Kirkcaldy

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"Kirkaldy" redirects here. For people with that surname, see Kirkaldy (surname).
For other uses, see Kirkcaldy (disambiguation).
"Lang Toun" and "Lang Toon" redirect here. The term is also applied to Auchterarder in Perth and Kinross, and Darvel in East Ayrshire.

Coordinates: 56°06′39″N 3°10′03″W / 56.11073°N 3.16737°W / 56.11073; -3.16737

Kirkcaldy
Scottish Gaelic: Cair Chaladain[1]
Scots: Kirkcaldy,[2]
The Lang Toun[3]
Kirkcaldy collage2.jpg
Top: A view of Kirkcaldy to the south-west, Left: Town House Clock Tower, Middle top: Merchant's House on High Street, Middle bottom: Maggie's Centre Fife, Right: Old Kirk Tower, Bottom: Looking across to the Beveridge Park pond
Kirkcaldy is located in Fife
Kirkcaldy

 Kirkcaldy shown within Fife
Area  6.9 sq mi (18 km2)
Population 48,630 [4]
    - Density  1,669 /sq mi (644 /km2)
OS grid reference NT275915
    - Edinburgh  11 miles (18 km) S 
    - London  341 miles (549 km) SSE 
Council area Fife
Lieutenancy area Fife
Country Scotland
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town KIRKCALDY
Postcode district KY1, KY2
Dialling code 01592
Police Fife
Fire Fife
Ambulance Scottish
EU Parliament Scotland
UK Parliament Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath
Scottish Parliament Kirkcaldy
Mid Scotland and Fife
List of places: UK • Scotland •

Kirkcaldy (Listeni/kərˈkɔːdi/ kər-kaw-dee; Scots: Kirkcaldy, Scottish Gaelic: Cair Chaladain) is a town and former royal burgh in Fife, on the east coast of Scotland. It is approximately 18.6 miles (30 km) north of Edinburgh and 44.4 miles (71 km) south-southwest of Dundee. The town had an estimated population of 48,630 in 2008, making it the biggest settlement in Fife. Kirkcaldy has long been nicknamed the Lang Toun (About this sound listen (help·info); Scots for "long town") in reference to the 0.9-mile (1.4 km) main street of the early town, as indicated on maps of the 16th and 17th centuries. The street later reached a length of nearly 4 miles (6.4 km) connecting the burgh to its neighbouring settlements of Linktown, Pathhead, Sinclairtown and Gallatown.

The town was first recorded in about 1075, when Malcolm III granted the shire of Kirkcaladunt to the church of Dunfermline (later Dunfermline Abbey). Under King Robert I, in 1327 the township status of Kirkcaldy changed to that of a burgh dependent on Dunfermline Abbey. The award of feu-ferme status in 1451 gave the burgh semi-independence from the abbey; full independence was achieved via a charter for royal burgh status, granted by Charles I in 1644.

Early industries in the town included the production of textiles, nailmaking and salt panning. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Kirkcaldy became a leading producer of linoleum. The town expanded considerably in the 1950s and 1960s, though the decline of the linoleum industry and other manufacturing restricted its growth thereafter. The town is a major service centre for the central Fife area, home to numerous retail, cultural and leisure facilities. Adam Smith College has two campuses in town (St Brycedale and Priory). Employment is dominated by the service sector; the biggest employer is MGt plc (a call centre), while other major employers include Victoria Hospital, Forbo-Nairn (floor coverings), Kingdom Bakeries (food and drink), and Kingdom Homes Ltd (residential and nursing homes).

Contents

[edit] History

Main article: History of Kirkcaldy

[edit] Toponymy

The name Kirkcaldy means "place of the hard fort" or "place of Caled's fort". It is derived from the Pictish caer meaning "fort", caled, which is Pictish "hard" or a personal name, and –in, a suffix meaning "place of". Caled may describe the fort itself or be an epithet for a local "hard" ruler, according to Taylor and Márkus.[2] An interpretation of the last element as din (again meaning "fort", but from Gaelic) rather than –in is incorrect.[2] The Old Statistical Account states a derivation from culdee, which has been repeated in later publications,[3][5] but Taylor and Márkus deem this to also be incorrect.[2]

[edit] Early

The discovery of 11 Bronze Age cist burials which date from 2500 BC and 500 BC may suggest that this is the most ancient funerary site in the area.[3][6] What probably made this location for these burial plots ideal, was of natural terraces stretching away from the sand bay and the close proximity of the East Burn to the north and the West (Tiel) Burn to the south.[6] Four Bronze Age burials dating from around 4000 BC have also been found around the site of the unmarked Bogely or Dysart Standing Stone to the east of the present A92 road.[3][6] Despite there being few Roman sites in Fife, a Roman camp was known to exist at Carberry Farm on the outskirts of the town.[6]

Prior to the development of Kirkcaldy, the Battle of Raith in 596 AD is believed to have taken place to the west of the town. The battle fought between the Angles and an alliance, was led by King Áedán mac Gabráin of Dál Riata, of Scots, Picts and Britons.[3][7]

[edit] Medieval

The first document to recognise the town was issued in 1075, when the King of Scotland, Malcolm III (reign 1058-93) granted the shire of Kirkcaladunt, among other gifts to the church at Dunfermline.[8][9] The residents were expected to pay dues and taxes for the general upkeep of the church.[3] Two charters, later confirmed by his son, David I in 1128 and 1130, refer to Kircalethin and Kirkcaladunit respectively, but do not indicate their locations.[5][8]

In 1304, a weekly market and annual fair for Kirkcaldy was proposed by the Abbot of Dunfermline to King Edward I, during a period of English rule in Scotland from 1296 to 1306.[9][10] The reason given for these discussions, was that the town, given to the Abbey by David I, may have been referred to as "one of the most ancient of burghs".[5][9] This status as a burgh dependent on Dunfermline Abbey was later confirmed in 1327 by Robert I, King of Scotland (reign 1306-29).[5][8]

