July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 183 days remaining until the end of the year. The end of this day marks the halfway point of a leap year. It also falls on the same day of the week as New Year's Day in a leap year.
[edit] Events
- 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
- 1097 – Battle of Dorylaeum: Crusaders led by Prince Bohemond of Taranto defeat a Seljuk army led by Sultan Kilij Arslan I.
- 1569 – Union of Lublin: the Kingdom of Poland and the Great Duchy of Lithuania confirm a real union; the united country is called the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or the Republic of Both Nations.
- 1690 – Glorious Revolution: Battle of the Boyne (as reckoned under the Julian calendar).
- 1770 – Lexell's Comet passed closer to the Earth than any other comet in recorded history, approaching to a distance of 0.0146 a.u.
- 1782 – American privateers attack Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.
- 1837 – A system of the civil registration of births, marriages and deaths is established in England and Wales.
- 1855 – Signing of the Quinault Treaty: the Quinault and the Quileute cede their land to the United States.
- 1858 – Joint reading of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace's papers on evolution to the Linnean Society.
- 1862 – The Russian State Library is founded.
- 1862 – American Civil War: the Battle of Malvern Hill takes place. It is the final battle in the Seven Days Campaign, part of George B. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign.
- 1863 – Keti Koti (Emancipation Day) in Suriname, marking the abolition of slavery by the Netherlands.
- 1863 – American Civil War: the Battle of Gettysburg begins.
- 1867 – The British North America Act of 1867 takes effect as the Constitution of Canada, creating the Canadian Confederation and the federal dominion of Canada; Sir John A. Macdonald is sworn in as the first Prime Minister of Canada.
- 1870 – The United States Department of Justice formally comes into existence.
- 1873 – Prince Edward Island joins the Canadian Confederation.
- 1874 – The Sholes and Glidden typewriter, the first commercially successful typewriter, goes on sale.
- 1878 – Canada joins the Universal Postal Union.
- 1879 – Charles Taze Russell publishes the first edition of the religious magazine The Watchtower.
- 1881 – The world's first international telephone call is made between St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Canada, and Calais, Maine, United States.
- 1881 – General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell and Childers reforms of the British Army, comes into effect.
- 1885 – The United States terminates reciprocity and fishery agreement with Canada.
- 1890 – Canada and Bermuda are linked by telegraph cable.
- 1898 – Spanish-American War: the Battle of San Juan Hill is fought in Santiago de Cuba.
- 1908 – SOS is adopted as the international distress signal.
- 1911 – Germany despatched the gunship Panther to Morocco, sparking the Agadir Crisis.
- 1915 – Lieutenant Kurt Wintgens achieves the first known aerial victory with a synchronized gun-equipped fighter plane, the Fokker M.5K/MG Eindecker.
- 1916 – World War I: First day on the Somme – On the first day of the Battle of the Somme 19,000 soldiers of the British Army are killed and 40,000 wounded.
- 1921 – The Communist Party of China is founded.
- 1923 – The Canadian Parliament suspends all Chinese immigration.
- 1931 – United Airlines begins service (as Boeing Air Transport).
- 1935 – Regina, Saskatchewan police and Royal Canadian Mounted Police ambush strikers participating in On-to-Ottawa-Trek.
- 1935 – Grant Park Music Festival begins its tradition of free summer symphonic music concert series in Chicago's Grant Park, which continues as the United States' only annual free outdoor classical music concert series.
- 1942 – World War II: first Battle of El Alamein.
- 1942 – The Australian Federal Government becomes the sole collector of Income Tax in Australia as the State Income Tax is abolished.
- 1943 – Tokyo City merges with Tokyo Prefecture and is dissolved. Since then, no city in Japan has had the name "Tokyo" (present-day Tokyo is not officially a city).
- 1947 – The Philippine Air Force is established.
- 1948 – Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Quaid-i-Azam) inaugurates Pakistan's central bank, the State Bank of Pakistan.
