Kajaki Dam
| Kajaki Dam | |
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 The Kajakai Dam |
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| Location | Helmand Province, Afghanistan |
| Coordinates | 32°19′19″N 65°7′8″E / 32.32194°N 65.11889°ECoordinates: 32°19′19″N 65°7′8″E / 32.32194°N 65.11889°E |
| Construction began | 1951 |
| Opening date | 1953 |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Height | 100 m (328 ft) |
| Base width | 270 m (886 ft) |
| Impounds | Helmand River |
| Reservoir | |
| Capacity | 1,715,000,000 m3 (1,390,373 acre·ft) |
| Active capacity | 1,134,000,000 m3 (919,349 acre·ft) |
| Power station | |
| Commission date | 1975 |
| Turbines | 2 x 16.5 MW Francis-type[1] |
| Installed capacity | 33 MW |
The Kajakai Dam is one of the two major hydroelectric power dams of Helmand province in southern Afghanistan. The dam is located on the Helmand River 100 miles (161 km) north-west of Kandahar City. It has a dual function, to provide electricity and to irrigate some 650,000 acres (1800 km²) of an otherwise arid land. Water discharging from the dam traverses some 300 miles (500 km) of downstream irrigation canals feeding farmland. It currently produces 33 megawatts of electricity.[2]
The dam is 100 m (328 ft) high and 270 m (890 ft) long, with a gross storage capacity of 1,715,000,000 m3 (1,390,373 acre·ft) of water. The dam controls the output of the main watershed which feeds the Sistan Basin.
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[edit] History
Final studies for the dam began in 1946 and a preliminary design was crafted in 1950. The dam was built between 1951 and 1953 by the Morrison-Knudsen firm as part of the Helmand Valley Authority project.[3]
In 1975, USAID commissioned the initial installation of two 16.5 MW generating units in a powerhouse constructed at the toe of the dam. This first stage powerhouse was actually constructed to house three equally sized units. Only units 1 and 3 were installed originally.[3]
When the Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979 the contractors left. They had intended to raise the dam by 2 meters in order to increase the available water for power production and irrigation. They were also cutting excavating an emergency spillway which was never completed. Gates were also never installed in the service spillway so the dam passes all water in the reservoir above elevation 1033.5 meters. Completion of the spillway gates would increase the total storage capacity of the reservoir by 1,010,000,000 m3 (818,820 acre·ft) to 2,725,000,000 m3 (2,209,193 acre·ft).[3]
The Kajakai dam powerhouse was a bombing target of the US Air Force during their attack on Afghanistan in October 2001.[4]
With funding from USAID, World Bank and other donors, Units 1 & 3 have been fully rehabilitated and the power station currently has an installed capacity of 33 MW.[5] Unit 1 was operational in September 2005 and Unit 3 in October 2009.[6] The Unit 3 rehabilitation began in May 2006, with a scheduled return to service in early 2007. The new 18.5 MW Unit 2 turbine/generator has been contracted to China Machine Building International Corporation, which is headquartered in Beijing. Engineering, design and procurement are ongoing. The work will be supervised by Montgomery Watson Harza and was planned to be completed by June 2007.
In February 2007, the Kajakai Dam was the subject of fighting between NATO and Taliban insurgents, as part of Operation Kryptonite.[7] According to Helmand governor, Assadullah Wafa, over 700 Taliban insurgents (including Pakistanis, Chechens and Uzbeks) coming from neighboring Pakistan fought against over 300 NATO troops.[8] Most of the NATO troops were Dutch and British. The number of casualties mentioned varies. The Taliban intend to destroy the dam.[9]
[edit] Expansion plans
Central to the long term energy security and sustained economic growth of south-eastern Afghanistan is the rehabilitation and expansion of the Kajakai HPP. As a critical component of the South East Transmission System, the capacity of the Kajakai HPP will be expanded to 51 MW with a future potential for an additional 100 MW.
[edit] The Third Turbine
In late August 2008 a contingent of British, Afghan and ISAF troops successfully transported the third turbine from Kandahar Airbase in Kandahar Province to the Kajakai Dam. The operation was British led and codenamed Operation Oqab Tsuka, meaning "Eagle's Summit" in Pashtu.[10] Despite the turbine being delivered, as of December 2009 it had still not been installed, as its installation requires 900 tonnes of cement which cannot be delivered to the dam due to attacks by the Taliban.[2]
According to a BBC report the turbine remained unassembled, and uninstalled in June 2011. The most optimistic estimates for the completion of the project are now for late 2013.[11]
When the turbine comes online, and when a new grid of power lines are established to distribute the power, it is expected that the dam will be able to provide 51 megawatts of power.[12]
[edit] Water supply obligations
Under an accord signed between Iran and Afghanistan in 1972, Afghanistan is obliged to release at least water at a rate of 910 cubic feet per second (26 m3/s). The Taliban briefly stopped the flow of water to Iran when the latter threatened to attack in retaliation for the killing of Iranians who were claimed to be diplomats in Mazari Sharif when the Taliban retook the city from the Northern Alliance the second time. During that time Helmand valley was going through a five year drought. As a result, Iran's famous Hamun-e Helmand lake dried up as did other regional pastures, leading to the death of flora, fauna, cattle and birds in the Sistan and Baluchestan Province of Iran.[13]
[edit] References
- ^ "Hydroelectric Power Plants in Afghanistan". IndustCards. http://www.industcards.com/hydro-afghanistan.htm. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
- ^ a b Boone, Jon (13 December 2009). "Taliban stalls key hydroelectric turbine project in Afghanistan". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/dec/13/afghanistan-turbine-taliban-british-army. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
- ^ a b c "Kajakai Hydroelectric Project Condition Assessment Dam Safety Assessment Repor". Amherst, New Yor: Acres International Corporatio. April 2004. http://www.afghaneic.org/library/provinces/helmand/reference%20list/hydro/DSA%20Total%20Report.pdf. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
- ^ Kajakai list as October 31, 2002 aerial bombing location
- ^ "Afghanistan: Infrastructure". USAID. July 2007. http://www.usaid.gov/locations/asia_near_east/documents/countries/afghanistan/afgh_infrastructure_jul2007.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
- ^ "Kajakai Dam Powerhouse Boosts Power to 33 MW, Benefitting Thousands in SW Afghanistan". Afghanistan IRP (Louis Berger Group, Inc.). 24 October 2009. https://www.irp-af.com/?pname=open&id=261&type=html. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
- ^ Taliban flee battle using children as shields - NATO, February 14, 2007
- ^ US defense secretary in Pakistan, February 12, 2007
- ^ Hundreds of Taliban massing to attack dam - official
- ^ British Troops Complete Operation to Deliver Turbine
- ^ "What went wrong with Afghanistan Kajaki power project?", BBC News report by Mark Urban, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/13925886, retrieved 2011-06-28
- ^ UK Troops in Huge Turbine Mission
- ^ Hirmand River's water to flow into Iran again, soon: Afghan source, December 12, 2002
