Croatia.
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[edit] Early Life and Military
Jelačić was born in Petrovaradin, at the time part of the Slavonian part of the Military Frontier of the Habsburg Monarchy, which today is Vojvodina, Serbia. He was the son of Croatian Baron Franjo Jelačić Bužimski (or in other documents, Franz Freiherr von Jelačić) (1746 – 1810) a lieutenant Field Marshal, and Anna Portner von Höflein of Austrian origin.
He was educated in Vienna at the Theresian Military Academy. He had a versatile education, being interested in history and foreign languages. He entrained in the Austrian army on 11 March 1819 with the rank of lieutenant Vinko Freiherr von Knežević Regiment, named for his uncle. He was fluent in all South-Slavic languages, as well as German, Italian, and French.
He was promoted to First Lieutenant on 1 May 1825 and to Captain on 1 September 1830 in Karlovac, Croatia.
On 17 October 1835, he led a military campaign against the Bosnian Ottoman troops in Velika Kladuša for which he received a medal[which?]. He was promoted to Major on 20 February 1837 in the Freiherr von Gollner regiment, and in 1 May 1841 to [[Lieutenant Colonel in the 1st Croatian Frontier Guard Regiment in Glina, Croatia, then promoted to Colonel on 18 October 1841. As colonel, the administrative commander in the region, he won the sympathy of the nations bordering his own, which later in crucial times proved an advantage.[citation needed]
On 22 March Jelačić was promoted to Major-general, and simultaneously the Sabor (the National Assembly of Croatia, which was subservient to the Kingdom of Hungary) elected him as Ban of Croatia. The Sabor also declared that the first elections or representatives to the assembly would be held in May 1848.
Jelačić was promoted to Lieutenant Field Marshal on 7 April 1848, becoming the commander of all Habsburg troops in Croatia.
[edit] Hungarian Revolution of 1848
Jelačić was against the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – 49, and so his reputation is different in Austria, Croatia, and Hungary.[why?]
He traveled to Vienna to take oathsto become counsel of Austrian Emperor, Ferdinand I of Austria, but refused to take the oath as Ban of Croatia, because it was a Hungarian dependent territory. The relations between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Austrian Empire deteriorated after the outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution on 15 March 1848. But he later took the oath as Ban of Croatia on 5 June 1848. Because of the absence of Bishop Juraj Haulik, he took the oath before the Serbian Orthodox Patriarch Josif Rajačić.[1]
Jelačić, now Ban, supported the Croatian aim to maintain autonomy from the Kingdom of Hungary. Jelačić proceeded to sever all official ties of Croatia from Hungary. The Austrian Imperial Court initially opposed this act as one of disobedience and separatism, declaring him to be a rebel and the Sabor to be illegitimate. But the court soon realized Jelačić and his Croatian army were a support against the newly-formed Batthyány Government. Traveling back to Zagreb in April, Jelačić refused to cede to this new government, refused any cooperation, and called for elections to the Sabor on 25 March 1848.
[edit] Croatian Parliament, the Sabor
The Sabor – now acting as the National Assembly – declared the following demands to the Habsburg emperor:
- The union of all Croatian provinces (Croatian-Slavonian Kingdom, Istria and Dalmatia).
- Separation from the Kingdom of Hungary.
- Abolition of serfdom.
- Full civil rights.
- Affirmation of the equality of nations.
The Sabor strongly opposed the "massive nationalist Magyarization politics of the Kingdom of Hungary from theCarpathians to Adria, which the newly-formed government represents, especially Lajos Kossuth."
On 19 April 1848 Jelačić proclaimed the union of Croatian provinces, and the separation from the Kingdom of Hungary. At the same time, he proclaimed unconditional loyalty to the Habsburg monarchy. The Croatian Constitution of 24 April 1848 declared "languages of all ethnicities should be inviolable".
On serfdom, it was apparent that changing the status of the Croatian peasantry would have to wait until the end of the revolution. Jelačić kept up the institution of the Military Frontier so he could draft more soldiers. The people in the region protested to this, but Ban Jelačić quashed the dissent by summary courts martial and by executing many dissenters.
In the May, Jelačić established the Bansko Vijeće ("Ban Council"). Its scope of authority covered ministerial tasks including Internal Affairs, Justice, Schools and Education, Religion, Finance, and Defense, so this council was acting as a governing body in Croatia.
[edit] Intermediary discussions
The Austrian emperor called Jelačić to Innsbruck, to which the Imperial Court had fled, and the Emperor there told him that the Croatian and Slavonian troops in the Italian provinces wanted to join forces with those in Croatia, but that this would weaken the forces in Italy. So Jelačić called on all troops stationed in the Italian provinces to remain calm and to stay put.