- 1949 – The merger of two princely states of India, Cochin and Travancore, into the state of Thiru-Kochi (later re-organized as Kerala) in the Indian Union ends more than 1,000 years of princely rule by the Cochin Royal Family.
- 1957 – The International Geophysical Year begins.
- 1958 – The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation links television broadcasting across Canada via microwave.
- 1958 – Flooding of Canada's St. Lawrence Seaway begins.
- 1959 – The Party of the African Federation holds its constitutive conference.
- 1959 – Specific values for the international yard, avoirdupois pound and derived units (e.g. inch, mile and ounce) are adopted after agreement between the U.S.A., the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries.
- 1960 – Independence of Somalia.
- 1960 – Ghana becomes a Republic and Kwame Nkrumah becomes its first President as Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom ceases to be its Head of state.
- 1962 – Independence of Rwanda.
- 1962 – Independence of Burundi.
- 1963 – ZIP Codes are introduced for United States mail.
- 1963 – The British Government admits that former diplomat Kim Philby had worked as a Soviet agent.
- 1966 – The first color television transmission in Canada takes place from Toronto.
- 1967 – The European Community is formally created out of a merger with the Common Market, the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Atomic Energy Commission.
- 1967 – Canada celebrates the 100th anniversary of the British North America Act, 1867, which officially made Canada its own federal dominion.
- 1968 – The CIA's Phoenix Program is officially established.
- 1968 – The Nuclear non-proliferation treaty is signed in Washington, D.C., London and Moscow by sixty-two countries.
- 1968 – Formal separation of the United Auto Workers from the AFL-CIO.
- 1970 – President General Yahya Khan abolishes One-Unit of West Pakistan restoring the provinces.
- 1972 – The first Gay Pride march in England takes place.
- 1976 – Portugal grants autonomy to Madeira.
- 1978 – The Northern Territory in Australia is granted Self-Government.
- 1979 – Sony introduces the Walkman.
- 1980 – O Canada officially becomes the national anthem of Canada.
- 1981 – The Wonderland Murders occurred in the early morning hours, allegedly masterminded by businessman and drug dealer Eddie Nash.
- 1983 – A North Korean Ilyushin Il-62M jet en route to Conakry Airport in Guinea crashes into the Fouta Djallon mountains in Guinea-Bissau, killing all 23 people on board.
- 1984 – The PG-13 rating is introduced by the MPAA.
- 1987 – The American radio station WFAN in New York, New York is launched as the world's first all-sports radio station.
- 1990 – German re-unification: East Germany accepts the Deutsche Mark as its currency, thus uniting the economies of East and West Germany.
- 1991 – The Warsaw Pact is officially dissolved at a meeting in Prague.
- 1997 – China resumes sovereignty over the city-state of Hong Kong, ending 156 years of British colonial rule.
- 1999 – The Scottish Parliament is officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on the day that legislative powers are officially transferred from the old Scottish Office in London to the new devolved Scottish Executive in Edinburgh.
- 2002 – The International Criminal Court is established to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.
- 2002 – A Bashkirian Airlines (flight 2937) Tupolev TU-154 and a DHL (German cargo) Boeing 757 collide in mid-air over Ueberlingen, southern Germany, killing 71.
- 2003 – Over 500,000 people protested against efforts to pass anti-sedition legislation in Hong Kong.
- 2004 – Saturn orbit insertion of Cassini-Huygens begins at 01:12 UTC and ends at 02:48 UTC.
- 2006 – The first operation of Qinghai-Tibet Railway in the People's Republic of China.
- 2007 – Smoking in England is banned in all public indoor spaces.
- 2008 – Rioting erupted in Mongolia in response to allegations of fraud surrounding the 2008 legislative elections.
