Facundo Quiroga

For the Argentine soccer player, see Facundo Hernán Quiroga.

Facundo Quiroga
Facundo Quiroga
3º governor of La Rioja
Personal details
Born	1788 La Rioja, Argentina
Died	16/02/1835 Barranca Yaco, Córdoba, Argentina
Resting place	La Recoleta Cemetery
Nationality	Argentina
Political party	Federal
Military service
Nickname(s)	El Tigre de los Llanos
Allegiance	Argentine Confederation

Juan Facundo Quiroga (1788 – February 16, 1835) was an Argentine caudillo (military strongman) who supported federalism at the time when the country was still in formation.

Early years

Quiroga was born in San Antonio, La Rioja, the son of a traditional but impoverished Riojan family of cattle breeders. He was sent at a young age to San Juan to be educated. Early in his life, he became a problem child, and escaped from school. During his wandering in the desert between San Juan and La Rioja, he encountered and successfully killed a Cougar, thus earning him the nickname El Tigre de los Llanos ("the Tiger of the Plains", after the Riojan region of birth).

After the May Revolution proclaimed the self-rule of the country, Quiroga tried to enter the independentist army, and with this in mind, he travelled to San Luis to enter the Granaderos a Caballo Regiment, led by General José de San Martín, which was recruiting there, but he was imprisoned and eventually expelled due to his bad temper.

He moved back to La Rioja and became a businessman, until 1820, when the central government of Buenos Aires fell and the province became autonomous.

Governor of La Rioja and federalist leader

Quiroga entered the provincial army and quickly rose to its command, gaining control of the government through his charisma. During the time of the Constitutional Congress of 1824, Quiroga led its forces through the Andean provinces to oppose the centralist tendencies of President Bernardino Rivadavia and the officers of the National Army, which were carrying away a compulsory levy for the upcoming Argentina-Brazil War (1825–1827). Thus, under the flag of Religión o Muerte (Religion or Death), he overthrew the centralist government of San Juan shortly after the central government signed a treaty with Britain by which religious freedom was established.

After the Brazilian war, the officers of the returning army (of centralist tendencies, known as unitarios) deposed the federalist governments in an attempt to restore the centralised rule of Buenos Aires. General José María Paz took over its province of Córdoba and his officers campaigned through the interior provinces. Quiroga tried to oppose them, but without success, and after defeat in the Battle of La Tablada, he went into self-imposed exile in Buenos Aires. From there, where the coup was quickly defeated, Quiroga led an army towards Córdoba but was defeated in the Battle of Oncativo by Paz's more disciplined forces. Quiroga decided not to give up and tried a more ambitious attempt, marching through territories still occupied by native aboriginals, in order to bypass Córdoba, and attack directly Mendoza, where it succeeded. He took his campaign north along the Andean provinces, until he finally defeated General Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid, who led the last remaining unitary forces, in Salta.

After the war, Quiroga established himself as one of the leaders of federalism in Argentina (along with Juan Manuel de Rosas and the caudillo of Santa Fe, Estanislao López), although he declared in his correspondence with Rosas that his ideas were in fact unitarian, but that he became a champion of federalism because people wanted federalism.

Quiroga's death and its consequences

Death of Facundo Quiroga.

In 1834, Quiroga was appointed by the governor of Buenos Aires (and Representative of Foreign Relations of the Argentine Confederation) Manuel Vicente Maza to mediate between the governors of Tucumán and Salta, but Salta governor De la Torre died before Quiroga could arrive. He was advised that there were plans to murder him on his way back, but Quiroga, disregarding the advice, returned to Buenos Aires through the same way. At Barranca Yaco, a desolated place between Córdoba and Santiago del Estero, a party of gunmen stopped the carriage in which he travelled. Quiroga, confident in his charisma and that his mere presence and resolution would discourage the attackers, appeared through the carriage door and shouted at the gunmen, frightening most of them. Their leader, Santos Pérez, however, shot him dead.

The political crime created a huge crisis in all the Confederation, forcing Maza to resign, and led to the establishment of Rosas' government. Rosas, as the Confederation leader, led the criminal investigation that ended with the prosecution of the governor of Córdoba José Vicente Reinafé, and his brother as the intellectual perpetrators of the crime. They were hanged along with Santos Pérez in Buenos Aires.

In 1845, Domingo F. Sarmiento wrote Facundo, Civilization and Barbarism, a book that reviews the influence of caudillo leaders, which he defines as "barbarism", in the Argentine political and social life, but also as a protest to Rosas' regime, and a call for European education and life style. However, Sarmiento told José María Paz that the book contained deliberate inaccuracies, for political reasons. Years after the fall of Rosas, he warned the historian José María Ramos Mejía against using his own writings or other Unitarian pamphlets as impartial documents, as they were laden with political bias.

Quiroga was buried in La Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires.

External links

• Biography (English)
• Quiroga's Bio (Spanish)