July 28

July 28 is the 209th day of the year (210th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 156 days remaining until the end of the year.

Events

• 1364 – Troops of the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Florence clash in the Battle of Cascina.
• 1540 – Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of treason. Henry marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day.
• 1571 – La Laguna encomienda, known today as the Laguna province in the Philippines was founded by the Spaniards as one of the oldest encomienda/province in the country.
• 1794 – Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just are executed by guillotine in Paris, France during the French Revolution.
• 1809 – Peninsular War: Battle of Talavera – Sir Arthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force led by Joseph Bonaparte.
• 1821 – José de San Martín declares the independence of Peru from Spain.
• 1854 – USS Constellation (1854), the last all-sail warship built by the US Navy, is commissioned.
• 1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Ezra Church – Confederate troops make a third unsuccessful attempt to drive Union forces from Atlanta, Georgia.
• 1868 – The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is certified, establishing African American citizenship and guaranteeing due process of law.
• 1896 – The city of Miami, Florida is incorporated.
• 1914 – World War I: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia after Serbia rejects the conditions of an ultimatum sent by Austria on July 23 following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
• 1932 – U.S. President Herbert Hoover orders the United States Army to forcibly evict the "Bonus Army" of World War I veterans gathered in Washington, D.C.
• 1933 – Diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and Spain are established.
• 1935 – First flight of the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress.
• 1938 – Hawaii Clipper disappears between Guam and Manila as the first loss of an airliner in trans-Pacific China Clipper service.
• 1942 – World War II: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin issues Order No. 227 in response to alarming German advances into the Soviet Union. Under the order all those who retreat or otherwise leave their positions without orders to do so are to be immediately executed.
• 1943 – World War II: Operation Gomorrah – The British bomb Hamburg, Germany causing a firestorm that kills 42,000 German civilians.
• 1945 – A U.S. Army B-25 bomber crashes into the 79th floor of the Empire State Building killing 14 and injuring 26.
• 1948 – The Metropolitan Police Flying Squad foils a bullion robbery in the "Battle of London Airport".
• 1955 – The Union Mundial pro Interlingua is founded at the first Interlingua congress in Tours, France.
• 1957 – Heavy rain and a mudslide in Isahaya, western Kyushu, Japan, kill 992.
• 1965 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announces his order to increase the number of United States troops in South Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000.
• 1973 – Summer Jam at Watkins Glen: 600,000 people attend a rock festival at the Watkins Glen International Raceway.
• 1974 – Spetsgruppa A, Russia's elite special force, was formed.
• 1976 – The Tangshan earthquake measuring between 7.8 and 8.2 moment magnitude flattens Tangshan in the People's Republic of China, killing 242,769 and injuring 164,851.
• 1993 – Andorra joins the United Nations.
• 1996 – The remains of a prehistoric man are discovered near Kennewick, Washington. Such remains will be known as the Kennewick Man.
• 2001 – Australian Ian Thorpe becomes the first swimmer to win six gold medals at a single World Championships.
• 2002 – Nine coal miners trapped in the flooded Quecreek Mine in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, are rescued after 77 hours underground.
• 2005 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army calls an end to its thirty year long armed campaign in Northern Ireland.
• 2005 – Tornadoes touch down in residential areas in south Birmingham and Coventry, England, causing £4,000,000 worth of damages and injuring 39 people.
• 2008 – The historic Grand Pier in Weston-super-Mare burns down for the second time in 80 years.
• 2010 – Airblue Flight 202 crashes into the Margalla Hills north of Islamabad, Pakistan, killing all 152 people aboard. It is the deadliest aviation accident in Pakistan history and the first involving an Airbus A321.
• 2012 – The Municipality of Mabalacat becomes a component city in the Province of Pampanga in the Philippines

