Kachin State

Kachin State ကချင်ပြည်နယ်
—  State  —
Flag
Location of Kachin State in Burma
Coordinates: 26°0′N 97°30′E
Country	Burma
Region	Northern
Capital	Myitkyina
Government
• Chief Minister	La John Ngan Sai (USDP)
Area
• Total	89,041 km2 (34,379 sq mi)
Population (2000)
• Total	1,270,000
• Density	Bad rounding here14/km2 (Bad rounding here37/sq mi)
Demographics
• Ethnicities	Kachin, Bamar, Shan, Naga, Chinese, Indians, Gurkha
• Religions	Majority:Christianity Minority:Buddhism
Time zone	MST (UTC+06:30)

Kachin State (Burmese: ကချင်ပြည်နယ်, pronounced: [kətɕʰɪ̀ɴ pjìnɛ̀]; Kachin: Jingphaw Mungdaw), is the northernmost state of Burma. It is bordered by China to the north and east; Shan State to the south; and Sagaing Division and India to the west. It lies between north latitude 23° 27' and 28° 25' longitude 96° 0' and 98° 44'. The area of Kachin State is 89,041 km² (34,379 sq mi). The capital of the state is Myitkyina. Other important towns include Bhamo.

Kachin State has Myanmar’s highest mountain, Hkakabo Razi (5,889 metres (19,321 ft)), forming the southern tip of the Himalayas, and a large inland lake, Indawgyi Lake.

Demographics

Kachin state is home to three major ethnic groups. The state's namesake ethnic Kachin, also known as the Jingphaw, form around half the state's population and live primarily in the sparsely populated and mountainous northern and eastern parts of the state. The Maw Shan and the Bamar form a substantial minority, especially in the more densely populated lowlands of Western and Southern areas of Kachin state. Other ethnic groups include the Rawang, Lisu, Gurkha people (Kalah) Zaiwa, Lawngwaw, Lachik, and a small number of Tibetans. Christianity is dominant among the Kachin, while the Shan and Bamar are Buddhists. Burmese is the lingua franca but Kachin language and Shan are widely spoken.

Economy

The economy of Kachin State is predominantly agricultural. The main products include rice, teak, sugar cane. Mineral products include gold and jade.^{[citation needed]} Hpakan is a well known place for its jade mines. Over 600 tons of jade stones which were unearthed from Lone-Khin area in Hpakan aka Pha-Khant Township in Kachine State had been displayed in Myanmar Naypyidaw to be sold out in November 2011. Most of the jade stones extracted in Myanmar, 25,795 tons in 2009-2010 and 32,921 tons in 2008-2009, are from Kachin State. The largest jade stone in the world, 3000 tons, 21 metres long, 4.8 metres wide and 10.5 metres high was found in Hpakan in 2000. The Myanmar government pays little attention on deterioration of environment in Kachin because of jade mining. There has been erosion, flooding and mudslides. Several houses have been destroyed in each year.

A controversial construction project of a huge 1,055 megawatt hydroelectric power plant dam is ongoing. It is funded by China Power Investment Cooperation. When it is finished, the electricity will be sold to China. It will be 152 metres high when it is finished. It is one of the 7 projects going to be implemented across the Irrawady River. Around 15,000 population were displaced because of that Project.

Bhamo is one of the border trading points between China and Myanmar.

Transportation

Kachin State is served by the following airports:

• Bhamo Airport
• Myitkyina Airport
• Putao Airport

There is a railroad between Myitkyina and Mandalay (through Sagaing). The train will take 24–30 hours to finish it trip from Mandalay to Myitkyina.

Kachin state has invaluable natural resources.

Most areas of Kachin state are undeveloped. Many people are still engaged in agriculture.

Under the current regime, the government exploits the country by taking various timber land. Although the government has been extracting the natural resources of the Kachin people, there is little or no development in infrastructure, health care, and other basic necessities of the people.

