King Edward VII-class battleship
HMS King Edward VII, name ship of the King Edward VII class, in drydock
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Class overview | |
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Name | King Edward VII |
Builders | Chatham Dockyard, Devonport Dockyard, John Brown, Fairfield, Portsmouth Dockyard, Vickers |
Preceded by | Duncan class |
Succeeded by | Swiftsure class |
Built | 1904-1906 |
In commission | 1905-1921 |
Planned | 8 |
Completed | 8 |
Lost | 2 |
Retired | 6 |
General characteristics | |
Class and type | King Edward VII class predreadnought battleship |
Displacement | list error: <br /> list (help) normal 16,350 tons full draft 17,500 tons |
Length | 453 ft 6 in (138.23 m) |
Beam | 78 ft (24 m) |
Draught | 26 ft 9 in (8.15 m) |
Installed power | 18,000 hp (13 MW) |
Propulsion | list error: <br /> list (help) 2 shafts Two 4-cylinder vertical compound expansion steam engines Coal fired (with oil sprayers) boilers, except no oil sprayers in New Zealand (Zealandia) Boilers:[2] King Edward VII 10 Babcock and Wilcox and 6 cylindrical; Commonwealth and Dominion 16 Babcock and Wilcox; Africa, Britannia, Hibernia, and Hindustan 12 Babcock and Wilcox and 3 cylindrical; New Zealand (Zealandia) 12 Niclausse and 3 cylindrical 2,164-2,238 tons coal maximum, 380 tons oil |
Speed | 18.5 knots (34.25 km/h) maximum |
Range | 5,270 nm (9,760 km) at 10 knots (18.5 km/h)[1] |
Complement | 777 |
Armament | list error: <br /> list (help) 4 × BL 12-inch (304.8 mm) Mark IX /40 guns (in Commonwealth, Dominion, Hindustan, King Edward VII, and New Zealand / Zealandia) or Mark X /45 guns (in Africa, Britannia, and Hibernia) in two twin turrets 4 × BL 9.2-inch (233.7 mm) Mark X guns in four single turrets |
Armour | list error: <br /> list (help) Belt amidships: 9 inches tapering to 8 inches (203 mm) Bulkheads: 12 inches (305 mm) to 8 inches (203 mm) Barbettes: 12 inches (356 mm) Main turrets (gunhouses): 12 inches (356 mm) to 8 inches (203 mm) 9.2 inch (234 mm) turrets: 9 inches (229 mm) to 5 inches (127 mm) 6 inch (152 mm) battery: 7 inches (178 mm) Conning tower: 12 inches (305 mm) Armoured deck: 2.5 inches (63.5 mm) to 1 inch (25.4 mm) |
Notes | During their Grand Fleet service (1914-1916), the King Edward VII-class ships were nicknamed "The Wobbly Eight" |
The King Edward VII class was a class of predreadnought battleships launched by the Royal Navy between 1903 and 1905.
Technical characteristics
By 1901, the 29 British battleships of the Majestic, Canopus, Formidable, London, Queen, and Duncan classes then in service or under construction, which had all followed the same basic design by Sir William White, had come under criticism as being undergunned for their displacement. All had four 12-inch (305-mm) guns in two twin turrets and a secondary armament of twelve 6-inch (152-mm) guns on a displacement of 13,000 to 15,000 tons; questions were beginning to arise as to the usefulness of 6-inch (152-mm) guns in the face of improved armor in foreign battleships, and it was noted that foreign navies such as those of Italy and the United States had begun to arm their battleships with an intermediate battery of 8-inch (203-mm) guns. The King Edward VII class were built as a response, with the intention of halting the gap in firepower and maintaining the dominance of the Royal Navy.[3]
Like the classes in between, the King Edward VII class was a direct descendant of the Majestic class, but it was also the first class to make a significant departure from the Majestic design, displacing about 1,000 tons more and mounting for the first time an intermediate battery of four 9.2-inch (234-mm) guns in addition to the standard outfit of 12-inch (305-mm) and 6-inch (152-mm) guns. The 9.2-inch was a quick-firing gun like the 6-inch, and its heavier shell made it a formidable weapon by the standards of the day when the King Edward VII class was designed. The four 9.2-inch were mounted in single turrets abreast the foremast and mainmast, and the ships thus could bring two of them to bear on either broadside. Even then, the King Edwards were criticized for not having a uniform secondary battery of 9.2-inch guns, something considered but rejected because of the length of time it would have taken to design the ships with such a radical revision of the secondary armament layout; an all-9.2-inch secondary battery would have to await the Lord Nelson class. In the end, it proved impossible to distinguish 12-inch and 9.2-inch shell splashes from one another, making fire control impractical for ships mounting both calibers, although the King Edwards had fire-control platforms on their fore- and mainmasts rather than the fighting tops of earlier classes.[4]
The first five ships (Commonwealth, Dominion, Hindustan, King Edward VII, and New Zealand/Zealandia) mounted the Mark IX 12-inch (305-mm) gun, while the final three (Africa, Britannia, and Hibernia) mounted the more advanced Mark X 12-inch (305-mm).[1] Mounting of the 6-inch guns in casemates was abandoned in this class, the 6-inch instead being placed in a central battery amidships protected by 7-inch (178-mm) armored walls. Otherwise, armor was much as in the London class, although there were various differences in detail from the Londons.[4]