[edit] Births
- 1481 – King Christian II of Denmark, Sweden and Norway (d. 1559)
- 1506 – King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia (d. 1526)
- 1534 – King Frederick II of Denmark and Norway and Duke of Schleswig (d. 1588)
- 1574 – Joseph Hall, English bishop and writer (d. 1656)
- 1586 – Claudio Saracini, Italian composer (d. 1630)
- 1633 – Johann Heinrich Heidegger, Swiss theologian (d. 1698)
- 1646 – Gottfried Leibniz, German mathematician (d. 1716)
- 1676 – Anthony Collins, English philosopher (d. 1729)
- 1723 – Pedro Rodríguez, Conde de Campomanes, Spanish statesman (d. 1802)
- 1725 – Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, French nobleman and soldier (d. 1807)
- 1731 – Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan Royal Navy Admiral (d.1804)
- 1742 – Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, German physicist (d. 1799)
- 1788 – Jean-Victor Poncelet, French mathematician (d. 1867)
- 1804 – George Sand, French writer (d. 1876)
- 1804 – Charles Gordon Greene, American journalist (d. 1886)
- 1807 – Thomas Green Clemson, American educator (d. 1888)
- 1818 – Ignaz Semmelweis, Hungarian physician (d. 1865)
- 1834 – Jadwiga Łuszczewska, Polish poet (d. 1908)
- 1863 – William Grant Stairs, Canadian explorer (d. 1892)
- 1869 – William Strunk, Jr., American grammarian (d. 1946)
- 1872 – Louis Blériot, French aviator (d. 1936)
- 1873 – Alice Guy-Blaché, American film director (d. 1968)
- 1879 – Léon Jouhaux, French labor figure, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1954)
- 1883 – Arthur Borton, English soldier (d. 1933)
- 1899 – Thomas A. Dorsey, American composer (d. 1993)
- 1899 – Charles Laughton, English actor (d. 1962)
- 1899 – Konstantinos Tsatsos, Greek politician (d. 1987)
- 1902 – William Wyler, French-born American film director (d. 1981)
- 1903 – Amy Johnson, English pilot (d. 1941)
- 1906 – Jean Dieudonné, French mathematician (d. 1992)
- 1906 – Estée Lauder, American entrepreneur (d. 2004)
- 1907 – Bill Stern, American sportscaster (d. 1971)
- 1908 – Peter Anders, German operatic tenor (d. 1954)
- 1911 – Sergei Sokolov, Soviet marshal
- 1912 – David R. Brower, American environmentalist (d. 2000)
- 1912 – Sally Kirkland, American fashion editor (d. 1989)
- 1913 – Frank Barrett, American baseball player (d. 1998)
- 1913 – Vasantrao Naik, Indian politician (d. 1979)
- 1915 – Willie Dixon, American blues vocalist and record producer (d. 1992)
- 1915 – Joseph Ransohoff, American neurosurgeon (d. 2001)
- 1916 – Olivia de Havilland, British-born actress
- 1917 – Humphry Osmond, British psychiatrist (d. 2004)
- 1920 – Harold Sakata, American actor (d. 1982)
- 1921 – Seretse Khama, Botswanan politician (d. 1980)
- 1925 – Farley Granger, American actor (d. 2011)
- 1926 – Robert Fogel, American economist, Nobel laureate
- 1926 – Carl Hahn, German automotive executive
- 1926 – Hans Werner Henze, German composer
- 1927 – Alan J. Charig, British palaeontologist (d. 1997)
- 1929 – Gerald Edelman, American biologist, Nobel laureate
- 1930 – Moustapha Akkad, Syrian-American filmmaker (d. 2005)
- 1930 – Carol Chomsky, American linguist, wife of Noam Chomsky (d. 2008)
- 1930 – Bobby Day, American singer (d. 1990)
- 1931 – Leslie Caron, French actress
- 1932 – Ze'ev Schiff, Israeli journalist (d. 2007)