However, the burgh was awarded the right to trade across the regality of Dunfermline in a special charter by David II, King of Scotland (reign 1329-71). This charter allowed the burgesses of Kirkcaldy to purchase and sell goods to the burgesses of the three other regality burghs—Queensferry, Dunfermline and Musselburgh—that belonged to the Abbey.[5][11] By 1451, Kirkcaldy was awarded feu-ferme status. Under the status, responsibility would now lie with the bailies and council to be able to deal with the routine administration of the town and of its fiscal policies; on condition an annual payment of 33s 4d (£49.65) as made to the Abbot of Dunfermline.[3][8]

[edit] 16th to 18th centuries

At the beginning of the 16th century, the town became an important trading port.[10] The town the advantage of its east coast location, which facilitated trading contacts with the Low Countries, the Baltic region, England, and Northern France.[5] The feu-ferme charter of 1451 between the Abbot of Dunfermline and the burgesses of Kirkcaldy mentioned a small but functioning harbour; it is not known when this harbour was established, or whether it was always located at the mouth of the East Burn.[5][9][12] According to treasurers' accounts of the early 16th century, timber imported via the harbour—possibly from the Baltic countries—was used at Falkland Palace and Edinburgh Castle, as well as in shipbuilding.[5] Raw materials such as hides, wool, skins, herring, salmon, coal and salt were exported from the town until well into the 17th century.[5][13]

Remains of the common muir now known as Volunteers' Green

A charter issued by Charles I granting royal burgh status in 1644 led to the full independence of the town. As a gesture, the king gave 8.12 acres (3.29 ha) of common muir suitable for "bleaching of linen, drying of clothes, recreation and perpetuity" to the town.[14] In 1638, under the reign of Charles I, the town subscribed to the National Covenant, which opposed the introduction of episocopacy and patronage in the Presbyterian church.[15] Support for the Covenanting cause cost the town over 250 men at the Battle of Kilsyth in 1645.[14] The Civil War, which followed, killed at least another 480 men and led to the loss or destruction of many of the harbour’s trading vessels.[14][10] By 1660, this left the town with only twelve ships in its harbour, six of which were owned by townsfolk.[14][16]

Towards the end of the 17th century, the economy recovered with a growth in manufacturing.[13][15] During this period, Daniel Defoe described Kirkcaldy as a "larger, more populous, and better built town than...any on this coast".[15] From the late 1770s, a revival in shipbuilding resulted in the building of 38 vessels between 1778 and 1793.[17] In the mid-19th century, whaling also became important to the town, if only for a short period.[17] In 1813, the first Kirkcaldy whaling ship, The Earl Percy, sailed north to the Davis Strait; the town's last whaler, The Brilliant, was sold in 1866 to Peterhead, bringing an end to the industry.[17] Construction of a new turnpike road from Pettycur to Newport-on-Tay via Cupar in 1790, while improving only one section of Fife's isolated road system, brought a huge increase in traffic along Kirkcaldy's High Street, and helped to strengthen the town's position in the Fife area.[10][15]

[edit] Modern

For most of the 19th century, the main industries in the town were flax spinning and linen weaving.[18] To cope with increasing imports of flax, timber and hemp, and exports of coal, salt and linen, between 1843 and 1846 a new wet dock and pier was built at the harbour.[19][20] In 1847 a canvas manufacturer, Michael Nairn, took out a licence on Frederick Walton's patent for the production of floorcloth, and opened a factory in nearby Pathhead.[15][21] When the patent expired in 1876, Nairn and other floorcloth manufacturers began the manufacture of linoleum.[21] Production of both floorcloth and linoleum occupied seven factories in the town by 1883, employing 1,300.[15] A further expansion of the harbour was completed between 1906 and 1908, for another increase in linoleum and coal.[22][23]

The expansion of the town led in 1876 to the extension of the royal burgh's boundaries. The town absorbed its neighbouring settlements of Linktown, in the parish of Abbotshall; Invertiel in the parish of Kinghorn, and Pathhead, Sinclairtown and Gallatown in the parish of Dysart.[24] These formerly separate communities had once been forbidden by the old guild rights from selling their goods in Kirkcaldy.[24][25] In 1922–1923 a sea wall and esplanade were constructed, funded by the Unemployment Grants Commission and built by unemployed men living in the town.[26][27]

During the 1950s and 1960s, new housing estates were built to the north-west of the town.[28] This was followed by the redevelopment of the town centre in the 1960s and 1970s, a process that saw the destruction of much of the old High Street.[15][29] There was speculation that the town's population could increase to around 55–60,000 by 1970.[28] This did not materialise, as a decline in the linoleum industry in the mid-1960s led to a decrease in population, from a peak of 53,750 in 1961 to 47,962 in 1981.[10][28]

In the 21st century, Kirkcaldy remains an important centre for the surrounding areas, with a Museum and Art Gallery, three public parks and shopping facilities.[7] The town also hosts the annual Links Market, commonly known as Europe's longest street fair. The production of linoleum continues, though on a greatly reduced scale and under Swiss ownership.[7] Kirkcaldy Harbour, which closed in 1992, re-opened in October 2011 to cargo ships for the first time in 20 years.[30][31] A project between Carr's Flour Mills, the parent of Hutchison's, Forth Ports (owners of the harbour) and Transport Scotland, will allow Carr's to bring in wheat via the harbour and remove a quarter of its lorries from the roads every year.[31]

[edit] Governance

Further information: History of local government in Scotland

During the middle of the 15th century, the passing of feu-ferme status meant the town was able to deal with its own administrative issues and fiscal policies for the first time.[5] The first mention of a town council was made around 1582. The head courts of the burghs met either in the common muir (now known as Volunteers' Green) or the Tolbooth on Tolbooth Street, particularly in the summer months.[5][32] When Kirkcaldy was awarded royal burgh status in 1644, the duties of the provost were initially completed by bailies, councillors, and magistrates.[14] The first Lord Provost, Robert Whyt, was elected to the post around 1658.[25] The burgh was one of four in Scotland to use two coats of arms, introduced in 1673. One bears the motto Vilgilando Munio ("I Stand by Watching"), and the other displays the figure of St Bryce, Kirkcaldy's patron saint.[33]

Kirkcaldy enjoyed royal burgh status until this rank was abolished in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, in favour of a three-tier system of regions and districts.[7] The royal burgh merged into Kirkcaldy District, which was one of three districts within the Fife region. The district council was abolished in 1996 under the Local Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994[34] when the region became a unitary council area. The new unitary Fife Council adopted the areas of the former districts as council management areas and created area committees to represent each.

