LGBT rights by country or territory

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about current LGBT rights around the world. For historical and current movements to further LGBT rights, see LGBT social movements.
Worldwide laws regarding homosexual
relationships and expression
     Same-sex marriage      Restricted freedom of expression
     Other type of partnership or unregistered cohabitation      Unenforced penalty
     Marriage recognized but not performed      Imprisonment
     Marriage recognized federally but not performed      Up to life in prison
     Same-sex unions not recognized      Death penalty
Click on map to view an enlarged version where rings in various locations become visible. These indicate places with local and/or case-by-case applications of law.
LGBT rights at the United Nations
     Support Countries which have signed a General Assembly declaration of LGBT rights and/or sponsored the Human Rights Council's 2011 resolution on LGBT rights (94 members).
     Oppose Countries which signed a 2008 statement opposing LGBT rights (initially 57 members, now 54 members).
     Neither Countries which, as regards the UN, have expressed neither official support nor opposition to LGBT rights (46 members).

Laws affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people vary greatly by country or territory—everything from legal recognition of same-sex marriage or other types of partnerships, to the death penalty as punishment for same-sex romantic/sexual activity or identity.

LGBT rights are considered human rights[1] and civil rights.[2] LGBT rights laws include, but are not limited to, the following:

Anti-LGBT laws include, but are not limited to, the following: sodomy laws penalizing consensual same-sex sexual activity with fines, jail terms, or the death penalty; anti-"lesbianism" laws; and higher ages of consent for same-sex activity.

In 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council passed its first resolution recognizing LGBT rights, which was followed up with a report from the UN Human Rights Commission documenting violations of the rights of LGBT people, including hate crime, criminalization of homosexuality, and discrimination. Following up on the report, the UN Human Rights Commission urged all countries which had not yet done so to enact laws protecting basic LGBT rights.[3][4]

History of LGBT-related laws

Ancient Celts

According to Aristotle, although most "belligerent nations" were strongly influenced by their women, the Celts were unusual because their men openly preferred male lovers (Politics II 1269b).[5] H. D. Rankin in Celts and the Classical World notes that "Athenaeus echoes this comment (603a) and so does Ammianus (30.9). It seems to be the general opinion of antiquity."[6] In book XIII of his Deipnosophists, the Roman Greek rhetorician and grammarian Athenaeus, repeating assertions made by Diodorus Siculus in the 1st century BC (Bibliotheca historica 5:32), wrote that Celtic women were beautiful but that the men preferred to sleep together. Diodorus went further, stating that "the young men will offer themselves to strangers and are insulted if the offer is refused". Rankin argues that the ultimate source of these assertions is likely to be Poseidonius and speculates that these authors may be recording male "bonding rituals".[7]

Ancient India

Throughout Hindu and Vedic texts there are many descriptions of saints, demigods, and even the Supreme Lord transcending gender norms and manifesting multiple combinations of sex and gender.[8] There are several instances in ancient Indian epic poetry of same sex depictions and unions by gods and goddesses. There are several stories of depicting love between same sexes especially among kings and queens. Kamasutra, the ancient Indian treatise on love talks about feelings for same sexes. Transsexuals are also venerated e.g. Lord Vishnu as Mohini and Lord Shiva as Ardhanarishwara (which means half woman).[9]

Ancient Israel and West Asia

The ancient Law of Moses (the Torah) forbids men lying with men (intercourse) in Leviticus 18 and gives a story of attempted homosexual rape in Genesis in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah, the cities being soon destroyed after that. The death penalty was prescribed. In Deuteronomy 22:5, cross-dressing is condemned as being "abominable".