- 1933 – C. Scott Littleton, American anthropologist and academic (d. 2010)
- 1934 – Claude Berri, French actor, director and screenwriter (d. 2009)
- 1934 – Jamie Farr, American actor
- 1934 – Jean Marsh, English actress
- 1934 – Sydney Pollack, American film director (d. 2008)
- 1935 – James Cotton, American blues harmonica player
- 1938 – Craig Anderson, American baseball player
- 1939 – Karen Black, American actress
- 1939 – Delaney Bramlett, American singer and songwriter (d. 2008)
- 1941 – Rod Gilbert, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1941 – Alfred G. Gilman, American pharmacologist, Nobel laureate
- 1941 – Myron Scholes, American economist, Nobel laureate
- 1941 – Twyla Tharp, American choreographer
- 1942 – Geneviève Bujold, Canadian actress
- 1942 – Andraé Crouch, American singer
- 1942 – Mike Malloy, American talk radio host
- 1943 – Jeff Wayne, American pianist, keyboardist and composer
- 1943 – Marian Glinka, Polish actor (d. 2008)
- 1944 – Lew Rockwell, American libertarian political commentator and activist
- 1945 – Mike Burstyn, Israeli-born American actor
- 1945 – Debbie Harry, American singer (Blondie)
- 1947 – Shirley Hemphill, American actress (d. 1999)
- 1947 – Kazuyoshi Hoshino, Japanese racing driver
- 1948 – John Ford, English songwriter and guitarist (Strawbs)
- 1949 – John Farnham, English-born Australian singer
- 1950 – David Duke, American politician and white supremacist
- 1951 – Trevor Eve, British actor
- 1951 – Anne Feeney, American protest singer
- 1951 – Terrence Mann, American actor and dancer
- 1951 – Fred Schneider, American singer (The B-52's)
- 1952 – Dan Aykroyd, Canadian actor
- 1952 – Steve Shutt, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1952 – Timothy J. Tobias, American composer and musician (d. 2006)
- 1953 – Lawrence Gonzi, Maltese politician
- 1953 – Jadranka Kosor, Croatian journalist and politician
- 1955 – Keith Whitley, American country music singer (d. 1989)
- 1956 – Ulf Larsson, Swedish actor (d. 2009)
- 1956 – Alan Ruck, American actor
- 1957 – Hannu Kamppuri, Finnish ice hockey player
- 1957 – Lisa Blount, American actress and producer (d. 2010)
- 1959 – Dale Midkiff, American actor
- 1960 – Kevin Swords, American rugby player
- 1961 – Kalpana Chawla, Indian-born American astronaut (d. 2003)
- 1961 – Malcolm Elliott, British cyclist
- 1961 – Carl Lewis, American athlete
- 1961 – Diana, Princess of Wales, Prince Charles's ex wife (d. 1997)
- 1961 – Michelle Wright, Canadian country music singer and guitarist
- 1962 – Andre Braugher, American actor
- 1963 – Roddy Bottum, American musician (Faith No More, Imperial Teen)
- 1963 – David Wood, American environmentalist
- 1964 – Bernard Laporte, French rugby player and coach
- 1965 – Harald Zwart, Norwegian film director
- 1966 – Enrico Annoni, Italian footballer
- 1966 – Shawn Burr, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1967 – Pamela Anderson, Canadian model
- 1968 – Tim Abell, American actor
- 1968 – Jordi Mollà, Spanish actor
- 1970 – Melissa Peterman, American actress
- 1970 – Henry Simmons, American actor
- 1971 – Steven W. Bailey, American actor
- 1971 – Amira Casar, French actress
- 1971 – Missy Elliott, American rapper and singer
- 1971 – Julianne Nicholson, American actress
- 1971 – Jamie Walker, American baseball player
- 1972 – Claire Forlani, English actress