The King Edward VII class were the first British battleships with balanced rudders since the 1870s and were very maneuverable, with a tactical diameter of 340 yards (311 m) at 15 knots (27.75 km/h). However, they were difficult to keep on a straight course, and this characteristic led to them being nicknamed "the Wobbly Eight" during their 1914-1916 service in the Grand Fleet. They had a slightly faster roll than previous British battleship classes, but were good gun platforms, although very wet in bad weather.[4]
Primarily powered by coal, all of the class except New Zealand had oil sprayers installed during construction, the first time this had been done in British battleships. These allowed steam pressure to be rapidly increased, improving the acceleration of the ships. The eight ships between them were given four different boiler installations for comparative purposes, but all exceeded their designed power, making between 18.1 and 19.3 knots (35.7 km/h) on trials.[4]
The King Edwards were powerful ships when they were designed, and completely fulfilled the goals set for them at that time. However, they were unlucky in that the years of their design and construction were ones of revolutionary advancement in naval guns, fire control, armor, and propulsion. The ships joined the fleet between early 1905 and the very beginning of 1907, but were made quickly obsolete by the commissioning of the revolutionary battleship HMS Dreadnought at the end of 1906 and the large numbers of the new dreadnought battleships that commissioned in succeeding years, although Commonwealth was reconstructed in 1917-1918 with all the trappings of modern battleships, so as to provide an adequate gunnery training platform. By 1914, the King Edward VII class was, like all predreadnoughts, so outclassed that they spent much of their Grand Fleet service steaming at the heads of divisions of the far more valuable dreadnoughts, protecting the dreadnoughts from naval mines by being the first battleships to either sight or strike them.[5]
Operational history
The King Edward VII-class battleships served together as a tactical unit during much of their careers, operating in the Atlantic Fleet, Channel Fleet, and Home Fleet before World War I. They formed the 3rd Battle Squadron in 1912, with individual ships leaving the squadron between 1916 and 1918. The squadron served in the Mediterranean during the First Balkan War in 1912-1913 and in the Grand Fleet for most of the first half of World War I, although it was detached to the Channel Fleet for a time in 1914 and two ships served in the Dardanelles Campaign (1915-1916).[6] The ships were treated as expendable while with the Grand Fleet, which routinely placed them at the heads of divisions of the more valuable dreadnoughts to protect the dreadnoughts by watching for mines or being the first to strike mines.[5] The 3rd Battle Squadron left the Grand Fleet in 1916; as it gradually broke up between 1916 and 1918, some ships served in the Adriatic Sea and Atlantic, while others performed subsidiary duties in home wates or went into reserve. Two were lost during World War I and those that survived the war were sold for scrapping in 1920 and 1921.[6]
Ships of the class
HMS Africa
Africa served in the Atlantic Fleet (1906-1907), Channel Fleet (1907-1908), and Home Fleet (1908-1914); in 1912 experiments with aircraft, she became the first large British warship ever to launch an aircraft (from a flying-off platform on her deck). She was part of the 3rd Battle Squadron (1912-1916), which was detached from the Home Fleet for service in the Mediterranean during the First Balkan War in 1912-1913. The 3rd Battle Squadron's World War I service was in the Grand Fleet (1914), the Channel Fleet (1914), and Grand Fleet again (1914-1916). Africa then served in the Atlantic 1917-1918, then was in reserve until sold for scrapping in 1920.[7]
HMS Britannia
Britannia served in the Atlantic Fleet (1906-1907), Channel Fleet (1907-1909), and Home Fleet 1909-1914. She was part of the 3rd Battle Squadron (1912-1913), which was detached from the Home Fleet for service in the Mediterranean during the First Balkan War in 1912-1913. She returned to the 3rd Battle Squadron for its World War I service in the Grand Fleet (1914), the Channel Fleet (1914), and Grand Fleet again (1914-1916). Britannia then served in the Adriatic Sea (1916-1917) and Atlantic (1917-1918). She was torpedoed and sunk just two days before the armistice, on 9 November 1918 by German submarine UB-50 off Cape Trafalgar, with the loss of 50 dead and 80 injured. She was the last British warship lost in World War I.[8]
HMS Commonwealth