Kirkcaldy Town House

Kirkcaldy is represented by several tiers of elected government. Kirkcaldy North Community Council and Kirkcaldy West Community Council together form the lowest tier of governance, whose statutory role is to communicate local opinion to local and central government.[35] Fife Council, based in Glenrothes, the unitary local authority for Kirkcaldy, is the executive, deliberative, and legislative body responsible for local governance.[36] Kirkcaldy Town House is the main administrative headquarters for the Kirkcaldy area within the local authority.[37] Forth House on Abbotshall Road is the main planning and building control headquarters in Central Fife.[38] The main Fife library and museum headquarters are on East Fergus Place.[39] The Kirkcaldy area also sends eleven councillors, elected from three wards, to Fife Council.[40] Beyond the tiers of local government, the Scottish Parliament is responsible for devolved matters from the Parliament of the United Kingdom, such as education, health, and justice.[36]

The first Member of Parliament to be elected to the House of Commons from Kirkcaldy was Colonel Abercrombie in 1710.[41] Prior to the Act of Union in 1707, Kirkcaldy sent a Member of Parliament to the old Scottish Parliament, which usually met in Edinburgh.[42] Kirkcaldy was represented by the constituency of Dysart Burghs from 1707 to 1832, which was formed from the burgh itself and three other burghs, Dysart, Kinghorn, and Burntisland.[41][42] Under the Reform Act of 1832, the constituency of Kirkcaldy Burghs was created, with Robert Ferguson of Raith being re-elected as Member of Parliament.[43] Kirkcaldy forms part of the county constituency of Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath, electing one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom by the first past the post system. Gordon Brown of the Labour Party is the Member of Parliament for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath.[44]

Kirkcaldy forms part of the Kirkcaldy constituency of the Scottish Parliament (or Holyrood), and is one of nine within the Mid Scotland and Fife electoral region. Each constituency elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament by the first past the post system of election, and the region elects seven additional members to produce a form of proportional representation.[45] The Kirkcaldy seat was won at the 2011 Scottish Parliament elections by David Torrance for the Scottish National Party (SNP).[46][47] Following a review of the review of Scottish Parliament constituency boundaries, the Kirkcaldy constituency was extended along the coast, taking in the Buckhaven, Methil, and Wemyss Villages ward, ahead of the 2011 elections.[48] Kirkcaldy is part of the pan-Scotland European Parliament constituency, which elects seven Members of the European Parliament (MEPs).[49]

[edit] Geography

View of Kirkcaldy Bay seen from the beach near Invertiel

Kirkcaldy curves around a sandy cove between the Tiel (West) Burn to the north and the East Burn to the south, on a bay facing southeast onto the Firth of Forth.[7][50] The town lies 9.3 miles (15 km) south-southeast of Glenrothes,[51] 11.8 miles (19 km) east-northeast of Dunfermline,[52] 44.4 miles (71 km) west-southwest of Dundee[53] and 18.6 miles (30 km) north-northeast of Edinburgh.[54] The town adopted its nickname of the lang toun from the 0.9-mile (1.4 km) single street, recorded on early maps of the 16th and 17th centuries.[15][55] The street eventually reached a length of nearly 4 miles (6.4 km), linking the burgh to its neighbouring suburbs of Linktown, Pathhead, Sinclairtown and Gallatown.[55][56]

The centre of medieval Kirkcaldy may have been located at the corner of Kirk Wynd and the High Street.[57] This would have been the site of the town's Mercat cross and focus point of the burgh.[58] The linear market was important not only to the town itself but to the nearby hinterland.[58] The main thoroughfare was either paved or cobbled, with flagstones covering small burns running down the hill towards the sea across the High Street.[15] Running back from the High Street were burgage plots or "rigs" of the burgesses; these narrow strips of land were at the front and to the rear of the houses. On the sea side of the High Street, plots may have served as beaching grounds for individual tenements. The plots on the other side of the High Street rose steeply to the terracing of the Lomond foothills.[15] A back lane running behind the plots from Kirk Wynd went to the west end of the High Street in a southerly direction.[15] This lane would in time be developed as Hill Street. At the top of Kirk Wynd was the Parish Church of St Bryce, now known as the Old Kirk, overlooking the small settlement.[15]

The small burns that are tributary to the East Burn contributed to the draining of the lands of Dunnikier Estate. The burn emerges from a deep-set culvert to flow under the Victoria Viaduct, down a deep gorge, through the site of Hutchison's Flour Mills before running parallel to the harbour wall and into the sea.[57] From the mid-19th century, the Hutchison's buildings became a significant landmark adjacent to the burn.[57] The flour millers chose this area for the railway connection which linked the main station to the harbour, rather than for the need to use the burn to power the mills.[57] The West (or Tiel) Burn, was also important, providing power for textile mills.[57] This burn flowed out of the Raith Estate lands where scenically and recreationally it was used to create Raith Lake (with its tributary, the Dronachy Burn). The mill owners in Linktown also made use of the burn.[57]