Births

• 1347 – Margaret of Durazzo (d. 1412)
• 1643 – Antonio Tarsia, Slovenian composer (d. 1722)
• 1659 – Charles Ancillon, French pastor (d. 1715)
• 1746 – Thomas Heyward, Jr., American statesman, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1809)
• 1750 – Fabre d'Églantine French dramatist and politician (d. 1794)
• 1796 – Ignaz Bösendorfer, Austrian businessman, founded the Bösendorfer Company (d. 1859)
• 1804 – Ludwig Feuerbach, German philosopher (d. 1872)
• 1815 – Stefan Dunjov, Bulgarian military figure (d. 1889)
• 1844 – Gerard Manley Hopkins, English poet (d. 1889)
• 1857 – Ballington Booth, English Salvation Army officer, co-founder of Volunteers of America (d. 1940)
• 1860 – Elias M. Ammons, American politician (d. 1925)
• 1860 – Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia (d. 1922)
• 1863 – Huseyn Khan Nakhchivanski, Russian general (d. 1919)
• 1866 – Albertson Van Zo Post, American fencer (d. 1938)
• 1866 – Beatrix Potter, English author (d. 1943)
• 1867 – Charles Dillon Perrine, American-Argentine astronomer (d. 1951)
• 1872 – Albert Sarraut, French politician (d. 1962)
• 1874 – Ernst Cassirer, German philosopher (d. 1945)
• 1879 – Lucy Burns, American activist (d. 1966)
• 1887 – Marcel Duchamp, French painter (d. 1968)
• 1891 – Ron Oxenham, Australian cricketer (d. 1939)
• 1896 – Barbara La Marr, American actress (d. 1926)
• 1898 – Lawrence Gray, American actor (d. 1970)
• 1900 – Catherine Dale Owen, American actress (d. 1965)
• 1901 – Freddie Fitzsimmons, American baseball player (d. 1979)
• 1901 – Rudy Vallée, American singer, actor, and saxophonist (d. 1986)
• 1902 – Karl Popper, Austrian-English philosopher (d. 1994)
• 1907 – Earl Tupper, American inventor and businessman, founded Tupperware Brands (d. 1983)
• 1909 – Malcolm Lowry, English novelist (d. 1957)
• 1909 – Aenne Burda German publisher (d. 2005)
• 1914 – Carmen Dragon, American composer (d. 1984)
• 1915 – Charles Townes, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
• 1916 – David Brown, American film producer (d. 2010)
• 1922 – Jacques Piccard, Belgian-Swiss oceanographer and engineer (d. 2008)
• 1923 – Ray Ellis, American conductor, producer, and arranger (d. 2008)
• 1924 – C. T. Vivian, American minister, author, and activist
• 1925 – Baruch Samuel Blumberg, American physician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2011)
• 1926 – Charlie Biddle, American-Canadian bassist (d. 2003)
• 1927 – John Ashbery, American poet
• 1929 – Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, American book editor, 37th First Lady of the United States (d. 1994)
• 1930 – Junior Kimbrough, American singer and guitarist (d. 1998)
• 1930 – Jean Roba, Belgian writer and illustrator (d. 2006)
• 1930 – Ramsey Muir Withers, Canadian general
• 1931 – Johnny Martin, Australian cricketer (d. 1992)
• 1932 – Natalie Babbitt, American author and illustrator
• 1933 – Charlie Hodge, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1934 – Jacques d'Amboise, American choreographer
• 1935 – Simon Dee, English talk show host (d. 2009)
• 1936 – Russ Jackson, Canadian football player
• 1936 – Garfield Sobers, Barbadian cricketer
• 1937 – Francis Veber, French director and screenwriter
• 1938 – Luis Aragonés, Spanish footballer, coach, and manager
• 1938 – Alberto Fujimori, Peruvian politician
• 1938 – Chuan Leekpai, Thai politician
• 1938 – Ian McCaskill, Scottish meteorologist and weatherman
• 1940 – Philip Proctor, American voice actor
