Kinyarwanda

For the Rwandan film, see Kinyarwanda (film).

Rwanda
Ikinyarwanda
Native to	Rwanda, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ethnicity	Hutu, Tutsi
Native speakers	9.8 million  (2007)
Language family	Niger–Congo Atlantic–Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Bantu Northeast Bantu Great Lakes Bantu Ruanda-Rundi Rwanda
Official status
Official language in	Rwanda
Language codes
ISO 639-1	rw
ISO 639-2	kin
ISO 639-3	kin
Guthrie code	JD.61

Kinyarwanda, also known as Rwanda (Ruanda) or Rwandan, is a dialect of the Rwanda-Rundi language spoken by some 12 million people in Rwanda, where it is the official language, and adjacent parts of southern Uganda. (The Kirundi dialect is the official language of neighboring Burundi.)

The inhabitants of Rwanda and Burundi belong to three different ethnic groups: Hutu (84%), Tutsi (15%), and Twa (1%) (a pygmy people). The fact that these ethnic groups share the same language is assumed to be the result of the Hutu outnumbering the latter two groups (see Hutu for a more complete historical perspective). Rwanda is one of the few Sub-Saharan African countries where the native language (Kinyarwanda) is spoken by all ethnic groups of the country.

Phonology

See also: Rwanda-Rundi#Comparison of Kinyarwanda and Kirundi

Consonants

The table below gives the consonant set of Kinyarwanda, grouping voiceless and voiced consonants together in a cell where appropriate, in that order.

	Labial	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n		ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	p   b	t   d		c   ɟ	k   ɡ
Affricate		ts	tʃ
Fricative	f   v	s   z	ʃ   ʒ	ç		h
Approximant				j	w
Rhotic		ɾ

Vowels

The table below gives the vowel sounds of Kinyarwanda.

	Front	Back
Close	i	u
Close-mid	e	o
Open	a

All five vowels occur in long and short forms. The distinction is phonemically distinctive. The quality of a vowel is not affected by its length.

Tone

Kinyarwanda is a tonal language.

Orthography

A a	B b	C c	Cy cy	D d	E e	F f	G g	H h	I i
J j	Jy jy	K k	L l	M m	N n	Nk nk	Nt nt	Ny ny	O o
P p	R r	S s	Sh sh	T t	U u	V v	W w	Y y	Z z

Except in a few morphological contexts, the sequences 'ki' and 'ke' may be pronounced interchangeably as [ki] and [ke] or [ci] and [ce] according to speaker's preference.^{[citation needed]}

The letters 'a', 'e', or 'i' at the end of a word followed by a word starting with a vowel often follows a pattern of omission (observed in the following excerpt of the Rwandan anthem) in common speech, though the orthography remains the same. For example, Reka tukurate tukuvuge ibigwi wowe utubumbiye hamwe twese Abanyarwanda uko watubyaye berwa, sugira, singizwa iteka. would be pronounced as "Reka tukurate tukuvug' ibigwi wow' utubumiye hamwe twes' abanyarwand' uko watubyaye berwa, sugira singizw' iteka."

In the colloquial language, there are some discrepancies from orthographic Cw and Cy. Specifically, rw (as in Rwanda) is often pronounced /ɾɡw/. The most obvious differences are the following:

Orthog.	Pron.
rw	/ɾɡw/
pw	/pk/
bw	/bɡ/
mw	/mŋ/
my	/mɲ/
tw	/tkw/
dw	/dɡw /
cw	/tʃkw/
by	/bɟ/

Note that these are all sequences; /bɡ/, for example, is not labio-velar [ɡ͡b]. Even when Rwanda is pronounced /ɾwanda/, the onset is a sequence, not a labialized [ɾʷ].

Grammar

Nouns

Kinyarwanda uses 16 of the Bantu noun classes. Sometimes these are grouped into 10 pairs so that most singular and plural forms of the same word are included in the same class. The table below shows the 16 noun classes and how they are paired in two commonly used systems.

Prefix	Classification			Number	Typical words	Example
	Bantu	Cox	???
umu-	1	1		singular	humans	umuntu – person
aba-	2			plural		abantu – people
umu-	3	2		singular	trees, shrubs and things that extend	umusozi – hill
imi-	4			plural		imisozi – hills
iri-	5	5	3	singular	things in quantities, liquids	iryinyo – tooth
ama-	6	5/8/9	3/8/9	plural (also substances)		amenyo – teeth
iki-	7	4		singular	generic, large, or abnormal things	ikintu – thing
ibi-	8			plural		ibintu – things
in-	9	3	5	singular	some plants, animals and household implements	inka – cow
in-	10	3/6	5/6	plural		inka – cows
uru-	11	6		singular	mixture, body parts	urugo – home
aka-	12	7		singular	diminutive forms of other nouns	akantu – little thing
utu-	13			plural		utuntu – little things
ubu-	14	8		n/a	abstract nouns, qualities or states	ubuntu – generosity
uku-	15	9		n/a	actions, verbal nouns and gerunds	ukuntu – means
aha-	16	10		n/a	places, locations	ahantu – place

Verbs

All Kinyarwanda verb infinitives begin with gu- or ku- (morphed into kw- before vowels). To conjugate, the infinitive prefix is removed and replaced with a prefix agreeing with the subject. Then a tense infix can be inserted.

	singular	singular before vowels	plural	plural before vowels
I	a-	y-	ba-	b-
II	u-	w-	i-	y-
III	ri-	ry-	a-	y-
IV	ki-	cy-	bi-	by-
V	i-	y-	zi-	z-
VI	ru-	rw-	zi-	z-
VII	ka-	k-	tu-	tw-
VIII	bu-	bw-	bu-	bw-
IX	ku-	kw-	a-	y-
X	ha-	h-	ha-	h-

The prefixes for pronouns are as follows:

• 'I' = n-
• 'you' (sing.) = u-
• 'he/she' = y-/a- (i.e. the singular Class I prefix above)
• 'we' = tu-
• 'you' (pl.) = mu-
• 'they' (human) = ba- (i.e. the singular Class I prefix above)

Tense markers include the following.

• Present ('I do'): - (no infix)
• Present progressive ('I am doing'): -ra- (morphs to -da- when preceded by n)
• Future ('I will do'): -za-
• Continuous progressive ('I'm still doing'): -racya-

Example translations
Yego	Yes
Oya	No
Uvuga icyongereza?	Do you speak English?
Bite?	What's Up?
Mwaramutse	Hi/Good Morning
Amata	Milk
Ejo	Yesterday
Ejo hazaza	Tomorrow
Nzaza ejo	I will come tomorrow
Ubu	Now
Ubufaransa	France
Ubwongereza	England
Amerika	America
Ubudage	Germany
Ububirigi	Belgium

The past tense can be formed by using the present and present progressive infixes and modifying the aspect marker suffix.

References

• Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16 ed.). SIL International. 
• Habumuremyi, Emmanuel et al. (2006). IRIZA-STARTER 2006: The 1st Kinyarwanda–English and English–Kinyarwanda Dictionary. Kigali: Rural ICT-Net. 
• Jouannet, Francis (ed.) (1983). Le Kinyarwanda, langue bantu du Rwanda (in French). Paris: SELAF. 
• Kimenyi, Alexandre (1980). A Relational Grammar of Kinyarwanda. University of California Press. 

External links

• Kinyarwanda.net Kinyarwanda–English dictionary and grammar reference
• Kinyarwanda phonology case study by University of Texas
• PanAfrican localisation page on Kinyarwanda and Kirundi
• Kinyarwanda–English Dictionary by Betty Ellen Cox