Middle Assyrian Law Codes dating 1075 BC states: "If a man have intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch."[citation needed]

Ancient Persia

In Persia homosexuality and homoerotic expressions were tolerated in numerous public places, from monasteries and seminaries to taverns, military camps, bathhouses, and coffee houses. In the early Safavid era (1501–1723), male houses of prostitution (amrad khane) were legally recognized and paid taxes. Persian poets, such as Sa’di (d. 1291), Hafiz (d. 1389), and Jami (d. 1492), wrote poems replete with homoerotic allusions. The two most commonly documented forms were commercial sex with transgender young males or males enacting transgender roles exemplified by the köçeks and the bacchás, and Sufi spiritual practices in which the practitioner admired the form of a beautiful boy in order to enter ecstatic states and glimpse the beauty of God.

Ancient Rome

The "conquest mentality" of the ancient Romans shaped Roman homosexual practices.[10] In the Roman Republic, a citizen's political liberty was defined in part by the right to preserve his body from physical compulsion or use by others;[11] for the male citizen to submit his body to the giving of pleasure was considered servile.[12] As long as a man played the penetrative role, it was socially acceptable and considered natural for him to have same-sex relations, without a perceived loss of his masculinity or social standing.[13] The bodies of citizen youths were strictly off-limits, and the Lex Scantinia imposed penalites on those who committed a sex crime (stuprum) against a freeborn male minor.[14] Acceptable same-sex partners were males excluded from legal protections as citizens: slaves, male prostitutes, and the infames, entertainers or others who might be technically free but whose lifestyles set them outside the law.

"Homosexual" and "heterosexual" were thus not categories of Roman sexuality, and no words exist in Latin that would precisely translate these concepts.[15] A male citizen who willingly performed oral sex or received anal sex was disparaged, but there is only limited evidence of legal penalties against these men, who were presumably "homosexual" in the modern sense.[16] In courtroom and political rhetoric, charges of effeminacy and passive sexual behaviors were directed particularly at "democratic" politicians (populares) such as Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.[17]

Roman law addressed the rape of a male citizen as early as the 2nd century BC, when a ruling was issued in a case that may have involved a man of same-sex orientation. It was ruled that even a man who was "disreputable and questionable" had the same right as other citizens not to have his body subjected to forced sex.[18] A law probably dating to the dictatorship of Julius Caesar defined rape as forced sex against "boy, woman, or anyone"; the rapist was subject to execution, a rare penalty in Roman law.[19] A male classified as infamis, such as a prostitute or actor, could not as a matter of law be raped, nor could a slave, who was legally classified as property; the slave's owner, however, could prosecute the rapist for property damage.[20]

In the Roman army of the Republic, sex among fellow soldiers violated the decorum against intercourse with citizens and was subject to harsh penalties, including death,[21] as a violation of military discipline.[22] The Greek historian Polybius (2nd century BC) lists deserters, thieves, perjurers, and "those who in youth have abused their persons" as subject to the fustuarium, clubbing to death.[23] Ancient sources are most concerned with the effects of sexual harassment by officers, but the young soldier who brought an accusation against his superior needed to show that he had not willingly taken the passive role or prostituted himself.[24] Soldiers were free to have relations with their male slaves;[25] the use of a fellow citizen-soldier's body was prohibited, not homosexual behaviors per se.[26] By the late Republic and throughout the Imperial period, there is increasing evidence that men whose lifestyle marked them as "homosexual" in the modern sense served openly.[27]

Although Roman law did not recognize marriage between men, and in general Romans regarded marriage as a heterosexual union with the primary purpose of producing children, in the early Imperial period some male couples were celebrating traditional marriage rites. Juvenal remarks with disapproval that his friends often attended such ceremonies.[28] The emperor Nero had two marriages to men, once as the bride (with a freedman Pythagoras) and once as the groom. His consort Sporus appeared in public as Nero's wife wearing the regalia that was customary for the Roman empress.[29]