The Austrian court did not grant the separation of Croatia from Hungary. During his travels back to Zagreb, Jelačić read in the Lienz railway station that on 10 June the Emperor had relieved him of all his positions. But Jelačić was still loyal to the Emperor, and kept relations with the Imperial Court, especially with Empress Sophia, the mother of Franz Joseph I of Austria.
Immediately after arriving at Zagreb, Jelačić got the order to join the discussions with the Hungarian government in Vienna. During these, Jelačić stated that his position was derived from the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, while Lajos Batthyány called him "a separatist" seeking to break away from the Habsburg Monarchy. Jelačić called this a "rebellion". Batthyány warned Jelačić that this could mean war. Jelačić stopped the discussions, saying that "civil war is the worst that could happen" – but that he "would not be intimidated by this, however shocking it might be to hear".
Jelačić returned to Croatia. Hungarian troops had gathered on the border and hostile proclamations were made against him.[who?]
[edit] War against the Kingdom of Hungary
In the August, Jelačić proclaimed a decree for the Croatians, where he denied accusations of separating Croatia in the name of Panslavism. In the decree he said
Being a son of the [Croatian] nation, being the supporter of liberty, and being subject to Austria, I am faithfully committed to the constitutional Emperor of the Empire and its Kings, and I long for a great, free Austria
His closing words were:
The Hungarian Government, as it is evident, would not like to agree on this; they insist on their separatist moves, which means they struggle to dismantle our Empire. It is the command of our duty and honour to go till the ultimate and to call for arms against them. And we, not sparing our wealth, blood and life, will stand for our rightful demands and sacred deeds.
Jelačić felt disorder growing in the Austrian Empire, and decided on immediate action. On 1 September at Varasd (now Varaždin, Croatia) he crossed the River Drava with 45,000 soldiers, and another 10,000 Croatian insurgents, led by Brigadier Roth[who?], crossed the Drava lower down.
Jelačić occupied Međimurje (Hungarian: Muraköz), which was mostly Croatian. The two forces were poorly armed because of the rapid engagement. Materiel was neither well organised, so the advance into Hungarian territory was difficult. Supplies were got by taking them from the people who lived there.
The Hungarian squadrons led by Count Wrbna[who?], Count Kress[who?] and Count Hardegg[who?] joined Jelačić's troops.
The enthusiasm of the Croatian troops grew when at Siófok the Ban received a letter from Ferdinand I cancelling the decree removing him from all positions, also promoting him to be general commander of all troops in Hungary.
During his march toward Pest and Buda (now conjoined as the towns of Budapest), Jelačić got a message from Archduke Stephen, situated in Veszprém, to inform him of the decision of the Emperor that Lajos Batthyány was approved to set up a new government, and calling him to stop the troops, and to discuss further actions at his office. Jelačić replied he could not stop his army then, but was prepared for discussions with the archduke at the port of Balatonszemes. The meeting did not take place. According to Austrian sources[citation needed], advisors to Jelačić persuaded him not to attend, because of a threat of assassination by agents of the Hungarian Government. After this fiasco, Palatine Stephen resigned and left Hungary, under the Emperor's orders.
[edit] Battle of Pákozd
Jelačić's army occupied Székesfehérvár on 26 September 1848. The same day the Kaiser appointed lieutenant-general Ferenc Lamberg as general commanding all troops in Hungary, but this was annulled by the Hungarian Parliament. Lajos Kossuth called the Hungarians for resistance, and the Országos Honvédelmi Bizottmány (National Homeguarding Committee) was given the power of execution. Lamberg, trying to take over the command of the Hungarian troops was identified and killed.
Jelačić advanced onward, reached Lake Velence on 29 September, where he met Hungarian troops. After the first strikes, lieutenant-general János Móga withdrew to north to Sukoró. Jelačić demanded Móga stand against the rebels, and "get back to the road of honour and duty", but Móga refused, and his army attacked Jelačić between his position and Pákozd..[2][3][4]
The day after, 30 September, Jelačić asked for a three-day ceasefire; he wanted to use these days to wait for Roth[who?]'s army. He assessed the greater numbers of the Hungarian troops and the poor armaments and tiredness of his own troops. On 1 October the supply routes to Croatia were cut by rebels, so he advanced toward Vienna. On 3 October Móga was pursuing after Jelačić, but did not want to make an attack.
On 4 October, Ferdinand I of Austria reappointed Jelačić as the general commander of all troops in Hungary, and dissolved the Hungarian Diet.