Education

See also: List of universities in Kachin State

Educational opportunities in Myanmar are extremely limited outside the main cities of Yangon and Mandalay. It is especially a problem in Kachin State where constant fighting between the government and insurgents for over 60 years has produced thousands of refugees and internally displaced people. The following is a summary of the education system in the state.

AY 2002-2003	Primary	Middle	High
Schools	1183	86	41
Teachers	3700	1500	600
Students	168,000	80,000	24,100

Health care

The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor. The military government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the country's GDP on health care, consistently ranking among the lowest in the world. Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment. In general, the health care infrastructure outside of Yangon and Mandalay is extremely poor but is especially worse in remote areas like Kachin State. The following is a summary of the public health care system in the state.

2002–2003	# Hospitals	# Beds
Specialist hospitals	2	125
General hospitals with specialist services	2	500
General hospitals	17	553
Health clinics	22	352
Total	43	1530

History

The Burmese government under Aung San reached the Panglong Agreement with the Shan, Kachin, and Chin peoples on 12 February 1947. The agreement accepted "Full autonomy in internal administration for the Frontier Areas" in principle and envisioned the creation of a Kachin State by the Constituent Assembly. Kachin State was formed in 1948 out of the British Burma civil districts of Bhamo and Myitkyina, together with the larger northern district of Puta-o. The vast mountainous hinterlands are predominantly Kachin, whereas the more densely populated railway corridor and southern valleys are mostly Shan and Bamar. The northern frontier was not demarcated and until the 1960s Chinese governments had claimed the northern half of Kachin State as Chinese territory since the 18th century. Before the British rule, roughly 75% of all Kachin jadeite ended up in China, where it was prized much more highly that the local Chinese nephrite.

Kachin troops formerly formed a significant part of the Burmese army. With the unilateral abrogation of the Union of Burma constitution by the Ne Win regime in 1962, Kachin forces withdrew and formed the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) under the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO). Aside from the major towns and railway corridor, Kachin State has been virtually independent from the mid-1960s through 1994, with an economy based on smuggling, jade trade with China and narcotics. After a Myanmar army offensive in 1994 seized the jade mines from the KIO, a peace treaty was signed, permitting continued KIO effective control of most of the State, under aegis of the Myanmar military. This ceasefire immediately resulted in the creation of numerous splinter factions from the KIO and KIA of groups opposed to the SPDC's sham peace accord, and the political landscape remains highly unstable.

Traditional Kachin society was based on shifting hill agriculture. Political authority was based on chieftains who depended on support from immediate kinsmen. Considerable attention has been given by anthropologists of the Kachin custom of maternal cousin marriage, wherein it is permissible for a man to marry his mother’s brother’s daughter, but not with the father’s sister’s daughter.　Traditional religion was animist, but missionary activity since the British period have converted the vast majority of the population to Christianity (notably Baptist and pockets of Roman Catholicism).

2011 Outbreak of Civil War

Main articles: 2011–2012 Kachin Conflict and Burmese Civil War

Renewed fighting between the Kachin Independence Army and the Burmese army began on June 9, 2011 at Ta-pein hydropower plant and continued throughout 2012. Initial reports suggested that from June to September 2011 a total of 5,580 Internally Displaced Persons from 1,397 households arrived at 38 IDP camps under Myanmar Government control. In August, 2012 Thousands of Kachin refugees were forced by the Chinese Government back into Myanmar despite the continued fighting there, calls to cease such action by NGOs like Human Rights Watch and the illegality of doing so under international law. As of Oct 9, 2012, over 100,000 IDPs are taking shelter in various camps across Kachin State. The majority of IDPs (est. 70,000) are currently sheltering in KIA controlled territory. Fatality estimates were difficult to estimate but most reports suggested that between government troops, Kachin Independence Army rebels, and civilians upwards of 1,000 people had died in the conflict.

See also

• Kachin Hills
• Kachin State Cultural Museum
• Kumon Bum Mountains
• Myitsone Dam

External links

• The Kachin Post