Apart from measures to protect the prerogatives of citizens, the prosecution of homosexuality as a general crime began in the 3rd century of the Christian era when male prostitution was banned by Philip the Arab. By the end of the 4th century, after the Roman Empire had come under Christian rule, passive homosexuality was punishable by burning.[30] "Death by sword" was the punishment for a "man coupling like a woman" under the Theodosian Code.[31] Under Justinian, all same-sex acts, passive or active, no matter who the partners, were declared contrary to nature and punishable by death.[32]

Congo

E. E. Evans-Pritchard recorded that in the past male Azande warriors in the northern Congo routinely took on young male lovers between the ages of twelve and twenty, who helped with household tasks and participated in intercrural sex with their older husbands. The practice had died out by the early 20th century, after Europeans had gained control of African countries, but was recounted to Evans-Pritchard by the elders to whom he spoke.[33]

Feudal Japan

In feudal Japan, homosexuality was recognized, between equals (bi-do), in terms of pederasty (wakashudo), and in terms of prostitution. The younger partner in a pederastic relationship often was expected to make the first move; the opposite was true in ancient Greece. In religious circles, same-sex love spread to the warrior (samurai) class, where it was customary for a boy in the wakashū age category to undergo training in the martial arts by apprenticing to a more experienced adult man. The man was permitted, if the boy agreed, to take the boy as his lover until he came of age; this relationship, often formalized in a "brotherhood contract",[34] was expected to be exclusive, with both partners swearing to take no other (male) lovers. The Samurai period was one in which homosexuality was seen as particularly positive. Later when Japanese society became pacified, the middle classes adopted many of the practices of the warrior class.

Lesotho

Anthropologists Stephen Murray and Will Roscoe reported that women in Lesotho engaged in socially sanctioned "long term, erotic relationships" called motsoalle.[35]

Papua New Guinea

In Papua New Guinea, same-sex relationships were an integral part of the culture until the middle of the last century. The Etoro and Marind-anim for example, even viewed heterosexuality as wasteful and celebrated homosexuality instead. They believed that in sharing semen, they are sharing their life force, yet women simply wasted this force any time they didn't get pregnant after sex. In many traditional Melanesian cultures a prepubertal boy would be paired with an older adolescent who would become his mentor and who would "inseminate" him (orally, anally, or topically, depending on the tribe) over a number of years in order for the younger to also reach puberty.[36]

LGBT-related laws by country or territory

Decriminalization of same-sex sexual activity by country or territory
  1790–1799
  1800–1829
  1830–1839
  1840–1859
  1860–1869
  1870–1879
  1880–1889
  1890–1929
  1930–1939
  1940–19491
  1950–1959
  1960–1969
  1970–1979
  1980–1989
  1990–19992
  2000–2009
  2010-present
  Same-sex sexual activity legal3
  Male same-sex sexual activity illegal
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal
1During World War II, Nazi Germany annexed territory or established reichskommissariats which extended Germany's laws against same-sex sexual activity to those territories and reichskommissariats. Same-sex sexual activity was previously legalized in the following countries or territories before German annexation or establishment of reichskommissariats: Bas-Rhin (legal in 1791), Belgium (legal in 1795), Belluno (legal in 1890), Friuli-Venezia Giulia (legal in 1890), Haut-Rhin (legal in 1791), Luxembourg (legal in 1795), Moselle (legal in 1791), Netherlands (legal in 1811), Nord (legal in 1791), Pas-de-Calais (legal in 1791), Poland (legal in 1932), and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol (legal in 1890). All countries and territories listed that where annexed or established into reichskommissariats by Nazi Germany during World War II where restored as independent countries or reincorporated into their previous countries during or after the war and thus re-legalized same-sex sexual activity in those areas.
2In May 1973, the Libyan Arab Republic annexed the Aouzou Strip from Chad. Libya's laws against same-sex sexual activity where thus extended to the annexed Aouzou Strip. In August 1987, during the Toyota War between the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Chad, Aouzou fell to the Chadian forces, only to be repelled by an overwhelming Libyan counter-offensive. The Aouzou dispute was concluded on February 3, 1994, when the judges of the International Court of Justice by a majority of 16 to 1 decided that the Aouzou Strip belonged to Chad. Monitored by international observers, the withdrawal of Libyan troops from the Strip began on April 15, 1994, and was completed by May 10, 1994. The formal and final transfer of the Aouzou Strip from Libya to Chad took place on May 30, 1994, when the sides signed a joint declaration stating that the Libyan withdrawal had been effected.
3Same-sex sexual activity was never criminalized in the following countries and territories: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cambodia Central African Republic, Chad (excluding Aouzou Strip), Clipperton Island, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Gabon, Laos, Madagascar, Mali, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Niger, North Korea, Rwanda, South Korea, Vietnam, and Wallis and Futuna. Same-sex sexual activity had also never been criminalized in continent of Antarctica.
Blood donation policies for men who have sex with men
  Men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral
  Men who have sex with men may donate blood; Temporary deferral
  Men who have sex with men may not donate blood; Permanent deferral1
  No Data
1No restriction in Israel and the United States of America if last MSM activity was before 1977.