[edit] Vienna Revolt
Austrian Minister of War Theodor Baillet von Latour called the guards in Vienna to join the troops of Jelačić, but this caused a riot in Vienna on 6 October. Latour was spotted in Mosonmagyaróvár and killed.
On 7 October Hungarian General Mór Perczel defeated the armies of General Roth and General Filipović, and took them prisoner. The Hungarian Parliament annulled the Emperor's decree of October 4.
Jelačić moved onward to Vienna to join the troops around the city. Under Lieutenant-General Todorović, he organised a body of 14,000 soldiers to move south to Stayer[where?] to protect Croatia.
The Viennese revolution committee called for aid from the Hungarian Government. On 10 October at Laaer Berg near Vienna, Jelačić joined Austrian troops led by Auersperg, and the army was strengthened with troops of from Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia), a regiment of Ludwig von Wallmoden-Gimborn and Franz Joseph I of Austria's regiment. Jelačić's forces were soon under Field Marshal Windisch-Grätz. On 21 October, seeing trouble ahead, Móga stopped at the Austrian border, and the revolution in Vienna was suppressed. Jelačić's forces were fighting in the Landstrasse, Erdberg and Weissgerber suburbs.
[edit] The winter campaign of Windisch-Grätz
On 21 October – too late – Lajos Kossuth ordered Móga to turn back to Vienna, they met forces of Jelačić at Schwechat on 30 October. A day of artillery fighting broke out, and Jelačić initiated a counterattack in the evening. Led by General Zeisberg, the attack pushed back the Hungarian forces and defeated them. After this defeat, Móga stepped down as general commander, and Kossuth nominated general Artúr Görgey in his place.
On 2 December 1848 Ferdinand I of Austria abdicated, and Franz Joseph I of Austria was installed as Emperor. On 13 December Windisch-Grätz crossed the Hungarian border. On 16 December, Jelačić also crossed the border and defeated Hungarian troops at Parndorf, later occupying Mosonmagyaróvár and Győr. Being informed that Mór Perczel was stationed at Mór, Jelačić made a detour toward this city and defeated the Hungarian troops there, taking into custody 23 officers and 2,000 honvédség. With this battle, Pest-Buda became vulnerable, so the Hungarian government fled to Debrecen. Görgey could resist the march of Jelačić at Tétény for some time, but on 5 January Windisch-Grätz, together with Jelačić occupied Pest-Buda.
[edit] Later military campaigns
After the occupation of Pest and Buda the larger campaigns were over. Windischgrätz declared a military dictatorship, caught the Hungarian leader Lajos Batthyány and asked for surrender. He moved to Debrecen but was stopped by Perczel at Szolnok and Abony. Kossuth nominated Henryk Dembiński to replace Artúr Görgey, and started a strategic counterattack but was defeated near Kápolna.
Windisch-Grätz ordered Jelačić to quick march to Jászfényszaru. On 4 April Klapka attacked him but at Tápióbicske the bayonets of Jelačić pushed them back. On 5 March Damjanich reoccupied Szolnok. Jelačić now got a new order to turn from Jászfényszaru and head to Gödöllő. On 2 April Jelačić met János Damjanich at Tápióbicske and was defeated. On 6 April Windisch-Grätz and Jelačić, were defeated in the Battle of Isaszeg, retreating to Rákospatak, a suburb of Pest-Buda.
After the defeat, Windisch-Grätz was relieved of general command, and was replaced by General Welden and later Julius Jacob von Haynau. Jelačić was ordered to gather the scattered troops in southern Hungary and to organise an army. This consisted of 15,800 infantry, 5,100 cavalry and 74 cannon, and moved to Eszék (now Osijek, Croatia) immediately. During his march south, Jelačić had to suppress rebellions, esepcially in Pécs. After a series of wrong decisions, Jelačić's army could not join up with the Emperor's, so it was put to defensive fights.
[edit] Battles in Slavonia
In May, 1849 Jelačić moved from Eszék (now Osijek, Croatia) to Vukovár (now Vukovar, Croatia), Úljak (now Ilok, Croatia), Karlóca (now Srijemski Karlovci, Serbia), Tárnok (now Tovarnik, Croatia) and Ürög (now Irig, Serbia). He set up base at Árpatarló (now Ruma, Serbia).
He was in a bad situation, as the Austrians were calling for the help of Russian Empire to suppress the Hungarians and the support from Vienna dissolved. Jelačić was lacking proper materiel, and many of his troops died of cholera.
