Kalapuyan languages

Kalapuya
Ethnicity:	Kalapuya people
Geographic distribution:	Northwest Oregon
Linguistic classification:	Penutian ? Kalapuya
Subdivisions:	—

Kalapuyan (also Kalapuya) is a small extinct language family that was spoken in the Willamette Valley of Western Oregon, United States. It consists of three languages.

Family division

Kalapuyan consists of

1. Northern Kalapuya (aka Tualatin–Yamhill)

2. Central Kalapuya (aka Santiam)

3. Yoncalla (aka Southern Kalapuya)

Genetic relations

One of the boulders engraved with Kalapuyan words along the paths of east Alton Baker Park in Eugene, Oregon, this one is next to the Willamette River: "Whilamut" "Where the river ripples and runs fast"

Kalapuyan is usually connected with the various Penutian proposals with Kalapuyan lying within an Oregon Penutian sub-group (along with Takelma, Siuslaw, and Coosan). A special relationship with Takelma has been proposed, together forming a Takelman family; however, recent research has offered counterevidence against this relationship. Therefore, currently the Kalapuyan family is generally considered separate, but with promising connections to the Penutian hypothesis.

References

• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
• Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
• Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
• Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1-3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).

External links

• The Verbal Morphology of Santiam Kalapuya (Northwest Journal of Linguistics)
• Lewis, M. Paul, ed (2009). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. http://www.ethnologue.com/.