Kansakar
Kansakār (Nepali: कंसाकार) or Kasāh (कसाः) is a Nepalese caste group belonging to the Newar community of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. In Sanskrit, Kansakar means bronze worker, and their traditional occupation has been metal working and trading.[1][2] Today, they are merchants, industrialists and professionals.
They are part of the Urāy (उराय्) group which includes Tuladhar, Tamrakar, Sthapit, Bania, Sindurakar, Selalik and other castes.[3] The Urāy are a community of high-caste Buddhist merchants, and their family names indicate artisan and mercantile specialists.[4] Their religion is Newar Buddhism[5] and mother tongue Nepal Bhasa.[6]
Kansakars have been traditionally based in Kel Tol in the historical section of Kathmandu where they play a major cultural role. The neighborhood is famed for the sacred courtyard of Jana Baha (Machhendra Bahal) where the central temple houses an image of Aryavalokitesvara (Sacred Avalokiteśvara), a Buddhist deity popularly known as Jana Baha Dyah or White Machhendranath[7] (alternative name: White Karunamaya).[8]
Traditional occupation[edit]
According to the division of labour laid down from ancient times, Kansakars practiced the hereditary occupation of making utensils of bronze. Kitchen and ritual vessels, various types of dinner plates and cymbals are their main products. A dinner plate with a grooved border known as siphala dema (सिफाला देमा) is their specialty. Bronze is made in their workshops by melting copper and tin and mixing them in a charcoal-fired furnace.[9]
They were also major players in the traditional Tibet trade, and maintained business houses in Lhasa in Tibet and in Kalimpong and Kolkata in India.[10]
Cultural life[edit]
Kansakars participate in the annual chariot procession of Aryavalokitesvara which is known as Jana Baha Dyah Jatra by playing long horns. The Kansakar Gunla Bajan musical band organizes performances of religious music during the whole month of Gunla and other festivals.
The 12-yearly Samyak is the most spectacular Newar Buddhist festival held in Kathmandu where statues of Dipankara Buddha are displayed. Each Urāy caste has been assigned a duty in the festival from ancient times, and Kansakars have the task of preparing and serving five types of foods.[11]
Kansakars participate in the Kumha Pyakhan dance (also known as Kumar Pyakhan) which is held annually during the Mohani festival in October on the open-air dance platform at Asan and at Kathmandu Durbar Square. A young Tuladhar or Kansakar boy is chosen to be the dancer.[12][13]
Notable Kansakars[edit]
- Bhaju Ratna Kansakar (1882-1956), trader and philanthropist
- Daya Bir Singh Kansakar (1911-2001), social worker
- Gyan Jyoti Kansakar (1921-2004), President of the International Buddhist Meditation Center,[14] trader, benefactor and industrialist
- Maniharsha Jyoti (1917-1993), trader and industrialist
- Prem Bahadur Kansakar (1918-1991), freedom fighter, author and language activist
- Vidyabati Kansakar (1906-1976), pioneer of nursing
- Yogbir Singh Kansakar (1885-1942), poet
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Lewis, Todd T. (1995). "Buddhist Merchants in Kathmandu: The Asan Twah Market and Uray Social Organization" (PDF). Contested Hierarchies. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Retrieved 26 March 2012. Page 47.
- ^ Wright, Daniel (1877). "History of Nepal with an Introductory Sketch of the Country and People of Nepal". Cambridge. Retrieved 23 September 2012. Page 86.
- ^ Lewis, Todd T. (January 1996). "Notes on the Uray and the Modernization of Newar Buddhism" (PDF). Contributions to Nepalese Studies. Retrieved 25 March 2012. Page 110.
- ^ Lewis, Todd T. (1995). "Buddhist Merchants in Kathmandu: The Asan Twah Market and Uray Social Organization" (PDF). Contested Hierarchies. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Retrieved 26 March 2012. Page 47.
- ^ Locke, John K. (2008). "Unique Features of Newar Buddhism". Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
- ^ Lewis, Todd T. "Buddhism, Himalayan Trade, and Newar Merchants". Retrieved 25 March 2012.
- ^ Locke, S.J., John K. "Newar Buddhist Initiation Rites". INAS Journal. Retrieved 26 March 2012. Page 2.
- ^ Yoshizaki, Kazumi (2006). "The Kathmandu Valley as a Water Pot: Abstracts of research papers on Newar Buddhism in Nepal". Retrieved 29 March 2012. Page 5.
- ^ Kasāh, Dev Ratna (26 July 2003). "Kasāhtaygu Jya". Udāy Samā. Page 23.
- ^ Hilker, DS Kansakar (2005), Syamukapu: The Lhasa Newars of Kalimpong and Kathmandu, Kathmandu: Vajra Publications. ISBN 99946-644-6-8.
- ^ Lewis, Todd T. (1995). "Buddhist Merchants in Kathmandu: The Asan Twah Market and Uray Social Organization" (PDF). Contested Hierarchies. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Retrieved 26 March 2012. Pages 51-52.
- ^ Hoek, Bert van den; Shrestha, Balgopal (July 1992). "Guardians of the Royal Goddess: Daitya and Kumar as the Protectors of Taleju Bhavani of Kathmandu" (PDF). CNAS Journal. Retrieved 27 March 2012. Page 192.
- ^ Lewis, Todd T. (January 1996). "Notes on the Uray and the Modernization of Newar Buddhism" (PDF). Contributions to Nepalese Studies. Retrieved 27 March 2012. Page 112.
- ^ Gyan Jyoti Kansakar (1997). "Culture of Health expands horizons". To Health Via Culture (3): 14–19. ISSN 0204-3440. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021.