Konstantin Päts
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| Konstantin Päts | |
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| In office 24 April 1938 – 21 June 1940 |
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| Preceded by | (was President-Regent) |
| Succeeded by | Jüri Uluots Prime Minister in duties of the President in Exile Lennart Meri (President after regaining of independence Johannes Vares Under USSR occupation |
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| Born | 23 February 1874 Tahkuranna Parish, Pärnu County, Estonia (part of the Russian Empire) |
| Died | 18 January 1956 (aged 81) Kalinin, Soviet Union |
| Nationality | Estonian |
| Political party | initially Unions of Farmers, later none |
| Spouse(s) | Helma Peedi |
| Alma mater | University of Tartu |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Religion | Eastern Orthodox Church |
Konstantin Päts VR I/1 and III/1 (23 February 1874 – 18 January 1956) was a politician and the first President of Estonia.[1]
Päts' surname, which means a loaf of bread in Estonian, came from an ancestor who was a miller by profession. The religion of his forefathers was Lutheranism, as for most Estonians, but his father Jakob Päts, a housebuilder, converted to Orthodoxy and married a Russian, Olga Tumanova.
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[edit] Education
In 1898, Päts graduated from the faculty of Law of Tartu University as Cand. jur. Later he received honorary doctorates from Tartu University, Tallinn Technical University and Andhra University, along with honorary membership of the Estonian Academy of Sciences.
[edit] Career
[edit] Military and literary experience
Päts served in the Russian 96th Infantry Regiment of Omsk in Pskov and was promoted an ensign. From 1901 he worked as an editor of the "Teataja" newspaper in Tallinn. In 1904 he was the leader of the Estonian-Russian bloc in municipal elections in Tallinn, but declined the post of mayor of Tallinn due to not being ethnic Russian and became instead deputy mayor. He translated into Estonian several works about self-government and beekeeping. He participated in the 1905 Revolution and was convicted in his absence, having fled to Switzerland and then to Finland. He returned to the Russian Empire in 1909 and served one year in a St. Petersburg prison. During his term he lost his spouse and never remarried.
[edit] Political career
Konstantin Päts was one of the three members of the Salvation Committee that issued the Estonian Declaration of Independence on 24 February 1918. On the same day Päts was appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Minister of the Interior of the newly proclaimed Republic of Estonia. Under the subsequent German occupation, he was arrested by the German authorities and spent June to November in a prison camp in Poland. After returning to Estonia he became the Prime Minister and the Minister of War of the Provisional Government, in which posts he served until 8 May 1919.
Päts served several times as State Elder of Estonia:
- 25 January 1921 - 21 November 1922 (first elected incumbent in this post)
- 2 August 1923 – 26 March 1924
- 12 February 1931 - 19 February 1932
- 1 November 1932 - 18 May 1933
- 21 October 1933 - 3 September 1937 (since 24 January 1934 acting in this post).
In 1922 Päts made the first Estonian state visit, to Finland. He had made a proposal for an Estonian-Finnish personal union in 1918, and he bore this idea also later in his mind, as testified by his so-called political testament, written in July 1940. Later, having befriended Finnish president Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Päts made two more state visits to Finland, in 1935 and 1937.
During his whole political career he was an enthusiast and founder of autonomous local and professional self-government bodies and vocational schools.
Convinced that the human lifespan is too short for ensuring a stable state organization, from 1918 he began designing a framework of self-government of various professional groups and ethnic minorities, in order to found a well-balanced state based on proportional representation and cooperation of such groups.
He was Speaker of the Riigikogu from November 20, 1922 to June 7, 1923.
Liberal 1920s were not favorable for such efforts, because proposals for constitutional reform were rejected by the partial political establishment. However, two professional self-governments (the Chamber of Commerce and Chamber of Agriculture) and two cultural self-governments of ethnic minorities (German and Jewish) were founded during this period (until 1934).
In the beginning of the 1930s, amidst economic and constitutional crisis, he was called by Kaarel Eenpalu to assume again political leadership of the state. (Eduard Laaman in his biography of Päts ("Pater Estoniae") draws a parallel to Cincinnatus).
He presided over two more governments and was elected on 21 October 1933 to became the head of the transitional administration to the new, presidential, constitution. In order to head off the seizure of power by the proto-fascist Vaps Movement, Konstantin Päts declared state of emergency in the whole country (in certain parts this was already in effect immediately since 1918) on 12 March 1934, disbanding the Vaps movement and arresting its leading figures. Konstantin Päts established a moderate regime that the historian Georg von Rauch has called Authoritarian Democracy. In 1935 a National Association was formed to replace political parties and series of state corporative institutions were introduced.[2] During this time, many new buildings, mainly for new schools of all kinds and for government and self-government institutions, and also bridges and power plants were built. Regarding the constitution of 1934 too dictatorial, he organised the passing of a new constitution through a plebiscite and a National Constituent Assembly. During the transition to his constitution he became Riigihoidja (President-Regent) of Estonia on 3 September 1937 and President of the Republic, under the new constitution, on 24 April 1938. His constitution was based on the contemporary Polish and Belgian constitutions. He also admired the British two-chamber parliament. This time was nostalgically remembered as an era of independence, economic success and prosperity during the following fifty years of Soviet occupation.
Konstantin Päts's foreign policy was less successful. After the beginning of World War II he declared Estonian neutrality but was compelled to allow Soviet military bases in Estonia. Complete occupation and annexation by the Soviet Union followed next year. His successors in exile (Jüri Uluots and August Rei) considered him the legal Estonian head of state and themselves as his substitutes until his death. He was arrested and deported by the Soviets and died in a psychiatric hospital in Kalinin (now Tver) in 1956.
| Preceded by none |
Prime Minister of Estonia 1918–1919 |
Succeeded by Otto Strandman |
| Preceded by none |
Minister of Interior 1918 |
Succeeded by August Peet |
| Preceded by Andres Larka |
Minister of War 1918 |
Succeeded by Otto Strandman |
| Preceded by Ants Piip |
State Elder of Estonia 1921–1922 |
Succeeded by Juhan Kukk |
| Preceded by Juhan Kukk |
Speaker of the Riigikogu 1922–1923 |
Succeeded by Jaan Tõnisson |
| Preceded by Juhan Kukk |
State Elder of Estonia 1923–1924 |
Succeeded by Friedrich Akel |
| Preceded by Otto Strandman |
State Elder of Estonia 1931–1932 |
Succeeded by Jaan Teemant |
| Preceded by Kaarel Eenpalu |
State Elder of Estonia 1932–1933 |
Succeeded by Jaan Tõnisson |
| Preceded by Jaan Tõnisson |
State Elder of Estonia 1933–1937 |
Succeeded by Riigihoidja |
| Preceded by State Elder of Estonia |
President-Regent 1937–1938 |
Succeeded by President of Estonia |
| Preceded by suspended |
Prime Minister of Estonia 1934–1937 |
Succeeded by merged with Riigihoidja |
| Preceded by Riigihoidja |
President of Estonia 1938–1940 |
Succeeded by Jüri Uluots |
[edit] See also
- Johan Laidoner
- Kaarel Eenpalu
- Friedrich Akel
- Salvation Committee
- Estonian War of Independence
- Occupation of Baltic states
[edit] References
- ^ Toivo Miljan, Historical Dictionary of Estonia, Scarecrow Press, 2004, ISBN 0810849046
- ^ A History of Fascism, 1914-1945 By Stanley George Payne ISBN 1857285956
[edit] External links
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