• 1941 – Peter Cullen, Canadian voice actor
• 1941 – Riccardo Muti, Italian conductor (Chicago Symphony Orchestra)
• 1941 – Susan Roces, Filipino actress
• 1942 – Marty Brennaman, American sportscaster
• 1942 – Tonia Marketaki, Greek director and screenwriter (d. 1994)
• 1943 – Mike Bloomfield, American guitarist and composer (The Electric Flag) (d. 1981)
• 1943 – Bill Bradley, American basketball player and politician
• 1943 – Richard Wright, English keyboard player and songwriter (Pink Floyd) (d. 2008)
• 1945 – Jim Davis, American cartoonist and writer
• 1946 – Jonathan Edwards, American singer-songwriter and actor
• 1946 – Linda Kelsey, American actress
• 1946 – Fahmida Riaz, Pakistani writer and activist
• 1948 – Gerald Casale, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and director (Devo and Jihad Jerry & the Evildoers)
• 1948 – Georgia Engel, American actress
• 1948 – Sally Struthers, American actress
• 1949 – Vida Blue, American baseball player
• 1949 – Peter Doyle, Australian singer (The New Seekers) (d. 2001)
• 1949 – Steve Peregrin Took, English singer-songwriter and musician (Tyrannosaurus Rex, Pink Fairies, Shagrat, Steve Took's Horns) (d. 1980)
• 1949 – Randall Wallace, American screenwriter and producer
• 1950 – Shahyar Ghanbari, Iranian poet
• 1951 – Santiago Calatrava, Spanish architect and engineer, designed the Athens Olympic Sports Complex
• 1951 – Doug Collins, American basketball player and coach
• 1951 – Anthony A. Williams, American politician
• 1952 – Vajiralongkorn, Thai prince
• 1952 – Yoshitaka Amano, Japanese artist
• 1952 – Glenn A. Baker, Australian music journalist and commentator
• 1953 – Don Black, American white supremacist
• 1954 – Bruce Abbott, American actor
• 1954 – Hugo Chávez, Venezuelan military officer and politician, President of Venezuela (d. 2013)
• 1954 – Gerd Faltings, German mathematician
• 1954 – Steve Morse, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (Dixie Dregs, Deep Purple, Living Loud, Angelfire, Kansas, and Flying Colors)
• 1954 – Mikey Sheehy, Irish footballer
• 1955 – Nikolay Zimyatov, Russian skier
• 1956 – John Feinstein, American sportswriter and author
• 1958 – Terry Fox, Canadian athlete and activist (d. 1981)
• 1958 – Michael Hitchcock, American actor, screenwriter, and producer
• 1959 – William T. Vollmann, American novelist
• 1960 – Luiz Fernando Carvalho, Brazilian director
• 1960 – Yōichi Takahashi, Japanese cartoonist
• 1961 – Yannick Dalmas, French race car driver
• 1961 – Aleksandr Kurlovich, Soviet weightlifter
• 1961 – Harlem Yu, Taiwanese singer-songwriter
• 1962 – Rachel Sweet, American singer, actress, and scriptwriter
• 1963 – Beverley Craven, English singer-songwriter and pianist
• 1963 – Michael Ruhlman, American author
• 1964 – Lori Loughlin, American actress
• 1965 – Priscilla Chan, Hong Kong singer
• 1965 – Delfeayo Marsalis, American trombonist and producer
• 1966 – Shikao Suga, Japanese singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1967 – Taka Hirose, Japanese bass player (Feeder)
• 1969 – Alexis Arquette, American actress
• 1969 – Garth Snow, American ice hockey player
• 1969 – Dana White, American businessman
• 1970 – Michael Amott, Swedish guitarist and songwriter (Arch Enemy, Spiritual Beggars, Candlemass, Carcass, and Carnage)
• 1970 – Isabelle Brasseur, Canadian figure skater
• 1970 – Paul Strang, Zimbabwean cricketer
• 1971 – Stephen Lynch, American singer-songwriter and actor
• 1971 – Annie Perreault, Canadian speed skater