[edit] Demography

Kirkcaldy compared
2001 UK Census Kirkcaldy[59] Fife[60] Scotland
Total Population 46,912 349,429 5,062,011
Foreign Born 1.01% 1.18% 1.10%
Over 75 Years Old 8.57% 7.46% 7.09%
Unemployed 5.68% 3.97% 4.0%

According to the Census in 2001, the census locality of Kirkcaldy has a total resident population of 46,912.[59] There are 21,365 households in Kirkcaldy, 18.8% were married couples living together, 35.5% were one-person households, 7.9% were co-habiting couples and 10.1% were lone parents.[61] An estimate taken in 2008, revealed that the town had a population of 48,630.[4]

The median age of males and females living in Kirkcaldy was 37 and 41 years respectively, compared to 37 and 39 years for the whole of Scotland.[59] The age group from 30 to 44 forms the largest portion of the population (22%).[59]

The place of birth of the town's residents was 96.52% United Kingdom (including 87.15% from Scotland), 0.28% Republic of Ireland, 1.18% from other European Union countries, and 1.86% from elsewhere in the world.[59] The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 40.13% in full-time employment, 12.17% in part-time employment, 4.79% self-employed, 5.68% unemployed, 2.57% students with jobs, 3.06% students without jobs, 15.70% retired, 5.51% looking after home or family, 6.68% permanently sick or disabled, and 3.71% economically inactive for other reasons.[62] Compared with the average demography of Scotland, Kirkcaldy has low proportions of people born outside the United Kingdom, and has higher proportions for people over 75 years old.[59]

[edit] Population Change

As more information on the town started to gather, a better understanding on the size of the townscape was made, towards the end of the sixteenth century.[15] The first estimate of the parish in 1639 was between 3,000 and 3,200 and around 3,400 by 1691. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, there was a decline in the population.[15] A census by Webster's Topographical Dictionary of Scotland in 1755, recorded an estimate of 2,296 in the parish.[15]

Population growth in Kirkcaldy Parish since 1801
Year 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1951 1961 1981 1991 2001
Population 3,248 3,747 4,452 5,034 5,275 5,719 6,100 7,003 8,528 9,994 14,175 45,410 45,915 46,019 50,519 53,750 47,962 47,274 46,912
Source:[63][64]

[edit] Economy

Coal mining and salt panning were early industries in the town which date back to the early sixteenth century.[15] In 1573, Kirkcaldy had 28 salt pans, second to Musselburgh and Prestonpans who both had 31 salt pans.[15] Dunnikier Colliery was built on farmland owned by the Oswald family from 1881 onwards. The Pannie Pit, which formed part of the colliery, had deep workings stretching to the north beneath Dunnikier House and to the south around the harbour.[13]

Early manufacturing in the town and in neighbouring Pathhead consisted of coarse cloth and nail making. The latter of which went to the Royal Master of Works for repairs at Holyrood Palace until the seventeenth century.[15] Linen weaving, which started in 1672, became important to the town, with yarn being imported from Hamburg and Bremen.[13] The pottery industry of the town, which was originally established in 1714 as an offshoot of the Linktown Brick and Tile Works, was centred around Linktown, Gallatown and Sinclairtown.[65] Of these factories, The Fife Pottery, built by Andrew and Archibald Grey in 1817, produced Wemyss Ware, which was named after the family who owned Wemyss Castle.[66]

The production of heavy canvas was started in 1828 by the canvas manufacturer Michael Nairn at a small factory.[21] Influenced by a visit to Bristol, Nairn started to make floorcloth at his new factory at Pathhead in 1847, where his company pioneered the use of ovens to create hot air to season the floorcloth and reduce production times.[67] When the patent belonging to Frederick Walton expired, Nairn's were able to manufacture linoleum from 1877 onwards.[68] Other factories producing floorcloth and later linoleum were established by former employees of Michael Nairn.[21]

The service sector is the dominant employer in the Kirkcaldy area, with some jobs in financial and business services, construction, and retail distribution, making a total of over 20,000 jobs.[69] Major employers in the town include MGT (call centre), Forbo Nairn (linoleum), Adam Smith College, ESA McIntosh (school furniture manufacturer) and Paramount Care (care home operators).[69] The principal industrial and business estates include Mitchleston, Randolph, Hayfield, and John Smith Business Park.[69] In October 2011, Kirkcaldy Harbour re-opened to cargo ships for the first time in more than 20 years.[31] The project is a partnership between Forth Ports Ltd (the owners of the harbour), Hutchison's parent company of Carr's Flour Mills, and Transport Scotland, who provided a freight facilities grant of over £800,000. The work included new silos and conveyors in place to allow fast delivery from coastal ships.[31]

Kirkcaldy's High Street

Kirkcaldy's town centre, which serves a large catchment area of around 130,000 residents within a 20 minute drive, is the largest in Fife in terms of floor space.[70][71] Eligible businesses voted in favour of a BID (Business Improvement District) scheme for the town centre in 2010.[72] The High Street which runs parallel to the Esplanade is home to the Mercat Shopping Centre and Postings Shopping Centre.[71] A regeneration programme to upgrade the High Street between Port Brae and Kirk Wynd started in 2008. The second phase, between Kirk Wynd and Charlotte Street started in July 2010 and was completed in October 2011. The work included resurfacing roads and pavements, upgrading street furniture and lighting and the creation of a public Wi-Fi network.[73] As part of the re-opening ceremony of the High Street, new coloured floodlights will highlight the street's historic buildings.[73] A separate project will create a 'green corridor' for the use of pedestrians and cyclists that will link the main railway station and bus station with the High Street. Work started in May 2011 and is scheduled for completion by the middle of October 2011.[74] The budget for the entire project is £4 million, £2 million of which was provided through the Scottish Government's Town Centre Regeneration Fund.[75]

In March 2010, plans for a 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2) extension to the Mercat Centre and the creation of a new waterfront was approved by the Kirkcaldy Area Committee.[76][77] This would be anchored by a 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) split-level supermarket containing 450 underground car park spaces. A hotel, bowling alley, 5 screen cinema and civic square would also form part of the complex.[76][78] However, these plans are in serious doubt, following news that City Site Estates, the owners of the Mercat have been placed into administration and the ongoing uncertainty to secure a supermarket chain for the anchor unit.[77]

