Keying (ship)
 Chinese Junk Keying |
|
| Career | |
|---|---|
| Name: | Keying |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type: | Junk |
| Tons burthen: | 800 tonnes |
| Length: | 160 ft (45 m) |
| Beam: | 35 ft (10.7 m) |
| Depth of hold: | 19 ft (5.8 m) |
| Propulsion: | Three-masted junk rig |
| Complement: | 20 cannons |
| Notes: | Chinese teak used for the construction |
Keying (Chinese: 耆英; pinyin: qíyīng, named after the Manchu official Qiying; the English name is based on Cantonese pronunciation) was a three-masted, 800-ton Foochow Chinese trading junk which sailed from China around the Cape of Good Hope to the United States and Britain between 1846 and 1848.
Keying had been purchased in August 1846 in secrecy by British businessmen in Hong Kong, who defied a Chinese law prohibiting the sale of Chinese ships to foreigners. She was manned by 12 British and 30 Chinese sailors (the latter all Cantonese). She was commanded by Captain Charles Alfred Kellett, also British.
- Keying left Hong Kong in December 1846.
- She rounded the Cape of Good Hope in March 1847.
- She stopped at St Helena in April 1847.
- She was in New York in July 1847.
- She visited Boston in November 1847.
- She then arrived in Britain in April 1848.
Contents |
[edit] American visit
The Keying was the first ship from China to visit New York. She moored off the Battery on the southern tip of Manhattan in July 1847, and was received with great fanfare.
The Chinese crew of Keying were understandably angry as they had signed on only for an eight-month voyage to Singapore and Batavia (now Jakarta). Twenty-six of them left Keying and returned to Canton on board the Candace, which sailed 6 October 1847.
Keying stayed several months in New York. 4,000 visitors a day paid 25 cents to board the ship and observe its design and crew.
P. T. Barnum had a copy of Keying built in Hoboken (Barnum claimed he had it towed from China), and exhibited it with a crew which may have included some of the Keying Chinese. However the Brooklyn Eagle described Barnum's crew as as "one third white and two thirds negroes or mulattoes", so probably no real Keying crew were present.
Keying also moored in Boston on November 18, 1847, by the Charles River Bridge, according to the Boston Evening Transcript of 1847. She was visited by many people, with as many as four to five thousand on Thanksgiving Day.
[edit] British visit
Keying next sailed to Britain. A storm on 28 February wrecked her two boats, ripped the foresail, and disabled the hardwood ironbound rudder, which was hung in the Chinese manner without gudgeons or pintles. During the repair of the rudder the second mate drowned.
Keying was fast, as was noted by the press:
- The Keying next visited Boston, whence she sailed direct for London on the 17th of February last, and arrived in St Aubin's Bay, Jersey, on the 15th March, having performed the voyage, from land to land, in 21 days - a short period even for the American packet-ships. (Illustrated London News, 1848)
Keying reached Britain in March 1848, and a medal was made in honor of her arrival. The obverse of the medal gives the following account:
- The first junk that ever rounded the Cape of Good Hope, or appeared in British waters. Her dimensions are length 160ft. Depth of hold: 19ft. Burden: 800 tons Chinese measurement. Rudder 7½ tons, mainsail 9 tons. Mainmast 85ft long from deck. The ship is built of teak wood. She sailed from Hong Kong 6th December 1846, arrived in England 27th March 1848, 477 days from Canton. "Captain Kellet", commander.
Keying was praised by the British as excellent in seaworthiness, and practically superior to their own:
- She proved herself an excellent sea-boat; and her powers of weathering a storm equal, if not surpass, those of vessels of British build. (Illustrated London News, 1848)
A multitude visited the ship, including Queen Victoria and other members of the Royal family.
The Illustrated London News of 29 July 1848 described the visits to the Keying as follows:
- The ROYAL CHINESE JUNK "KEYING" manned by a Chinese Crew. Visitors received by a Mandarin of rank and Chinese Artist of celebrity. Grand Saloon, gorgeously furnished in the most approved style of the Celestial Empire. Collection of Chinese Curiosities, &c. The "Keying" is now open for Exhibition, from Ten to six, in the East India Docks, adjoining the Railway and Steam-boat Pier, Blackwall.—Admission, One Shilling.