• 1971 – Jeffrey_S._Williams, American author
• 1972 – Elizabeth Berkley, American actress
• 1972 – Robert Chapman, English cricketer
• 1972 – Yeom Jeong-ah, South Korean actress
• 1972 – Ed Templeton, American skateboarder
• 1973 – Marc Dupré, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1973 – Steve Staios, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1974 – Justin Lee Collins, English comedian, author, and actor
• 1975 – Leonor Watling, Spanish actress and singer (Marlango)
• 1976 – Jacoby Shaddix, American singer-songwriter (Papa Roach and Fight the Sky)
• 1977 – Aki Berg, Finnish ice hockey player
• 1977 – Gabriel Diggs, American DJ and producer
• 1977 – Manu Ginóbili, Argentine basketball player
• 1977 – Rahman "Rock" Harper, American chef
• 1977 – Dexter Jackson, American football player
• 1977 – Chris Samuels, American football player
• 1978 – Jacob Oram, New Zealand cricketer
• 1978 – Julian Peterson, American football player
• 1978 – Hitomi Yaida, Japanese singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1979 – Birgitta Haukdal, Icelandic singer-songwriter and producer (Írafár)
• 1979 – Henrik Hansen, Danish footballer
• 1979 – Stefanie Küster, German model and dancer
• 1979 – Lee Min-woo, South Korean singer-songwriter, dancer, and actor (Shinhwa)
• 1979 – Alena Popchanka, French swimmer
• 1979 – James Piotr Montague, English writer and journalist
• 1980 – Darina, Mexican singer-songwriter
• 1980 – Stephen Christian, American singer-songwriter and author (Anberlin and Anchor & Braille)
• 1980 – Leo Houlding, English rock climber
• 1980 – Harumi Nemoto, Japanese model
• 1980 – Noel Sullivan, Welsh singer and actor (Hear'Say)
• 1980 – Anthony Weaver, American football player
• 1981 – Nancy Alexiadi, Greek singer
• 1981 – Billy Aaron Brown, American actor
• 1981 – Michael Carrick, English footballer
• 1981 – Dave Rosin, Canadian guitarist and singer (Hedley)
• 1981 – Zo In Sung, South Korean actor
• 1981 – Bi Wenjing, Chinese gymnast
• 1981 – Cole Williams, American actor
• 1982 – Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir, Icelandic singer and actress
• 1982 – Tom Pelphrey, American actor
• 1983 – Dhanush, Indian actor and singer
• 1983 – Cody Hay, Canadian figure skater
• 1983 – Olavi Uusivirta, Finnish singer-songwriter and actor
• 1984 – Leah Luv, American porn actress and director
• 1984 – Zach Parise, American ice hockey player
• 1984 – DeMeco Ryans, American football player
• 1984 – John David Washington, American football player, actor, and producer
• 1985 – Mathieu Debuchy, French footballer
• 1985 – Dustin Milligan, Canadian actor
• 1985 – Sharifah Sofia, Malaysian actress
• 1985 – Darren Murphy, Irish footballer
• 1986 – Alexandra Chando, American actress
• 1986 – Lauri Korpikoski, Finnish ice hockey player
• 1987 – Sumire, Japanese model (d. 2009)
• 1987 – Pedro Rodríguez Ledesma, Spanish footballer
• 1987 – John Stevens, American singer
• 1988 – Ayla Brown, American basketball player and singer
• 1988 – Gunnar Nelson (fighter), Icelandic professional fighter
• 1988 – Natasha Nice, French-American porn actress
• 1990 – Soulja Boy, American rapper, producer, and actor
• 1990 – Simone Pizzuti, Italian footballer
• 1990 – Shana Swash, English actress
• 1993 – Harry Kane, English footballer
• 1993 – Cher Lloyd, English singer-songwriter
• 1993 – Hannah Lochner, Canadian actress
• 1995 – Ben Watton, English actor
• 2000 – Emily Hahn, American actress