An out-of-town retail park constructed in 1997 to the north-west of the town on Chapel Level, off the A92 is home to a number of warehouse retailers.[79][80] The retail park was purchased by Hammerson, a London-based property developer for £75 million in April 2005.[80]

[edit] Culture

Kirkcaldy Museum and Art Gallery

Kirkcaldy Museum and Art Gallery, which opened in 1925, contains a notable collection of paintings by the Scottish Colourists and a permanent display of the town's industrial heritage.[81] A library was added to the existing building in 1928.[82] It is to undergo a £2.4 million renovation which will require closure for eighteen months from December 2011. This will include a new cafe which will look out onto War Memorial Gardens; an upgrade of the heating system and essential repairs to the roof. Work is expected to be completed by Spring 2013.[83]

The Adam Smith Theatre on Bennochy Road, which was opened in 1899 by Andrew Carnegie, hosts theatrical and musical productions as well as showing films.[84][85]

The Links Market initially started as a farmers' market in 1304 on Links Street, and moved to Sands Road (later to be known as the Promenade) in 1903. It is regarded as the largest fairground in Scotland.[25][86][87] The market visits the town every April and celebrated its 700th anniversary in 2004.[25] The Kirkcaldy Pageant started in 1923 as a fundraiser for several hospitals (later local charities) in the area. The arrival by carriage of a lad and lass was introduced to the proceedings in 1968. Although the event was discontinued in 1977, it was revived from 2001 until 2006 and again from 2010 as part of the Beveridge Park Community Festival.[88][89] The song "Cry Baby Cry" on the White Album by The Beatles refers to a fictional Duchess of Kirkcaldy. John Lennon may have been inspired to compose the song by the band's visit to the town on a Scottish tour in late 1963.[90] Kirkcaldy has had a twin-town link with Ingolstadt in Germany since September 1962.[91][92] There are plans for a joint celebration to recognise the 50th anniversary of the town's twinning with Ingolstadt in 2012.[92]

There are three main public parks in Kirkcaldy.[70] Beveridge Park, to the west of the town is a 104 acres (420,000 m2) park created from the existing Robbie's Park, at the top of Nicol Street, and land purchased from the Raith Estate.[93][94] This was part of a £50,000 bequest from linen manufacturer and provost Michael Beveridge, who died in 1890.[93][95] On 24 September 1892 a crowd of over 10,000 came to see the opening of the park by his widow, the provost, magistrates, and the town council of the royal burgh.[95][96] The park includes a boating lake, a formal garden with fountain, a skateboard park, rugby ground and woodland walks.[97] In 2011 Beveridge Park was the winner of a green flag award for the second year running.[95] Ravenscraig Park to the east of the town was formed from the estate of Dysart House.[98][99][100] The grounds were bequeathed to the town by the linoleum manufacturer Sir Michael Nairn in 1929.[100][101] Dunnikier Park, purchased by the town council in 1945, consists of an area around Dunnikier House to the north of the town, and is home to numerous woodland walkways.[102][103]

Stark's Park, home ground of Raith Rovers

[edit] Sport and Leisure

Raith Rovers FC, the town's senior football team, play in the Scottish Football League First Division at their ground, Stark's Park.[104] Founded in 1883, the club were elected to the Scottish Football League in 1902.[105][106] They reached their highest league position in the 1921–1922 season, when they placed third in the Scottish Football League, and achieved a British goal scoring record of 142 goals in 34 matches in the 1937–1938 season.[105][106] Under manager Jimmy Nicholl, the team were promoted to the Scottish Premier Division as Division One champions in the 1994–1995 season.[106] In 1994 the club won their first national trophy, when they defeated Celtic 6–5 on penalties after finishing the game 2–2, to win the League Cup.[105][106][107] This gained them qualification to the UEFA Cup in the following season. The club reached the second round before losing to Bayern Munich.[106]

The junior football team, Kirkcaldy YM, play their games at Denfield Park in the East Region Central Division.[108][109] The senior rugby team, Kirkcaldy RFC, play their games at the Beveridge Park in the Scottish Premiership Division Three.[105][110] Fife Flyers, established in 1938, are the oldest ice hockey team in the United Kingdom.[111] The team, who play at the Fife Ice Arena, will join the Elite League for the 2011/2012 season.[70][112] A cricket club plays at Dunnikier Park and a flag football club at Beveridge Park.[105][113] The town has a range of leisure facilities such as a swimming pool, the ice rink, and two golf courses (Kirkcaldy and Dunnikier).[70]

A new £15 million leisure centre to replace Kirkcaldy Swimming Pool is to be built on the site of the existing Tolbooth Street car park.[114][115] Work started in mid-November 2011, for a target completion date in Summer 2013.[116][117] The decision to build a new leisure centre on the site has been controversial. A petition organised by the campaign group, Save The Car Park collected over 7,000 signatures in favour of keeping the car park open.[118][119] The group have said that the closure of the car park would discourage shoppers from coming to the High Street and raised issues over the loss of shopowners' right of access to the car park.[118][119] This decision has also been severely criticised in an internal auditors report.[120][121]

[edit] Landmarks

Square Norman (west) tower of the Old Kirk

The oldest church in Kirkcaldy is the Category B listed[122] Old Kirk, the old parish church, on Kirk Wynd.[123] The earliest mention of the Old Kirk is the record of its consecration in 1244 to St Brisse and St Patrick by David de Bernham, Bishop of St Andrews.[14] Adam Smith was baptised in the Old Kirk in 1723.[124] The building's deterioration in the late eighteenth century was addressed by major renovations to the main body of the church between 1807 and 1808.[125][126] Only the square western tower, which dates from around 1500, was retained.[56][126] In 2011 the Old Kirk was purchased by the Old Kirk Trust using a £75,000 loan for the use of the community following the closure of the church as a place of worship by the Church of Scotland.[127][128]

