Kozmodemyansk
| Kozmodemyansk (English) Козьмодемьянск (Russian) Цикмӓ (Hill Mari) Чыкма (Meadow Mari) Чикме (Chuvash) |
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| - Town[1] - | |
 Streltsy Fortress |
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.svg) Location of the Mari El Republic in Russia |
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 Kozmodemyansk
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| Coordinates: 56°20′12″N 46°34′16″E / 56.33667°N 46.57111°ECoordinates: 56°20′12″N 46°34′16″E / 56.33667°N 46.57111°E | |
| Administrative status (as of December 2010) | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Mari El Republic[1] |
| Administratively subordinated to | town of republic significance of Kozmodemyansk[1] |
| Administrative center of | Gornomariysky District, town of republic significance of Kozmodemyansk[1] |
| Municipal status (as of April 2009) | |
| Urban okrug | Kozmodemyansk Urban Okrug[2] |
| Administrative center of | Kozmodemyansk Urban Okrug[2] |
| Statistics | |
| Population (2010 Census, preliminary) |
21,262 inhabitants[3] |
| Population (2002 Census) | 22,771 inhabitants[4] |
| Time zone | MSK (UTC+04:00)[5] |
Kozmodemyansk (Russian: Козьмодемья́нск; Hill Mari: Цикмӓ, Tsikmä; Meadow Mari: Чыкма, Čykma; Chuvash: Чикмĕ, Cikme) is a town in the Mari El Republic, Russia, located at the confluence of the Vetluga and the Volga Rivers. Population: 21,262 (2010 Census preliminary results);[3] 22,771 (2002 Census);[4] 24,746 (1989 Census).[6]
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[edit] History
Though not attested in any document, the town of Kozmodemyansk was likely preceded by a Mari wooden fortress controlling the confluence of the Volga (Jul) and the Vetluga. It was also an important resting and trading place for traders from the North who traveled along the river to Volga Bulgaria. The Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria was a serious blow to the region.
The town of Kozmodemyansk was founded by Tsar Ivan the Terrible in 1583 after his conquest of Kazan in 1552 and the Cheremis Wars in 1553-1557, 1582, and 1592 as a frontier fortress to guard the new border of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The town was named after Sts. Cosmas and Damian. For many years there was nothing at the location besides a streltsy fortress, of which a sole tower from 1697 subsists.
As commerce along the Volga developed, a town gradually grew around the fortress, but the region remained largely populated by the Mari people. The town had a fair specializing in wooden and wicker ware goods produced by local craftsmen. The town was very active during summer, but winters brought a halt to river traffic.
In the 19th century, Kozmodemyansk was a more important trading place along the Volga than the neighboring towns of Vasilsursk and Cheboksary. It was a typical halfway "overnight" stop for the Volga River steamers between Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan. In the 20th century, the town developed industrially. According to the official Imperial Russian statistics on January 1 (14), 1913, the population was 5,500, of which 97.5% were Russians.
In 1918, there was a dispute between Mari and Chuvash representatives of Kozmodemyansk in the Idel-Ural Movement.[citation needed] It was not decided to which proposed state (Mariland or Chuvashia) the town, as well as the surrounding countryside, should be merged. A few rare mentions which have remained show that the Volga was to become the border between Chuvashia and Mariland, with considerable cultural and political autonomy (after the example of the status of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire) given to the Kukuk Mari minority on the south side of the Volga in Chuvashia (according to the preserved papers from the Meeting of Representatives of the Minority Peoples on May 15, 1917 and Idel-Ural State].[citation needed]
[edit] Administrative and municipal status
The town serves as the administrative center of Gornomariysky District, although it is not administratively a part of it. Administratively, it is incorporated as the town of republic significance of Kozmodemyansk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] Municipally, the town of republic significance of Kozmodemyansk is incorporated as Kozmodemyansk Urban Okrug.[2]
[edit] Museums
A local museum was opened in 1919 which now contains paintings by many Mari and Russian artists. A regional museum to preserve artifacts of the Mari culture was opened in 1979. An open-air ethnographic museum opened in 1983. It contains over sixty varied buildings typical of Russian/Mari culture. They house over 2,000 exhibits of artisan craft and tools. Even the variety of fences around the grounds display typical Mari designs.
[edit] References
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b c d e Law #22-Z
- ^ a b c Law #15-Z
- ^ a b Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2011). "Предварительные итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года (Preliminary results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/results-inform.php. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ a b Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Постановление №725 от 31 августа 2011 г. «О составе территорий, образующих каждую часовую зону, и порядке исчисления времени в часовых зонах, а также о признании утратившими силу отдельных Постановлений Правительства Российской Федерации». Вступил в силу по истечении 7 дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская Газета", №197, 6 сентября 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011 On the Composition of the Territories Included into Each Time Zone and on the Procedures of Timekeeping in the Time Zones, as Well as on Abrogation of Several Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation. Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication.).
- ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров. (All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers.)" (in Russian). Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1989. http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
[edit] Sources
- Государственное Собрание Республики Марий Эл. Закон №22-З от 3 мая 2006 г. «О порядке решения вопросов административно-территориального устройства (деления) Республики Марий Эл», в ред. Закона №60-З от 13 декабря 2010 г «О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Республики Марий Эл». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Марийская правда", №81, 6 мая 2006 г. (State Assembly of the Mari El Republic. Law #22-Z of May 3, 2006 On the Procedures of the Administrative-Territorial Structure (Division) of the Mari El Republic, as amended by the Law #60-Z of December 13, 2010 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Mari El Republic. Effective as of the official publication date.).
- Государственный Совет Республики Марий Эл. Закон №15-З от 18 июня 2004 г. «О статусе, границах и составе муниципальных районов, городских округов в Республике Марий Эл», в ред. Закона №16-З от 1 апреля 2009 г «О преобразовании некоторых муниципальных образований в Республике Марий Эл и внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Республики Марий Эл». Вступил в силу через 10 дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Марийская правда", №116, 24 июня 2004 г. (State Council of the Mari El Republic. Law #15-Z of June 18, 2004 On the Status, Borders, and Composition of the Municipal Districts, Urban Okrugs in the Mari El Republic, as amended by the Law #16-Z of April 1, 2009 On the Transformation of Certain Municipal Formations in the Mari El Republic and on the Amending of Certain Legislative Acts of the Mari El Republic. Effective as of after 10 days after the official publication.).
[edit] External links
- Unofficial website of Kozmodemyansk (Russian)
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