Deaths

• 450 – Theodosius II, Byzantine Emperor (b. 401)
• 1057 – Pope Victor II (b. 1018)
• 1128 – William Clito, English son of Sybilla of Conversano (b. 1102)
• 1230 – Leopold VI, Duke of Austria (b. 1176)
• 1285 – Keran, Queen of Armenia
• 1527 – Rodrigo de Bastidas, Spanish explorer (b. 1460)
• 1540 – Thomas Cromwell, English statesman (b. 1495)
• 1631 – Guillén de Castro y Bellvis, Spanish playwright (b. 1569)
• 1655 – Cyrano de Bergerac, French poet (b. 1619)
• 1667 – Abraham Cowley, English poet (b. 1618)
• 1675 – Bulstrode Whitelocke, English lawyer (b. 1605)
• 1685 – Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington, English statesman (b. 1618)
• 1718 – Étienne Baluze, French scholar (b. 1630)
• 1741 – Antonio Vivaldi, Italian composer (b. 1678)
• 1750 – Johann Sebastian Bach, German composer (b. 1685)
• 1762 – George Dodington, 1st Baron Melcombe, English politician (b. 1691)
• 1794 – Maximilien Robespierre, French lawyer and politician (b. 1758)
• 1794 – Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, French military officer and politician (b. 1767)
• 1809 – Richard Beckett, English soldier (b.1772)
• 1818 – Gaspard Monge, French mathematician (b. 1746)
• 1835 – Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier, French marshal (b. 1768)
• 1836 – Nathan Mayer Rothschild, English banker and financier (b. 1777)
• 1842 – Clemens Brentano, German poet (b. 1778)
• 1844 – Joseph Bonaparte, French brother of Napoleon (b. 1768)
• 1849 – Charles Albert of Sardinia (b. 1798)
• 1869 – Jan Evangelista Purkyně, Czech anatomist and physiologist (b. 1787)
• 1878 – George Law Curry, American publisher and politician (b. 1820)
• 1895 – Edward Beecher, American theologian (b. 1803)
• 1917 – Waldemar Tietgens, German rower (b. 1879)
• 1930 – John DeWitt, American athlete (b. 1881)
• 1930 – Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish ophthalmologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1862)
• 1933 – Nishinoumi Kajirō III, Japanese sumo wrestler, 30th Yokozuna (b. 1890)
• 1934 – Marie Dressler, Canadian actress (b. 1868)
• 1934 – Louis Tancred, South African cricketer (b. 1876)
• 1935 – John Rahm, American golfer (b. 1854)
• 1942 – Flinders Petrie, English Egyptologist (b. 1853)
• 1957 – Edith Abbott, American economist, social worker, educator, and author (b. 1876)
• 1957 – Isaac Heinemann, German-Israeli scholar (b. 1876)
• 1965 – Edogawa Rampo, Japanese author (b. 1894)
• 1965 – Attallah Suheimat, Arab-Jordanian politician (b. 1875)
• 1967 – Karl W. Richter, American air force officer (b. 1942)
• 1968 – Otto Hahn, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1879)
• 1969 – Ramón Grau, Cuban politician (b. 1882)
• 1970 – Baba Bujha Singh, Indian revolutionary
• 1971 – Lawrence Moore Cosgrave, Canadian soldier and diplomat (b. 1890)
• 1971 – Myril Hoag, American baseball player (b. 1908)
• 1971 – Charles E. Pont, American painter (b. 1898)
• 1972 – Helen Traubel, American soprano (b. 1903)
• 1972 – Charu Majumdar, Indian revolutionary leader (b. 1918)
• 1979 – Don Miller, American football player (b. 1902)
• 1979 – Charles Shadwell, English bandleader (b. 1898)
• 1981 – Stanley Rother, American priest and missionary (b. 1935)
• 1982 – Keith Green, American singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1953)
• 1990 – Jill Esmond, English actress (b. 1908)
• 1996 – Roger Tory Peterson, American ornithologist and educator (b. 1908)
• 1997 – Rosalie Crutchley, English actress (b. 1920)
• 1997 – Seni Pramoj, Thai politician (b. 1905)
• 1998 – Lenny McLean, English boxer, actor, and author (b. 1949)
• 1999 – Trygve Haavelmo, Norwegian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
• 2000 – Abraham Pais, Dutch-American physicist and historian (b. 1918)
• 2001 – Ahmed Sofa, Bangladeshi writer (b. 1943)
• 2002 – Archer John Porter Martin, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1910)
• 2003 – Valerie Goulding, Irish politician and activist (b. 1918)
• 2004 – Francis Crick, English biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1916)
• 2004 – Sam Edwards, American actor (b. 1915)
• 2004 – Eugene Roche, American actor (b. 1928)
• 2004 – Tiziano Terzani, Italian journalist (b. 1938)
• 2006 – Patrick Allen, English voice actor (b. 1927)
• 2006 – David Gemmell, English writer (b. 1948)
• 2007 – Karl Istaz, Belgian wrestler (b. 1924)
• 2007 – Jim LeRoy, American pilot (b. 1961)
• 2008 – Suzanne Tamim, Lebanese singer (b. 1977)
• 2009 – Jim Johnson, American football player and coach (b. 1941)
• 2009 – Reverend Ike, American minister (b. 1935)
• 2010 – Ivy Bean, English internet celebrity (b. 1905)
• 2010 – George P. Lee, American missionary and criminal (b. 1943)
• 2011 – Abdul Fatah Younis, Libyan military officer (b. 1944)
• 2012 – Adam Cullen, Australian artist (b. 1965)
• 2012 – Amos Degani, Israeli politician (b. 1926)
• 2012 – Colin Horsley, New Zealand pianist (b. 1920)
• 2012 – Carol Kendall, American author (b. 1917)
• 2012 – Sepp Mayerl, Austrian mountaineer (b. 1937)
• 2012 – William F. Milliken, Jr., American race car driver and engineer (b. 1911)
• 2012 – David Thomas, English cricketer (b. 1959)

Holidays and observances

• Christian Feast Day:
  • Alphonsa Muttathupadathu
  • Nazarius and Celsus
  • Pantaleon
  • July 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

• Day of Commemoration of the Great Upheaval (Canada)
• Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Peru from Spain by General José de San Martín in 1821. (Peru)
• Liberation Day (San Marino)
• National Tree Planting Day (Australian schools)
• Ólavsøka Eve (Faroe Islands)
• World Hepatitis Day (International)

External links

• BBC: On This Day
• The New York Times: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada

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