Africa

Main article: LGBT rights in Africa
Tables:

Northern Africa

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity legal Recognition of same-sex relationships Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Algeria Algeria No Illegal
Penalty: Fine & up to 2 years imprisonment, or vigilante executions [37]
No No No No No No
Egypt Egypt No not specifically illegal, but is punishable through broadly written morality laws of up to 17 years imprisonment with or without hard labour and with or without torture and fines and viglante excutions.[38]

Emblem-question.svg Female uncertain
No No No No No No
Libya Libya No Illegal
Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment.[39]
No No No No No No
Morocco Morocco
(incl. Western Sahara)
No Illegal
Penalty: Less than 10 years imprisonment.[40]
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
South Sudan South Sudan No Illegal
Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment.
No No Constitutional ban since 2011 No No No No
Sudan Sudan No Illegal
Penalty: Corporal Punishment. Death penalty for men on third offense. Death penalty on fourth offense for women.
No No No No No No
Tunisia Tunisia No Illegal
Penalty: Fine or 3-10 years imprisonment.[41]
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No

Western Africa

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity legal Recognition of same-sex relationships Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Benin Benin Yes Legal [42] No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Yes Legal No No Constitutional ban since 1991 No Emblem-question.svg No No
Cape Verde Cape Verde Yes Legal since 2004
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[37] Emblem-question.svg
Ivory Coast Côte d'Ivoire Yes Legal No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
The Gambia Gambia No Illegal
Penalty: up to 14 years imprisonment
No No No No No No
Ghana Ghana No Male illegal
Penalty: 10 years imprisonment or more

Yes Female legal [43]
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Guinea Guinea No
Penalty: 6 months to 3 years imprisonment
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau Yes Legal since 1993[37]
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Liberia Liberia No Illegal
Penalty: 1 year imprisonment
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Mali Mali Yes No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Mauritania Mauritania No Illegal
Penalty: Death penalty. However, no public executions for any crime since 1987. Some reports say gay boys are subject to clandestine executions.
No No No No No No
Niger Niger Yes Legal No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Nigeria Nigeria No Illegal
Penalty: Imprisonment, fines, corporal punishment or even death penalty.[44]
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Senegal Senegal No Illegal
Penalty: 1 to 5 years imprisonment
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone No Male illegal
Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (although seldom enforced)

Yes Female legal [37]
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Togo Togo No Illegal
Penalty: Fine & 3 years imprisonment
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No