- 1972 – Alex Machacek, Austrian musician
- 1974 – Jefferson Pérez, Ecuadorian race walker
- 1975 – Sufjan Stevens, American singer and musician
- 1976 – Patrick Kluivert, Dutch footballer
- 1976 – Plies, American rapper
- 1976 – Ruud van Nistelrooy, Dutch footballer
- 1976 – Justin Lo, Hong Kong singer and songwriter
- 1976 – Thomas Sadoski, American actor
- 1976 – Hannu Tihinen, Finnish footballer
- 1977 – Tom Frager, French-born singer and surfer
- 1977 – Jarome Iginla, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1977 – Greg Pattillo, American beatboxing flautist
- 1977 – Birgit Schuurman, Dutch singer and actress
- 1977 – Pamela Rogers Turner, former elementary school physical education teacher/coach and convicted sex offender
- 1977 – Liv Tyler, American actress
- 1979 – Forrest Griffin, American mixed martial artist
- 1980 – Patrick Aufiero, American ice hockey player
- 1980 – Nelson Cruz, Dominican Baseball Player
- 1981 – Carlo del Fava, South African-born Italian rugby player
- 1981 – Amanda Diva, American actress and rapper
- 1981 – Tadhg Kennelly, Irish Australian rules footballer
- 1982 – Hilarie Burton, American actress
- 1982 – Carmella DeCesare, American glamor model
- 1982 – Justin Huber, Australian baseball player
- 1982 – Joachim Johansson, Swedish tennis player
- 1982 – Adrian Ward, American football player
- 1983 – Lynsey Bartilson, American actress
- 1983 – Marit Larsen, Norwegian singer-songwriter (M2M)
- 1983 – Leeteuk (Park Jung Su), Korean singer
- 1986 – Andrew Lee, Australian rules footballer
- 1986 – Agnes Monica, Indonesian singer
- 1988 – Dedé, Brazilian footballer
- 1988 – Evan Ellingson, American actor
- 1989 – Mitch Hewer, English actor
- 1989 – Hannah Murray, English actress
- 1989 – Daniel Ricciardo, Australian racing driver
- 1990 – Natsuki Sato, Japanese singer
- 1996 – Adelina Sotnikova, Russian figure skater
- 1998 – Hollie Steel, English singer
[edit] Deaths
- 552 – Totila, King of the Ostrogoths (birth year unknown)
- 868 – Ali al-Hadi, Shi'a Imam (b. 828)
- 1109 – King Alfonso VI of Castile (b. 1040)
- 1277 – Baibars, Mameluk Sultan of Egypt (b. 1223)
- 1592 – Marc'Antonio Ingegneri, Italian composer (b. c. 1547)
- 1614 – Isaac Casaubon, French-born classical scholar (b. 1559)
- 1622 – William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle, British politician (b. 1575)
- 1681 – Oliver Plunkett, Irish Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and saint (b. 1629)
- 1708 – Emperor Tekle Haymanot I of Ethiopia (b. 1706)
- 1774 – Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland, English statesman (b. 1705)
- 1782 – Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, British statesman and noble (b. 1730)
- 1784 – Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, German composer (b. 1710)
- 1819 – Jemima Wilkinson, American preacher (b. 1752)
- 1839 – Mahmud II, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1785)
- 1860 – Charles Goodyear, American inventor (b. 1800)
- 1863 – John Fulton Reynolds, American Civil War general (b. 1820)
- 1894 – Allan Pinkerton, American private detective (b. 1819)
- 1896 – Harriet Beecher Stowe, American abolitionist and writer (b. 1811)
- 1905 – John Hay, American statesman (b. 1838)
- 1925 – Erik Satie, French composer (b. 1866)
