Kipchaks

Kipchak–Cuman confederation Desht-i Qipchaq
Khaganate
←   ← 900–1220 →
Kipchak–Cuman confederation in Eurasia on the eve of the Mongol invasions
Capital		Not specified
Political structure		Khaganate
History
-	Established	900
-	Disestablished	1220

History of the Turkic peoples Pre-14th century
Turkic Khaganate 552–744
Western Turkic
Eastern Turkic
Khazar Khaganate 618–1048
Turgesh Khaganate 699–766
Uyghur Khaganate 744–840
Kara-Khanid Khanate 840–1212
Western Kara-Khanid
Eastern Kara-Khanid
Pecheneg Khanates 860–1091	Kimek Khanate 743–1035
Kipchak Khanates 1067–1239	Oghuz Yabgu State 750–1055
Shatuo Dynasties 923–979
Later Tang Dynasty
Later Jin Dynasty
Later Han Dynasty (Northern Han)
Ghaznavid Empire 963–1186
Seljuq Empire 1037–1194
Khwarezmian Empire 1077–1231
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Delhi Sultanate 1206–1526
Mamluk Dynasty
Khilji Dynasty
Tughlaq Dynasty
Cairo Sultanate 1250–1517
Bahri Dynasty
Other Turkic Dynasties  In Anatolia Artuqid Dynasty Saltuqid Dynasty In Azerbaijan Aqsunqurid Dynasty Ildenizid Dynasty In Egypt Tulunid Dynasty Ikhshidid Dynasty In Syria and Al-Jazira Burid Dynasty Zengid Dynasty

Kipchaks (also spelled as Kypchaks, Kıpçaklar, Arab geographers Kyfchaks, Georgian: ყივჩაყი, ყივჩაღი, Turkic: Kıpçak, Crimean Tatar: Kıpçaq, Karachay-Balkar: Къыпчакъ, Uzbek: Kipchoq, Қипчоқ, Kazakh: Қыпшақ, Kumyk: Къыпчакъ, Kyrgyz: Кыпчак, Nogai: Кыпчак, Chinese: 欽察/钦察, Kīnchá) were a Turkic tribal confederation. Originating in the Kimek Khanate, they conquered large parts of the Eurasian steppe during the Turkic expansion of the 11th to 12th centuries together with the Cumans, and were in turn conquered by the Mongol invasions of the early 13th century.

History

Kipchak portrait, 12th century, Luhansk.

The Kipchaks (known in Russian and Ukrainian as Polovtsy) were a tribal confederation which originally settled at the River Irtysh, possibly connected to the Kimäks. Anthropologist SA Pletnev studied a group of burials of Kipchaks in Volga region and found them to be hybrid race of Caucasoid with some admixture of Mongoloid, with physical characteristics such as flat face and distinctly protruding nose. Many researchers also believe that Kipchaks were blond and blue-eyed, descended from the Dingling, who lived in the steppes of Southern Siberia in the end of the 1st millennium BC, and who were, according to the Chinese chroniclers, blonds. They were joined by Cumans, who had originated east of the Yellow River, and in the course of the Turkic expansion they migrated into Siberia and further into the Trans-Volga region, enventually occupying a vast territory in the Eurasian steppe, stretching from north of the Aral Sea westward to the region north of the Black Sea, establishing a state known as Desht-i Qipchaq.^{[citation needed]} The Cumans expanded further westward, by the 11th century reaching Moldavia, Wallachia, and part of Transylvania.

In the late 11th and early 12th centuries, the Cumans and Kipchaks became involved in various conflicts with the Byzantines, Kievan Rus, the Hungarians (Cuman involvement only), and the Pechenegs (Cuman involvement only), allying themselves with one or the other side at different times. In 1089, they were defeated by Ladislaus I of Hungary, again by Knyaz Vladimir Monomakh of the Rus in the 12th century. They sacked Kiev in 1203.

They were finally crushed by the Mongols in 1241. During the Mongol empire, Kipchaks constituted a majority of the Kipchak Khanate comprising present-day Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan, and called the Golden Horde - the westernmost division of the Mongol empire. After the fall of the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde rulers continued to hold Saraj until 1502.

The Cuman fled to Hungary, and some of their warriors became mercenaries for the Latin crusaders and the Byzantines. Members of the Bahri dynasty, the first dynasty of Mamluks in Egypt, were Kipchaks/Cumans; one of the most prominent examples was Sultan Baybars, born in Solhat, Crimea. Some Kipchaks served in the Yuan dynasty and became the Kharchins.

Language and culture

The Kipchaks and Cumans spoke a Turkic language (Kipchak language, Cuman language) whose most important surviving record is the Codex Cumanicus, a late 13th-century dictionary of words in Kipchak and Cuman and Latin. The presence in Egypt of Turkic-speaking Mamluks also stimulated the compilation of Kipchak/Cuman-Arabic dictionaries and grammars that are important in the study of several old Turkic languages.

Some Kipchaks and Cumans are also known to have converted to Christianity, around the 11th century, at the suggestion of the Georgians as they allied in their conflicts against the Muslims. A great number were baptized at the request of the Georgian king David IV who also married a daughter of the Kipchak khan Otrok. From 1120, there was a Kipchak national Christian church and an important clergy. Following the Mongol conquest, Islam rose in popularity among the Kipchaks of the Golden Horde.

When members of the Armenian diaspora moved from the Crimean peninsula to the Polish-Ukrainian borderland in the end of the 13th century, they brought Kipchak, their adopted Turkic language with them.

During the 16th and 17th centuries the Turkic language among the Armenian communities of the Kipchak people was Armeno-Kipchak. They were settled in the Lviv and Kamianets-Podilskyi area of what is now Ukraine.

Modern times

The modern Northwestern branch of the Turkic languages is often referred to as the Kipchak branch. The languages in this branch are mostly considered to be descendants of the Kipchak language, and the people who speak them may likewise be referred to as Kipchak peoples. Some of the groups traditionally included are the Siberian Tatars, Nogays, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Volga Tatars and Crimean Tatars. There is also a village named "Kipchak" in Crimea.

See also

• Battle of the Kalka River
• Battle of the Stugna River
• Codex Cumanicus
• Cumans

References

• "Kipchak". Encyclopædia Britannica, Academic Edition. 2006.
• "Polovtsi". The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05.
• Roux, Jean-Paul (1997), L'Asie Centrale, Histoire et Civilization, Librairie Arthème-Fayard, ISBN 978-2-213-59894-9 

Further reading

• Csáki, E. (2006). Middle Mongolian loan words in Volga Kipchak languages. Turcologica, Bd. 67. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-05381-X

External links

• Codex Cumanicus
• Kipchak dateline