The Category B listed[129] Kirkcaldy Town House on Wemyssfield is the centrepiece of the town's civic square.[56][86] It was designed in the 1930s by David Carr and William Howard of Edinburgh.[56][130] The Second World War brought work on the building to a halt and this did not resume until 1950.[130] Construction was split into two phases: the west wing, which was completed in 1953, and the east wing, completed in 1956.[130][131]

The Category B listed[132] Kirkcaldy War Memorial in War Memorial Gardens unveiled in June 1923 was gifted to the town by John Nairn, linoleum manufacturer and grandson of Michael Nairn. This was dedicated to Ian Nairn, the son of John Nairn who died in the First World War.[82][133] The Second World War memorial, designed by Thomas Hubbard, was unveiled in 1958.[133] Bronze plates depicting a sailor, a soldier, and an airman cover three sides of the central pillar. At the base of the memorial are 36 south-facing plates, 18 on each side of the central piece, which commemorate the lives of 1,012 people from the town who died in the First World War.[134] On the east side is the tomb of the unknown soldier, along with 11 bronze plates which list the 452 men and women who died in the Second World War.[134] As part of the War Memorial, the Category B listed[135] Kirkcaldy Art Gallery, Museum and Central Library building was also donated by Nairn.[82]

At the corner of Bennochy Road and St Brycedale Avenue is the Category B listed[136] Adam Smith Theatre was gifted to the town by linen manufacturer, Michael Beveridge as a memorial intended to mark the 100th anniversary of Adam Smith.[84][137] On St Brycedale Avenue is the Category B listed[138] St Brycedale's Church with its 204 feet (62 m) spire built between 1877 and 1881 as a free church.[56][139] The church was renovated in the late 1980s to make space for a social centre for social and educational groups in the lower area, while the upper area was retained as a traditional church.[140]

Sailors' Walk

In the north-east of the town are two buildings which were the homes of wealthy merchants and shipowners connected with Kirkcaldy's harbour.[141] The Category A listed[142] Merchant's House, or Law's Close, at 339–343 High Street is one of the best surviving examples of a sixteenth-century town house in Scotland. The house was built around 1590 for David Law, a wealthy ship owner and merchant.[143][144] The Category A listed[145] Sailors' Walk, at 443–449 High Street, consists of a pair of seventeenth-century houses, once divided into four dwellings, which are situated on foundations dating back to around 1460.[143][146][147] This is the oldest house in Kirkcaldy.[148] Three of the four dwellings were owned by the Oliphants, a ship-owning family. The fourth was owned by James Ferguson of Raith.[149] In 1650 the newly crowned King Charles II stayed at the house as a lodger while passing through the town, following his coronation at Scone Palace.[146] A forward-looking committee saved the house from being demolished in 1934, and it was acquired by the National Trust for Scotland in 1935.[148] Architects Wheeler and Sproson undertook reconstruction work on the building between 1954 and 1959.[148]

North of the harbour area, on The Path, are two examples of distinctive architectural styles.[143] The Category B listed[150] Hutchison's House was designed by George Spears, the owner of the nearby East Bridge distillery, in 1793.[143][151] The Category A listed[152] Path House, originally known as Dunnikier House, is a three-storey L-plan tower house designed by John Watson in 1692 for his bride, Euphan Orrock.[151][153] In 1703 Watson sold the house to the Oswald family, who had important links with the town.[151]

Ravenscraig Castle, showing the large D-plan west tower and the ruined east tower

To the north of the town is the Category B listed[154] Dunnikier House, designed by Alexander Laing between 1791–1793 as a family residence for the Oswald family.[143][155] The category A listed[156] Raith House was built by Sir Alexander Raith, 4th Earl of Raith and Melville, for his bride, Barbara Dundas, in 1694.[155][157][158] Today Raith House is owned by the Munro-Ferguson family as a private residence.[155][158]

The Category A listed[159] Ravenscraig Castle stands on a rocky spit of land extending into the Firth of Forth to the east of the town.[160] King James II began construction of the castle in 1460 for his queen, Mary of Gueldres. It was also a means of defending the upper reaches of the Forth, including the port of Dysart. To a lesser extent it protected the harbour of Kirkcaldy against piracy and English rivalry.[151][160] Ravenscraig is one of the earliest British castles designed to defend against and use artillery, an innovation demonstrated by the massive walls, the regularly placed shot holes, and the deep rock-cut ditch.[161] Following the death of the King at the siege of Roxburgh Castle (1460), work continued on Ravenscraig, and it became a home for Mary of Gueldres until her death in 1463.[162] In 1470 King James III granted the castle and lands to William Sinclair, Earl of Orkney and Caithness, in exchange for the castle in Kirkwall and the right to the Earldom of Orkney.[161][162]

[edit] Education

Balwearie High School

The first grammar school was Kirkcaldy Burgh School, established in 1582 with the help of the local minister, Dr David Spens. Until premises were found, pupils were taught in the minister's house.[163] Notable pupils include Robert Adam and Adam Smith.[164] The school was located at Hill Street before being replaced by Kirkcaldy Grammar School on St Brycedale Avenue in 1843.[164][165] A Government list of 1872 described the school as being of 'higher class'.[165] A new building for the school was gifted to the town in 1893 by Michael Barker Nairn, a linen manufacturer.[166] Other schools were established in the town, such as girls schools, subscription schools, and apprentice schools.[164] The passing of the Education (Scotland) Act in 1872 replaced voluntary education in the town with a school-based education for all children between the ages of 5 to 13.[164]