Middle Africa

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity legal Recognition of same-sex relationships Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Cameroon Cameroon No Illegal
Penalty: Fines to 5 years imprisonment
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Central African Republic Central African Republic Yes Legal [37]
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Chad Chad Yes Legal [37] No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo
(formerly Zaire)
Yes Legal [37] No No Constitutional ban since 2005 No Emblem-question.svg No No
Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea Yes Legal [37] No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Gabon Gabon Yes Legal [37]
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Yes [37] No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Saint Helena Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 2001[37] Emblem-question.svg No No Yes UK's responsibility. Allowed since 2000 Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination Yes Since 2013
São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe Yes Legal since 2012
+ UN decl. sign.[45]
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No

Southeast Africa

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex relationships Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Burundi Burundi No Illegal since 2009
Penalty: 3 months to 2 years imprisonment[46]
No No Constitutional ban since 2005 No Emblem-question.svg No No
Kenya Kenya No Male illegal
Penalty: up to 14 years imprisonment

Yes Female legal
No NoConstitution since 2010 specifically mentions only opposite sex marriage[47] No No No No
Rwanda Rwanda Yes Legal[37]
+ UN decl. sign.
No No Constitutional ban in Article 26 since 2003 No Emblem-question.svg No No
Uganda Uganda No Male illegal
Penalty: Up to life imprisonment

No Female illegal since 2000. Penalty: Up to 7 years imprisonment
No No Constitutional ban since 2005 No No No No
Tanzania Tanzania No Illegal
Penalty: Up to life imprisonment[37]

Yes Female Legal
except in Zanzibar
No No No A couple must be married to adopt a child. Emblem-question.svg No No

Horn of Africa

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex relationships Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Djibouti Djibouti Yes Legal[37] No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Eritrea Eritrea No Illegal
Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment [37]
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Ethiopia Ethiopia No Illegal[37]
Penalty: 10 years imprisonment or more.
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Somalia Somalia No Illegal[37]
Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment
No No No No No No

Indian Ocean States

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex relationships Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Comoros Comoros No Illegal[37]
Penalty: 5 years imprisonment & fines
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Madagascar Madagascar Yes Legal No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Mauritius Mauritius No Male illegal
Penalty: Up to 5 years imprisonment.(Moderate and reasonably ignored)

Yes Female legal
[37][48]+ UN decl. sign.
No No No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[49][50] No
Mayotte Mayotte
(Overseas department of France since 2011)
Yes Legal since 1841 Yes Civil solidarity pact Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes However, it requires sterilization for sex change.
Réunion Réunion
(Overseas department of France)
Yes Legal since 1791 Yes Civil solidarity pact Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes However, it requires sterilization for sex change.
Seychelles Seychelles No Male illegal
Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment, decriminalization proposed

Yes Female legal
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[37] No

Southern Africa

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex relationships Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Angola Angola No Illegal[37]
Penalty: fines, restrictions or penal labor (Penalty: Articles 70 and 71 of the Angolan Penal Code provides for the imposition of security measures on people who habitually practice acts against nature)
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Botswana Botswana No Illegal
Penalty: Fine - 7 years, though not enforced
No No No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[37] No
Lesotho Lesotho Yes Legal since 2012[37] No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Malawi Malawi No Illegal
Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment & whippings (No more arrests under Anti-gay laws)
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Mozambique Mozambique Yes Legal[51] No No No No Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[37][49] No
Namibia Namibia No Male Illegal
Not enforced[37][52]

Yes Female legal[53]
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
South Africa South Africa Yes Male legal since 1998, retroactive to 1994; female always legal; UN decl. sign. Yes Limited recognition of unregistered partnerships since 1998; Same-sex marriage since 2006. Yes Legal since 2006 Yes Legal since 2002 (joint and step-parent) Yes Since 1998 Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes Anti-discrimination laws are interpreted to include gender identity; legal gender may be changed after surgical or medical treatment.
Swaziland Swaziland No Male illegal

Yes Female legal. However, there is a pending law that will include outlawing lesbian sex conduct.[37]
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Zambia Zambia No Illegal
Penalty: up to 14 years imprisonment
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe No Male illegal
Yes Female legal[37]
No No Constitutional ban since 2013 No Emblem-question.svg No No