The Serbian troops, led by Kuzman Todorović, had to surrender strategic points to the honvédség (Hungarian Army). The Hungarians occupied and fortified Petrovaradin, where the troops received supplies because the population supported the Hungarian revolution. In the April, Mór Perczel occupied Szenttamás (now Srbobran, Serbia) and broke up the encirclement of Pétervárad (now Petrovaradin, Serbia), defeated Todorović so he could occupy Pancsova (now Pančevo, Serbia) and finally, together with Józef Bem, occupied Temes County (now Timiş County, Romania).
Jelačić, cut off from all supplies, fortified his armies for defense and fought small battles in Slavonia. The supplies from the Austrian Empire were stuck at Szalánkemén (now Stari Slankamen, Serbia). In June he decided to break out and advance to Zombor (now Sombor, Serbia)) – Dunaföldvár. During his march, on 6 June, Perczel attacked him near Káty (now Kać, Serbia) and Zsablya (now Žabalj, Serbia). He defeated Perczel, marched forward, but could not occupy Újvidék (now Novi Sad, Serbia).
On 24 June he successfully occupied Óbecse, but was retaken by Hungarians on 28th. This way Jelačić could not isloge the Hungarian forces from Bácska (now Bačka). On 6 July Richard Guyon drove out the Croatian troops at Kishegyesnél (now Mali Iđoš, Serbia). On 14 July Hungarians took control over Feketehegy (now Feketić, Serbia) and Szeghegy (now Lovćenac, Serbia). Jelačić had to retreat. This was the last battle in the region.
After Temesvár (now Timişoara, Romania) fell, Jelačić joined Haynau's troops, and after the end of revolution, he traveled to Vienna to take part in discussions of reorganising Croatia, Slavonia and the frontier regions.
[edit] After the Revolution
When peace was restored, Jelačić returned to Croatia where he was treated as national hero, the saviour of the homeland.
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After the war the Empire's new constitution stripped the local authorities in Hungary of their political power, but this punishment also affected Croatia despite its assistance to the imperial cause during the revolution. Nevertheless, Jelačić implemented the new Constitution (published 4 March 1849), and proceeded to outlaw various newspapers that published anti-Austrian opinions. In 1851, when Baron Alexander von Bach came to power in the Kingdom of Hungary, Jelačić worked under him and made no objections to the Germanization of Croatia. He remained in office until his death.
[edit] Death and legacy
He died on 20 May 1859 in Zagreb, after an illness.
In his time and shortly after, Jelačić was a fairly unpopular figure among the Croatian political elite, including Ante Starčević and others, and especially among the people who suffered losses due to his military campaigns and had little benefit from his economic measures.
Today, Jelačić is considered an important and admirable figure in Croatian history, alongside Ante Starčević, the "Father of Croatia" and Stjepan Radić, the Croatian political leader until 1928. The central square of the city of Zagreb was named Ban Jelačić Square in 1848, and a statue of him was erected in 1866. Originally, the statue of Jelačić pointed his sword north towards Hungary. Today the statue's position is reversed.
The patriotic song Ustani bane (Rise, Ban) was written to glorify Jelačić.
Jelačić's portrait is depicted on the obverse of the Croatian 20 kuna banknote, issued in 1993 and 2001.[5][6]
[edit] Awards
He received the Military Order of Maria Theresa, the cross of order of Lipot from Franz Joseph. He was elected as Count on 24 April 1854 (as Jelačić von Bužim). He received medals from the Russian Tsar, the King of Saxony, King of Hanover, and Duke of Parma.[citation needed]
[edit] References
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This article includes a list of references or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (April 2009) |
- ^ "Unity, Concord, and Homelands Defence". Serbian Unity Congress. 1997 – 1998. http://www.suc.org/culture/library/Krestic/files/2.htm. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
- ^ Pákozd-Sukoró Battle 1848 Exhibition,
- ^ http://www.bolyai-erd.sulinet.hu/sokrates2/napszov/szeptem29.htm
- ^ http://masprogram.freeweb.hu/kep/kep6/pakoz.html
- ^ "Features of Kuna Banknotes: 20 kuna (1993 issue)". Croatian National Bank. http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/novcanice/e20k.htm?tsfsg=72c2ffab4bf1c37eca77ca1333e8e02b. Retrieved 30 March 2009.
- ^ "Features of Kuna Banknotes: 20 kuna (2001 issue)". Croatian National Bank. http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/novcanice/e20k-2izdanje.htm?tsfsg=911dce4dc2c1cd7de4e1a5b41fd53785. Retrieved 30 March 2009.
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Josip Jelačić |
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Jellachich, Josef. |
| Preceded by Juraj Haulik |
Ban of Croatia 1848-1859 |
Succeeded by Johann Coronini-Kronberg |
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