Fuad I of Egypt

Fuad I
Sultan of Egypt and Sudan
Sultan of Egypt
Reign	9 October 1917 – 15 March 1922
Predecessor	Hussein Kamel
Successor	Himself as king
Prime Ministers	See list Hussein Rushdi Pasha Muhammad Said Pasha Youssef Wahba Pasha Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha Adli Yakan Pasha
King of Egypt Sovereign of Nubia, the Sudan, Kordofan and Darfur
Reign	15 March 1922 – 28 April 1936
Predecessor	Himself as sultan
Successor	Farouk I
Prime Ministers	See list Abdel Khaliq Sarwat Pasha Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha Yehya Ibrahim Pasha Saad Zaghloul Pasha Ahmad Ziwar Pasha Adli Yakan Pasha Mustafa el-Nahhas Pasha Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha Isma'il Sidqi Pasha Abdel Fattah Yehya Pasha Ali Mahir Pasha
Wives	Shwikar Kanum Effendi (m. 1895; div. 1898) Nazli Sabri (m. 1919; wid. 1936)
Issue
Prince Isma'il Fuad Princess Fawkia Farouk I Princess Fawzia Princess Faiza Princess Faika Princess Fathia
Full name
Ahmad Fuad Arabic: أحمد فؤاد‎
House	House of Muhammad Ali (by birth)
Father	Isma'il Pasha
Mother	Ferial
Born	26 March 1868(1868-03-26) Giza Palace, Cairo, Egypt
Died	28 April 1936(1936-04-28) (aged 68) Koubbeh Palace, Cairo, Egypt
Burial	Al-Rifa'i Mosque, Cairo, Egypt
Religion	Sunni Islam

Fuad I (26 March 1868 – 28 April 1936) was the Sultan and later King of Egypt and Sudan, Sovereign of Nubia, Kordofan, and Darfur. The ninth ruler of Egypt and Sudan from the Muhammad Ali Dynasty, he became Sultan of Egypt and Sudan in 1917, succeeding his elder brother Sultan Hussein Kamel. He substituted the title of King for Sultan when the United Kingdom recognised Egyptian independence in 1922. His name is sometimes spelled Fouad.

Early life

Prior to becoming sultan, Fuad had played a major role in the establishment of Cairo University. He became the university's first rector in 1908, and remained in the post until his resignation in 1913. He was succeeded as rector by then-minister of Justice Hussein Rushdi Pasha. In 1913, Fuad made unsuccessful attempts to secure for himself the throne of Albania, which had obtained its independence from the Ottoman Empire a year earlier. At the time, Egypt and Sudan was ruled by his nephew, Abbas II, and the likelihood of Fuad becoming the monarch in his own country seemed remote. This, and the fact that the Muhammad Ali Dynasty was of Albanian descent, encouraged Fuad to seek the Albanian throne. Fuad also served as President of the Egyptian Geographic Society from 1915 until 1918.

Reign

Fuad ascended the throne of the Sultanate of Egypt upon the death of his brother Hussein Kamel in 1917. In the aftermath of the Egyptian revolution of 1919, the United Kingdom ended its protectorate over Egypt, and recognised it as a sovereign state on 28 February 1922. On 15 March 1922, Fuad issued a decree changing his title from Sultan of Egypt to King of Egypt. In 1930, he attempted to strengthen the power of the Crown by abrogating the 1923 Constitution and replacing it with a new constitution that limited the role of parliament to advisory status only. Large scale public dissatisfaction compelled him to restore the earlier constitution in 1935.

The 1923 Constitution granted Fuad vast powers. He made frequent use of his right to dissolve Parliament. During his reign, cabinets were dismissed at royal will, and parliaments never lasted for their full four-year term but were dissolved by decree.

Family

Fuad was born in Giza Palace in Cairo, the seventh son of Isma'il the Magnificent. His mother was Farial Kadin. He married his first wife in Cairo, 30 May 1895 at the Abbasiya Palace in Cairo, 14 February 1896, Princess Shwikar Khanum Effendi (1876–1947). She was his cousin and the only daughter of Field Marshal Prince Ibrahim Fahmi Ahmad Pasha. They had two children, a son, Ismail Fuad, who died in infancy, and a daughter, Fawkia. Unhappily married, the couple divorced in 1898. During a dispute with the brother of his first wife, Fuad was shot in the throat. He survived, but carried that scar the rest of his life.

