Kagayanen language

Kagayanen
Spoken in	Philippines
Region	MIMAROPA
Native speakers	20,000  (date missing)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Greater Central Philippine Manobo North Kagayanen
Language codes
ISO 639-3	cgc

The Kagayanen language is spoken in the province of Palawan in the Philippines.

Sounds

Consonant phonemes of Kagayanen

		Labial	Coronal	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Plosive		p b	t d		k ɡ	ʔ
Fricative			s			(h)
Rhotic			r
Approximant	central	w	ð̞	j
	lateral		l

[h] occurs only in loan words, proper names, or in words that have [h] in the cognates of neighboring languages. Outside of loanwords, /d/ becomes [r] between vowels.

Comparative and historical evidence suggests that /ð̞/ and /l/ were in complementary distribution before a split occurred with pressure from contact with English, Spanish, and Tagalog.

Vowels of Kagayanen

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	ə	u
Open		a

/i/ ranges between [i] and [e], except in unstressed syllables (as well as before consonant clusters) where it lowers to [ɪ] or [ɛ]. Similarly, /u/ lowers to [ʊ] in unstressed syllables, before consonant clusters, and word-finally. It is otherwise [u].

References

• MacGregor, Louise A. (1995), "Kagayanen: Introduction and wordlist", in Tryon, Darrell T., Comparative Austronesian dictionary: An introduction to Austronesian studies, part 1: fascicle 1, Trends in Linguistics., 10, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 363–368 
• Olson, Kenneth S.; Mielke, Jeff (2007), "Acoustic properties of the Kagayanen vowel space", in Trouvain, Jürgen, Proceedinngs of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Universität des Saarlandes, pp. 845–848, http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1618/1618.pdf, retrieved 2009-03-15 
• Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296