Partially recognized/Unrecognized states

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex relationships Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Western Sahara Western Sahara
(80% controlled by Morocco)
Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg
Somaliland Somaliland Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg



The Americas

Tables:

North America

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Same-sex adoption Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination Laws (sexual orientation) Anti-discrimination Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Bermuda Bermuda
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 1994
(Age of consent discrepancy)
No No Emblem-question.svg Yes UK responsible for defence No Bans all anti-gay discrimination[54] No
Canada Canada Yes Legal since 1969
(Age of consent discrepancy, prohibition of anal intercourse in some cases)[55]
+ UN decl. sign.
Yes Yes Legal since 2003,
Mandatory legal status nationwide since 2005
Yes Legal nationwide, but specifics may vary by province and territory.[56] Yes Since 1992[57] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination, including hate speech YesLegal recognition but only granted after completion of medical intervention in most provinces and territories (not required in Ontario, British Columbia); Explicit anti-discrimination protections only in NWT, Manitoba, and Ontario, implicit elsewhere;[58][59][60]
Greenland Greenland
(constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark)
Yes Legal since 1933 Yes Registered partnership since 1996 No (pending) Yes / No Step-child adoption only Yes (Denmark responsible for defence) Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination No
Mexico Mexico Yes Legal since 1872[37]
+ UN decl. sign.
Yes Civil unions in Coahuila (2007),[61] Colima (2013)[62], Jalisco (2013)[63] and Campeche (2013).[64]


All states are obliged to honour same-sex marriages performed in states where it is legal.[65]

No/Yes Legal in Mexico City (2010)[65], Quintana Roo (2012) [66] and Coahuila (2014).


All states are obliged to honour same-sex marriages performed in states where it is legal.[65]


Proposed nationwide (2013).[67][68]

No/Yes Joint adoption legal in Mexico City (2010)[69] and Coahuila (2014).[70]


Nationwide, single gay persons may adopt.[71]

Yes/No No explicit ban. However, LGB persons have been reportedly discharged on the grounds of "immorality."[72] Yes Nationwide since 2003.[73] No/Yes Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name in Mexico City since 2008.[74]
Flag of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.svg Saint Pierre et Miquelon
(overseas collectivity of France)
Yes Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.
Yes Pacte civil de solidarité since 1999 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes (Requires sterilization for change)
United States United States Yes Legal nationwide since 2003.
+ UN decl. sign.
See Lawrence v. Texas
Yes / No Varies by state, not recognized by federal gov't

(Legal in some states where same-sex marriage is also legal. Domestic partnership benefits and civil unions granted by local level cities and counties in 15 states).

Yes / No Varies by state, recognized by federal gov't.

(Legal in Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Idaho,Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, 21 Native American Tribal Jurisdictions, St. Louis, MO, and the District of Columbia. Recognized in Missouri).

Yes / No Single bisexual, gay, and lesbian persons may adopt, laws on couples vary by state Yes / No Since 2011 for bisexuals, gays, and lesbians only; openly transgender and intersex individuals still banned. No / Yes Federal executive order prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation for employees in the federal civilian workforce, along with the government employment in the District of Columbia, and the United States Postal Service, since 1998 (see Executive Order 12968 and Executive Order 13087). Included in the federal hate crimes law since 2009.

(Sexual orientation discrimination in public and private employment)

No / Yes Gender identity discrimination in employment and healthcare insurance banned since 2012.[75][76] Included in the federal hate crimes law since 2009.