Fuad married his second wife at the Bustan Palace, Cairo, 26 May 1919. She was Nazli Sabri (1894–1978), daughter of Abdu'r-Rahim Pasha Sabri, sometime Minister of Agriculture and Governor of Cairo, by his wife, Tawfika Khanum Sharif. Queen Nazli also was a maternal granddaughter of Major-General Muhammad Sharif Pasha, sometime Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs, and a great-granddaughter of Suleiman Pasha, a French officer in Napoleon's army who converted to Islam and reorganized the Egyptian army. The couple had five children, the future King Farouk, and four daughters, the Princesses Fawzia (who became Queen Consort of Iran), Faiza, Faika, and Fathiya.

As with his first wife, Fuad's relation with his second wife was also stormy. The couple continually fought; Fuad even forbidding Nazli from leaving the palace. When Fuad died, it was said that the triumphant Nazli sold all of his clothes to a local used-clothes market in revenge. Fuad died at the Qubba Palace in Cairo and was buried at the Khedival Mausoleum in the ar-Rifai Mosque in Cairo.

China

The Fuad Muslim Library in China was named after him by the Chinese Muslim Ma Songting.

Marriages

1. Shwikar Khanum Effendi (1876–1947)

Children

• Ismail Fuad (1896-1896)
• Fawkia (1897–1974), who became the mother-in-law of Gloria Guinness

2. Nazli Sabri (1894–1978)

Children

• Farouk I (1920–1965)
• Fawzia (born in 1921) (Queen Consort of Iran)
• Faiza (1923–1994)
• Faika (1926–1983)
• Fathiya (1930–1976)

Titles

• 1868-1917: His Highness Ahmed Fuad Pasha
• 1917-1922: His Highness The Sultan of Egypt and Sudan, Sovereign of Nubia, Kordofan, and Darfur
• 1922-1936: His Majesty The King of Egypt and Sudan, Sovereign of Nubia, Kordofan, and Darfur

Honours

King Fuad I in Belgium

Fuad I

• Order of Nobility, 1st Class of the Ottoman Empire-1893
• Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of Italy-1911
• Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer of Greece-1912
• Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB)-1917
• Imperial Order of Persia-1919
• Commander Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa of Sweden-1921
• Grand Cross w/Collar of the Order of Charles I of Romania-1921
• Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum of Japan-1921
• Knight of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation of Italy-1922
• Grand Cordon of the Order of the Renaissance of the Hejaz-1922
• Grand Cross of the Order of Aviz of Portugal (GCA)-1923
• Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion-1925
• Grand Collar of the Order of the Supreme Sun of the Kingdom of Afghanistan-1927
• Grand Collar of the Kingdom of Albania-1927
• Royal Victorian Chain (RVC)-1927
• Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of France-1927
• Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (Belgium)-1927
• Grand Cordon of the Order of Oumayyad of Syria-1927
• Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle of Poland-1932
• Knight of the Order of the Seraphim of Sweden-1933
• Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri of Siam-1934
• Knight of the Order of the Elephant of Denmark-1935
• Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland-1935
• Grand Collar of the Order of the Crown of Iran-1935

See also

• Kingdom of Egypt
• List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty

References

General

• "الملك أحمد فؤاد الأول [King Ahmad Fuad I]" (in Arabic). Bibliotheca Alexandrina: Memory of Modern Egypt Digital Archive. http://modernegypt.bibalex.org/Types/Persons/Details.aspx?type=ruler&ID=UqU5%2b6LRerQsyjYvByD6Vw%3d%3d. Retrieved 2010-02-27. 

Specific

Fuad I of Egypt Muhammad Ali Dynasty Born: 26 March 1868 Died: 28 April 1936
Regnal titles
Preceded by Hussein Kamel	Sultan of Egypt 1917–1922	Sultanate becomes independent kingdom
New title Kingdom of Egypt established	King of Egypt 1922–1936	Succeeded by Farouk I
Academic offices
New institution	Rector of Cairo University 1908–1913	Succeeded by Hussein Rushdi Pasha
Professional and academic associations
Preceded by Onofrio Abbate Pasha	President of the Egyptian Geographic Society 1915–1918	Succeeded by Isma'il Sidqi Pasha

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