- ADMISSION, ONE SHILLING.—During the limited period which the ROYAL CHINESE JUNK will remain in London, the charge for admission will be reduced to One Shilling. This most interesting Exhibition, which has been justly called "the greatest novelty in Europe," has been visited by her Majesty the Queen, all the Royal Family, and an immense number of persons, including nearly all the nobility and foreigners of distinction in London. Junk Tickets, including fare and admission, are issued by the Blackwall and Eastern Counties Railways. Omnibuses direct, and conveyance also by Steam-boat from all the Piers between Westminster and Woolwich; fare 4d. Catalogues obtainable only on board, price 6d.
The Times also reported Keying's visit:
- There is not a more interesting Exhibition in the vicinity of London than the Chinese Junk: one step across the entrance, and you are in the Chinese world; you have quitted the Thames for the vicinity of Canton.
The Keying was towed from London to the river Mersey by the steam tug Shannon, arriving 14 May 1853, and anchored off Rock Ferry on the Cheshire shore. On 29 September 1853, Keying was preparing to leave for foreign ports in three weeks. But instead it was dismantled "for research" at the shipyard of Redhead, Harling, and Brown.
The Plymouth and Devonport weekly journal for Thursday, 6 December 1855 reported
- The Chinese junk once a most popular attractive exhibition, is now rotting neglected and uncared for on the shore at Tranmere Ferry opposite Liverpool.
[edit] Precedents
Keying may not have been quite the first Chinese sailing ship to round the Cape of Good Hope, since the Venetian monk and cartographer Fra Mauro describes in his 1457 Fra Mauro map the travels of a huge "ship or junk from India" 2,000 miles (3,000 km) into the Atlantic Ocean around 1420 (Original Italian "una nave over çoncho de India", lit. "A ship or junk of India"). It is unclear though which part of Asia this expression would refer to, as "India" was a general descriptor for Asia at that time. If it was a Chinese junk, then depending on what credence one places on the theories about the voyages of the ships of Admiral Zheng He's squadrons, then that may be one explanation. Piero Falchetta in his 2006 Fra Mauro World Map describes the passage as "The important note which in all probability refers to the voyages of Zheng Ho".[1] Given the penetration of Arab mariners down the east coast of Africa, this might also be a voyaging vessel from the Indian Ocean trading 'circuit'.
[edit] Commemoration
A large-scale model of the Keying is on display since September 2005 in the new Hong Kong Maritime Museum, in Stanley, Hong Kong. This model was based on contemporary reports and images allied to a comprehensive analysis of traditional Fuzhou junk lines.
The model is thought by some to be incorrect: the shape of the hull lacks the great curvature which is clearly and consistently shown in some of the many contemporary illustrations of the original vessel. However, the Currier print made at the time (part of the exhibit) does not show this. The exaggerations of other renditions probably resulted from western artists' being confused by the unfamiliar style of Keying's hull, particularly the high 'wings' either side of the bow, typical of the Fuzhou style, and the similarly elevated bulwarks of the poop deck.
The actual sheerline of Fuzhou junks is not so extreme. Much of the confusion with respect to the Keying may come from reported bow and stern heights above the waterline that may have been for the tops of 'wings' and 'poop', not of the weather deck at bow and stern. The exaggerated measurements in most contemporary reports suggest it was the former, not the latter.
The Museum model unquestionably fits the accounts of Keying's sea-keeping qualities better than a model with the bizarrely exaggerated curvatures shown in other contemporary illustrations. Such curvature was unknown in similar vessels: the acutely distorted waterlines that would result when heeled would have rendered the vessel unmanageable.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Piero Falchetta, Fra Mauro World Map, p.99 BREPOLS 2006 ISBN 2503517269
[edit] References
- Brouwer, Norman. "New York's Unusual Chinese Visitor & the Junk Keying," Seaport Magazine 14, no. 2 (Summer 1980): 18-19.
- Borden, Charles A.Sea quest: small craft adventures from Magellan to Chichester Philadelphia: McRae Smith Co., 1967, ISBN 0-7091-0028-0