(Gender identity discrimination in public and private employment)

Central America

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Same-sex adoption Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination Laws (sexual orientation) Anti- discrimination Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belize Belize No Male llegal since September 19, 2003
(Penalty: 10 year prison sentence). Yes Female legal. (Foreign LGBT males and females are rejected from entering the country due to the Belize Immigration Act)
No No No No No No
Costa Rica Costa Rica Yes Legal since 1971
+ UN decl. sign.
Yes (for some purposes such as conjugal visit, health-related decisions and social insurance)[77] No No N/A
Has no armed forces
Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination No
El Salvador El Salvador Yes Legal since 1800's[37]
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination No
Guatemala Guatemala Yes Legal since 1871[37]
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination No
Honduras Honduras Yes Legal since 1899[37]
+ UN decl. sign.
No No
(Constitutional ban)
No
(Constitutional ban)
No No No
Nicaragua Nicaragua Yes Legal since 2008
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[37] No
Panama Panama Yes Legal since 2008
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No No No No

Caribbean islands

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Same-sex adoption Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination Laws (sexual orientation) Anti-discrimination Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Anguilla Anguilla
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 2000 No No No Yes UK responsible for defence No No
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda No Illegal
(Penalty: 15 year prison sentence)
No No No No No No
Aruba Aruba
(Autonomous country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
Yes Legal No
Only unions made in the Netherlands recognised
No
Only same-sex marriages made in the Netherlands recognised
No Yes The Netherlands responsible for defence No No
The Bahamas Bahamas Yes Legal since 1991
(Age of consent discrepancy)
No No No Yes No No
Barbados Barbados No Illegal
(Penalty: life sentence, Not enforced)
No No No No No No
British Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 2000 No No No Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination No
Caribbean Netherlands Caribbean Netherlands
(Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, Saba; special municipalities of the Netherlands)
Yes Legal Yes Yes Legal since 2012 Yes[78] Yes The Netherlands responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes
Cayman Islands Cayman Islands
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 2000 No No Emblem-question.svg Yes UK responsible for defence Emblem-question.svg No
Cuba Cuba Yes Legal since 1979
+ UN decl. sign.
No
(but proposed)
No No Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[79][80] Yes
Curaçao Curaçao
(Autonomous country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
Yes Legal No
Only unions made in the Netherlands recognised
No
Only same-sex marriages made in the Netherlands recognised
No Yes The Netherlands responsible for defence No No
Dominica Dominica No Illegal
(Penalty: 10 year prison sentence or incarceration in a psychiatric institution )
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No No No No
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Yes Legal since 1822[37]
+ UN decl. sign.
No No
Constitutional ban since 2010
No No[81] No No
Grenada Grenada No Male illegal
(Penalty: 10 year prison sentence)
Yes Female legal
No No No No No No
Guadeloupe Guadeloupe
(Overseas department of France)
Yes Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.
Yes Pacte civil de solidarité
since 1999
Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes (Requires sterilization for change)
Haiti Haiti Yes Legal since 1986 No No No No No No
Jamaica Jamaica No Male Illegal
(Penalty: 10 years hard labor)
Yes Female legal
No No No No No No
Martinique Martinique
(Overseas department of France)
Yes Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.
Yes Pacte civil de solidarité
since 1999
Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes (Requires sterilization for change)
Montserrat Montserrat
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 2000 No No No Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Discrimination banned by the constitution[82] No
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico
(Commonwealth of the United States)
Yes Legal since 2003 No No No Yes Since 2011 Yes Bans hate crimes since 2002, anti–employment discrimination since 2013. U.S. hate crime laws also apply Yes Bans hate crimes since 2002, anti–employment discrimination since 2013. U.S. hate crime laws also apply
Flag of Saint Barthelemy (local).svg Saint Barthélemy
(overseas collectivity of France since 2007)
Yes Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.
Yes Pacte civil de solidarité since 1999 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes (Requires sterilization for change)
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis No Male illegal
(Penalty: 10 years)
Yes Female legal
No No No No No No
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia No Male illegal
(Penalty: fine and/or 10 year prison sentence)
Yes Female legal
No No No No No No
Flag of France.svg Saint Martin
(overseas collectivity of France since 2007)
Yes Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.
Yes Pacte civil de solidarité since 1999 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes (Requires sterilization for change)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines No Illegal
(Penalty: fine and/or 10 year prison sentence)
No No No No No No
Sint Maarten Sint Maarten
(Autonomous country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
Yes Legal No
Only unions made in the Netherlands recognised
No
Only same-sex marriages made in the Netherlands recognised
No Yes The Netherlands responsible for defence No No
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago No Illegal
(Penalty: 25 year prison sentence, Not enforced)
No No No No No No
Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 2000 No No No Yes UK responsible for defence No No
United States Virgin Islands United States Virgin Islands
(Insular area of the United States)
Yes Legal since 1984 No No No Yes Since 2011 Yes The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well Yes The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well