- 1942 – Peadar Mac Fhionnlaoich, Irish language writer (b. 1857)
- 1944 – Carl Mayer, Austrian screenplay writer (b. 1894)
- 1944 – Tanya Savicheva, Russian diarist (b. 1930)
- 1948 – Achille Varzi, Italian race car driver (b. 1904)
- 1950 – Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, Swiss composer and music educator (b. 1865)
- 1950 – Gottlieb Eliel Saarinen, Finnish architect (b. 1873)
- 1961 – Louis-Ferdinand Céline, French writer (b. 1894)
- 1964 – Pierre Monteux, French conductor (b. 1875)
- 1965 – Wally Hammond, English cricketer (b. 1903)
- 1967 – Gerhard Ritter, German historian (b. 1888)
- 1968 – Fritz Bauer, German judge and prosecutor (b. 1903)
- 1971 – William Lawrence Bragg, English physicist, Nobel laureate (b. 1890)
- 1974 – Juan Perón, 29th and 41st President of Argentina (b. 1895)
- 1976 – Anneliese Michel, German woman said to be possessed by demons (b. 1952)
- 1978 – Kurt Student, German Luftwaffe general (b. 1890)
- 1981 – Carlos de Oliveira, Portuguese writer (b. 1921)
- 1981 – Rushton Moreve, American bass player (Steppenwolf) (b. 1948)
- 1983 – R. Buckminster Fuller, American architect and philosopher (b. 1903)
- 1984 – Moshe Feldenkrais, Ukrainian educator (b. 1904)
- 1987 – Snakefinger, British guitarist, violinist and composer (The Residents) (b. 1949)
- 1991 – Michael Landon, American actor (b. 1936)
- 1992 – Franco Cristaldi, Italian film producer (b. 1924)
- 1992 – Francisco Mendes, Guinea-Bissau politician (b. 1933)
- 1994 – Merriam Modell, American novelist (b. 1908)
- 1995 – Wolfman Jack, American radio personality (b. 1938)
- 1996 – William T. Cahill, American politician (b. 1904)
- 1996 – Steve Tesich, Serbian screenwriter (b. 1942)
- 1996 – Margaux Hemingway, American actress and model (b. 1954)
- 1997 – Robert Mitchum, American actor (b. 1917)
- 1999 – Edward Dmytryk, Canadian-born film director (b. 1908)
- 1999 – Guy Mitchell, American popular singer (b. 1927)
- 1999 – Forrest Mars Sr., American candy magnate (b. 1904)
- 1999 – Sylvia Sidney, American actress (b. 1910)
- 2000 – Sarah Payne, British murder victim (b. 1992)
- 2000 – Walter Matthau, American actor (b. 1920)
- 2001 – Nikolay Basov, Russian physicist, Nobel laureate (b. 1922)
- 2003 – Herbie Mann, American jazz flutist (b. 1930)
- 2003 – Wesley Mouzon, American boxer (b. 1927)
- 2003 – Nǃxau, Namibian actor (b. 1944)
- 2004 – Peter Barnes, English writer (b. 1931)
- 2004 – Todor Skalovski, Macedonian composer (b. 1909)
- 2004 – Marlon Brando, American actor (b. 1924)
- 2005 – Luther Vandross, American singer (b. 1951)
- 2005 – Renaldo "Obie" Benson, American soul singer-songwriter (b. 1936)
- 2006 – Fred Trueman, English cricketer (b. 1931)
- 2008 – Mel Galley, English guitarist (Whitesnake) (b. 1948)
- 2008 – Mark Dean Schwab, American rapist and murderer (b. 1968)
- 2009 – Karl Malden, American actor (b. 1912)
- 2009 – Onni Palaste, Finnish writer (b. 1917)
- 2009 – Mollie Sugden, English actress (b. 1922)
- 2009 – Alexis Argüello, Nicaraguan boxer and politician (b. 1952)
- 2010 – Ilene Woods, American actress (b. 1929)
- 2010 – Geoffrey Hutchings, British actor (b. 1939)
- 2010 – Arnold Friberg, American illustrator (b. 1913)
- 2010 – Don Coryell, American football head coach (b. 1924)
- 2011 – Leslie Brooks, American actress (b. 1922)
[edit] Holidays and observances
[edit] External links