Kirkcaldy has four secondary schools and twelve primary schools.[167][168] Other educational facilities include a private school and a school for children with learning difficulties.[169] Kirkcaldy High School, the oldest secondary school, serves pupils living in the north of the town and has occupied a site on Dunnikier Way since 1958.[88][170] Balwearie High School opened as a junior secondary school in 1964 and was upgraded to a high school in 1972.[169][171] The school serves pupils living in the western end of the town and neighbouring Kinghorn and Burntisland.[172] Viewforth High School, which opened in 1908, was also initially a junior secondary school, but upgraded to a high school in 1980.[169] A new secondary school for the east of Kirkcaldy will eventually replace the ageing Viewforth High School. Two possible locations are on Windmill Road and at Randolph Playing Fields. The school is expected to be completed in 2019.[173] St Andrews RC High School, which opened in the late 1950s is one of only two Roman Catholic secondary schools in Fife. This caters to pupils living in the eastern half of Fife, from St Andrews to Burntisland and Lochgelly.[169][174]

St Brycedale Kirkcaldy Campus, Adam Smith College

Further education is provided by the Adam Smith College who have two campuses in the town: St Brycedale Campus on St Brycedale Avenue and the Priory Campus on Victoria Road.[175] The college was created in 2005 from a merger between Fife College of Further and Higher Education, based in Kirkcaldy and Glenrothes College.[176][177] The University of Dundee also have a campus in the town which specialises as a School for Nursing and Midwifery. This campus originally built by the Fife Health Board for the use of Fife College, was taken over by the University in 1996.[178]

[edit] Public services

Waste management is handled by the local authority, Fife Council. There is a kerbside recycling scheme in operation in the town. A three-bin collection is in place for the majority of residents living within Fife.[179] Kirkcaldy has one recycling centre and several recycling points, all operated by Fife Council.[180][181] Non-hazardous waste is sent to landfill at Lochhead near Dunfermline, and Lower Melville Wood, near Ladybank.[182]

Health care is supplied by NHS Fife, who have their headquarters at Hayfield House in the town. The Victoria Hospital serves as the accident and emergency hospital in the town.[183] A new £152.5 million 530,000 sq ft (49,000 m2) extension to the hospital is expected to be finished in January 2012.[184][185][186] The new extension will contain a maternity unit, eleven operating theatres, 528 new beds, and a relocated Accident and Emergency Department.[186][187] Within the grounds of the hospital, a Maggie's Centre, under the name of Maggie's Fife, specialises in care for patients with cancer. The centre, which was completed between 2004 and 2006, was the first building to be designed by Zaha Hadid, an Iraqi-born architect in the United Kingdom.[188][189] Whyteman's Brae Hospital, which is also part of the complex, serves psychiatric and elderly patients.[190]

Statutory emergency fire and rescue services in the town are provided by the Fife Fire and Rescue Service from its station on Dunnikier Road.[191] Policing in Kirkcaldy is operated by Fife Constabulary. The headquarters of the Kirkcaldy area is on St Brycedale Avenue.[192] Kirkcaldy is served by the East Central Region of the Scottish Ambulance Service, which covers Tayside, Forth Valley, and the Fife.[193] There are two ambulance stations in the town, one on Whyteman's Brae and the other at the Victoria Hospital on Hayfield Road.[194]

[edit] Transport

Main Entrance (South Platform), Kirkcaldy Railway Station

The A92, which connects Dunfermline to the west with Glenrothes and Dundee to the north, passes immediately north of Kirkcaldy. The A910 road connects it to the western and central parts of the town. At Redhouse Roundabout the A921 connects the A92 to the eastern side of Kirkcaldy. It continues via St Clair Street and The Esplanade on to Kinghorn, Burntisland, and Aberdour to the south-west. The main route through the north of the town, the B981, runs roughly parallel to and one kilometre to the south of the A92. This road also connects to the A910 and the A921, from Chapel Junction via Chapel Level and Dunnikier Way to Gallatown.[195][196] From here the A915, known locally as the Standing Stane Road, connects the town to St Andrews and Leven to the north-east. The A955 runs along the coast from Dysart to East Wemyss and Buckhaven to the north-east.[197][198]

The main bus station, adjacent to the Postings Shopping Centre, is between Hill Place and Hunter Street.[199] The Kirkcaldy railway station is to the north-west of the town centre and is on the route for the Fife Circle Line and the East Coast Main Line.[200] Other services run to locations such as Perth, Aberdeen, and Inverness to the north and Newcastle Central, York, and London King's Cross to the south.[201] Nearby stations such as Burntisland and Kinghorn are to the south and west of the town. The nearest international airport is Edinburgh Airport, 26 miles (42 km) away.

[edit] Notable people

Kirkcaldy is the birthplace of many notable people such as the social philosopher Adam Smith,[202] who wrote The Wealth of Nations at his mother's house at 220 High Street between 1765–1767;[203] the architect and designer Robert Adam (and his father, William),[204] and Sandford Fleming, the founder of Standard Time.[205] The explorer John McDouall Stuart, who led six expeditions into the centre and from the south to north of Australia, was born in nearby Dysart.[206]

Politicians who come from the town include Ronald Munro Ferguson, the Governor-General of Australia from 1914–1920;[207] David Steel, leader of the Liberal Party from 1979–1988 and former Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament;[208] and Bertha Wilson, the first female judge of the Supreme Court of Canada and Court of Appeal for Ontario.

The former Chancellor of the Exchequer and Prime Minister and current MP for the town Gordon Brown was brought up in the town from the age of three.[209][210] The Scottish crime writer Val McDermid was born in the town.