Commonwealth served in the Atlantic Fleet (1905-1907), Channel Fleet (1907-1909), and Home Fleet 1909-1914. She was part of the 3rd Battle Squadron (1912-1917), which was detached from the Home Fleet for service in the Mediterranean during the First Balkan War in 1912-1913. The 3rd Battle Squadron's World War I service was in the Grand Fleet (1914), the Channel Fleet (1914), and Grand Fleet again (1914-1916), then in the Nore Command (1916-1917). Commonwealth served on the Northern Patrol (1918), then as a seagoing gunnery training ship (1918-1921). She was sold for scrapping in 1921.[9]
HMS Dominion
Dominion served in the Atlantic Fleet (1905-1907), Channel Fleet (1907-1909), and Home Fleet (1909-1914). She was part of the 3rd Battle Squadron (1912-1918), which was detached from the Home Fleet for service in the Mediterranean during the First Balkan War in 1912-1913. The 3rd Battle Squadron's World War I service was in the Grand Fleet (1914), the Channel Fleet (1914), and Grand Fleet again (1914-1916), then in the Nore Command (1916-1918). Dominion served in subsidiary duties (1918-1919) and was sold for scrapping in 1921.[9]
HMS Hibernia
Hibernia served in the Atlantic Fleet (1906-1907), Channel Fleet (1907-1909), and Home Fleet (1909-1914); in 1912 she conducted experiments with flying off aircraft, She was part of the 3rd Battle Squadron (1912-1917), which was detached from the Home Fleet for service in the Mediterranean during the First Balkan War in 1912-1913. The 3rd Battle Squadron's World War I service was in the Grand Fleet (1914), the Channel Fleet (1914), Grand Fleet again (1914-1916) -- Hibernia was part of a division of the squadron detached to the Dardanelles Campaign (1915-1916) -- and Nore Command (1916-1917). Hibernia was in reserve 1917-1919 and was sold for scrapping in 1921.[7]
HMS Hindustan
Hindustan served in the Atlantic Fleet (1905-1907), Channel Fleet (1907-1909), and Home Fleet 1909-1914. She was part of the 3rd Battle Squadron (1912-1918), which was detached from the Home Fleet for service in the Mediterranean during the First Balkan War in 1912-1913. The 3rd Battle Squadron's World War I service was in the Grand Fleet (1914), the Channel Fleet (1914), and Grand Fleet again (1914-1916), then in the Nore Command (1916-1918). Hindustan then served in subsidiary duties (1918), went into reserve (1918-1919), and was sold for scrapping in 1921.[9]
HMS King Edward VII
King Edward VII, at the request of King Edward VII, was a flagship throughout her career. She served in the Atlantic Fleet (1905-1907), Channel Fleet (1907-1909), and Home Fleet (1908-1914). She was part of the 3rd Battle Squadron (1912-1916), which was detached from the Home Fleet for service in the Mediterranean during the First Balkan War in 1912-1913. The 3rd Battle Squadron's World War I service was in the Grand Fleet (1914), the Channel Fleet (1914), and Grand Fleet again (1914-1916). On 6 January 1916 she struck a mine off Cape Wrath; her engine rooms flooded and she capsized nine hours later and sank without loss of life.[10]
HMS New Zealand, later HMS Zealandia
New Zealand served in the Atlantic Fleet (1905-1907), Channel Fleet (1907-1909), and Home Fleet (1909-1914); she was renamed Zealandia in 1911 to allow battlecruiser HMS New Zealand to use her original name. She was part of the 3rd Battle Squadron (1912-1917), which was detached from the Home Fleet for service in the Mediterranean during the First Balkan War in 1912-1913. The 3rd Battle Squadron's World War I service was in the Grand Fleet (1914), the Channel Fleet (1914), Grand Fleet again (1914-1916) -- Zealandia was part of a division of the squadron detached to the Dardanelles Campaign (1915-1916) -- and Nore Command (1916-1917). Zealandia was in reserve 1917-1919 and was sold for scrapping in 1921.[7]
Notes
- ^ a b Burt, p. 233
- ^ Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1860-1905, p. 38; Burt agrees for Commonwealth and Dominion but provides different boiler arrangements for the other seven ships as follows: King Edward VII 10 Babcock and Wilcox and 3 cylindrical; Africa, Britannia, Hibernia, and Hindustan 18 Babcock and Wilcox and 3 cylindrical; New Zealand (Zealandia) 18 Niclausse and 3 cylindrical
- ^ Burt, p. 229
- ^ a b c d Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1860-1905, p. 38
- ^ a b Burt, p. 235
- ^ a b Burt, pp. 246-258
- ^ a b c Burt, pp. 257-258
- ^ Burt, pp. 251, 253; Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906-1921, p. 9
- ^ a b c Burt, pp. 255-256
- ^ Burt, pp. 246-249, 251
References
- Burt, R. A. British Battleships 1889-1904. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1988. ISBN 0870210610
- Chesneau, Roger, and Eugene M. Kolesnik, eds. Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships, 1860-1905. New York: Mayflower Books, Inc., 1979. ISBN 0831703024.
- Gibbons, Tony. The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships and Battlecruisers: A Technical Directory of All the World's Capital Ships From 1860 to the Present Day. London: Salamander Books Ltd., 1983.
- Archibald, E.H.H.; Ray Woodward (ill.) (1971). The Metal Fighting Ship in the Royal Navy 1860-1970. New York: Arco Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-6680-2509-3.