Guy Berryman, bassist of the alternative rock band Coldplay, was born and brought up in the town until the age of thirteen.[211]

Richard Park, the chief executive of Global Radio and the headmaster on the BBC talent show Fame Academy was born in the town, where he attended Kirkcaldy High School.[212]

Sportsmen include the two-time world darts champion Jocky Wilson, footballer Colin Cameron, professional golfer Peter Whiteford[213] and professional ice hockey player Adam Walker. David Danskin, the founder of Dial Square FC (now known as Arsenal FC), the first football team from the south of England to play in the Football League, was brought up in Kirkcaldy. William Arnott (1827–1901), a biscuit manufacturer in Australia, also came from the town.[214]

[edit] Twin cities

[edit] See also


[edit] References

[edit] Notes

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  2. ^ a b c d Taylor and Márkus, The Place-Names of Fife: Volume One, p.487.
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  4. ^ a b "Mid-2008 Population Estimates – Localities in order of size". General Register for Scotland. 2008. http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/population-estimates/08mye-localities-table2.xls. Retrieved 7 September 2010. 
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Torrie & Coleman, Historic Kirkcaldy, pp.12–13.
  6. ^ a b c d Torrie & Coleman, Historic Kirkcaldy, pp.9–10.
  7. ^ a b c d e Civic Society, Kirkcaldy Remembered, pp.6–8.
  8. ^ a b c d L. MacBean, Kirkcaldy Burgh Records, pp.33–34.
  9. ^ a b c d Glen, Kirkcaldy: A New Illustrated History from Pre-history to 2007, p.13.
  10. ^ a b c d e Eunson, Old Kirkcaldy: Central, North and West, pp.3–4.
  11. ^ Omand, The Fife Book, p.138.
  12. ^ Torrie & Coleman, Historic Kirkcaldy, p.53.
  13. ^ a b c d Glen, An Illustrated History of Kirkcaldy from Pre-history to 2007, p.120.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Civic Society, Kirkcaldy: A: History and Celebration, pp.17–18.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Torrie & Coleman, Historic Kirkcaldy, pp.15-19.
  16. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Eunson3-4; see Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text
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  19. ^ Glen, Kirkcaldy: A new illustrated history from pre-history to 2007, p.87.
  20. ^ Omand, The Fife Book, p.195.
  21. ^ a b c d Smith, The Third Statistical Account of Scotland: County of Fife, pp.287–288.
  22. ^ Eunson, Old Kirkcaldy: Central, North and West, p.6.
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[edit] Bibliography

  • Allport, Alan (2009). Gordon Brown (Modern World Leaders). Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 1604130806. 
  • Eunson, Eric (1998). Old Kirkcaldy: Central, North and West. Ochiltree: Stenlake Publishing. ISBN 184033052X. 
  • Fife Council (2000). Kirkcaldy's History, Its Places and Its Famous People. Kirkcaldy: Fife Council. 
  • Glen, Duncan (2007). Kirkcaldy: A New Illustrated History from Pre-history to 2007. Akros Publications. ISBN 0861421868. 
  • Kirkcaldy Civic Society (2000). Beveridge Park in the Year 2000 (2nd ed.). ISBN 0946294275. 
  • Kirkcaldy Civic Society (2007). Kirkcaldy Remembered (2nd ed.). Nonsuch Publishing. ISBN 9781845883867. 
  • Kirkcaldy Civic Society (2005). Kirkcaldy: A History and Celebration. Francis Firth Collection. ISBN 1845677498. 
  • Kirkcaldy Civic Society; Potter, David (2010). Kirkcaldy's parliamentarians. OCLC 697774877. 
  • Kirkcaldy Civic Society (2000). Town Centre Walkabout. ISBN 0946294232. 
  • Lamont-Brown, Raymond (2002). Fife in History and Legend. Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 0859765679. 
  • Leighton, John M. (1860). History of The County of Fife from the earliest period to the present time. Glasgow: Joseph Swan. OCLC 656309666. 
  • Livingstone, P.K. (1955). A History of Kirkcaldy: Covering the Years 1843–1949. Allen Lithographic Company. OCLC 12584002. 
  • MacBean, L. (1908). Kirkcaldy Burgh Records. Kirkcaldy: Fifeshire Advertiser. OCLC 40435665. 
  • McNeill, Carol (1998). Kirkcaldy: In Old Picture Postcards. Netherlands: European Library. ISBN 9028835377. 
  • National Trust for Scotland (1976). National Trust for Scotland Guide (1st ed.). Cape. ISBN 0224012398. 
  • Omand, Donald (2000). The Fife Book. Edinburgh: Birlinn Publishing. ISBN 1841582743. 
  • Pearson, John M (1993). Around Kirkcaldy (1st ed.). Levenmouth Printers. ISBN 0951913433. 
  • Phillipson, Nicholas (2011). Adam Smith: An Enlightened Life (2nd ed.). Penguin. ISBN 0140287280. 
  • Potter and Jones (2008). An Encyclopaedia of Scottish Football. Know the Score books. ISBN 1848185014. 
  • Pride, Glen L. (1998). Kingdom of Fife (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Rutland Press. ISBN 1873190492. 
  • Roach, Martin (2010). Viva Coldplay: A Biography. Omnibus Press. ISBN 1849385467. 
  • Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments in Scotland (1996). Fife, Perthshire and Angus (Exploring Scotland's Heritage) (2nd ed.). Mercat Press. ISBN 0114952868. 
  • Smith, Alexander (1952). The Third Statistical Account of Scotland: County of Fife. Oliver and Boyd. OCLC 41800432. 
  • Torrie and Coleman (1995). Historic Kirkcaldy. Historic Scotland with Scottish Cultural Press. ISBN 1898218382. 
  • Taylor, Simon; Márkus, Gilbert (2006). The Place-Names of Fife, Volume One. Donington: Shaun Tyas. ISBN 1900289776. 

[edit] External links

Areas of Kirkcaldy (category)
  • Balsusney
  • Bennochy
  • Boreland
  • Chapel
  • Dunnikier
  • Dysart
  • Gallatown
  • Hayfield
  • Linktown
  • Longbraes
  • Newliston
  • Overton
  • Pathhead
  • Port Brae
  • Raith
  • Redcraigs
  • Sauchenbush
  • Seafield
  • Sinclairtown
  • Smeaton
  • Templehall
  • Torbain

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