South America

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex relationships Same-sex marriage Same-sex adoption Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination Laws (sexual orientation) Anti- discrimination Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Argentina Argentina Yes Legal since 1887[37]
+ UN decl. sign.
No / Yes Cohabitation not registered across the country. Yes Legal since 2010.[83] Yes Legal since 2010. Yes Since 2009.[84] No/Yes (Legal in some states) Yes Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial permission[85]
Bolivia Bolivia Yes Legal
+ UN decl. sign.
No (Proposed) No
(Constitutional ban)
No No Not until 2015 Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes Legal recognition but only granted after completion of medical intervention [86]
Brazil Brazil Yes Decriminalized since 1824,
Legal since 1830
[37]
+ UN decl. sign.
Yes "Stable unions" legal since 2004,
All rights as recognized family entities available nationwide since 2011
[87][88]
Yes Legal since 2011 (given interpretation of "stable union" legislation),
Nationwide since 2013
[89][90]
Yes Single gay persons explicitly accepted since 1996,
Legal since 2010.
[91]
Yes Since 1969,[92]
Official discrimination illegal since 1988,
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 1999[93][94]
Yes/No All state-sanctioned social discrimination of citizens since 1988,
Legal protection in many jurisdictions, expansion of anti-discrimination (all) national Constitutional amendment discussed in the Senate
.[95]
Yes Legal gender and name changes since 2009, though SRS – legal in loco only for diagnosed transsexuals – is required for male-to-female and HRT for female-to-male.[96][97][98]
Chile Chile Yes Legal since 1998 [37]
(Age of consent discrepancy)
+ UN decl. sign.
No (Civil Unions vote pending by congress) [99] No (Pending) [100][101] No / Yes Single gay persons may adopt (Step-child adoption and full adoption pending) [102] Yes [103][104] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination [105] Yes since 2007. Whether surgical intervention is necessary depends on the judge at the moment of request. Currently, a broader gender identity law (which would not require any surgeries or judicial permission) is being discussed by the congress.[106] [107]
Colombia Colombia Yes Legal since 1981
+ UN decl. sign.
Yes Legal since 2007 No / Yes Judges are able to marry same-sex couples using a 2011 Court Ruling.[108] Yes / No As single people and Step-child adoption.[109] Yes since 1999. Since 2009: the military special social security system can be used by same sex couples in the army Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination, including hate speech [110] Yes[111] Since 1993. The name's gender can be changed easily in the National ID Card, to change the sex field a surgery is required.
Ecuador Ecuador Yes Legal since 1997
+ UN decl. sign.
Yes Civil unions legal since 2009[112] No
(Constitutional ban)
No
(Constitutional ban)
Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes Legal recognition but only granted after completion of medical intervention
Falkland Islands Falkland Islands
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 1989[37] No No No Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Discrimination banned by the constitution[113] No
French Guiana French Guiana
(Overseas department of France)
Yes Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.
Yes Pacte civil de solidarité since 1999 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes (Requires sterilization for change)
Guyana Guyana No Illegal
(Penalty: Up to life imprisonment)
No No No Yes [114] No Added to constitution in 2004, but withdrawn afterwards by the government. No
Paraguay Paraguay Yes Legal since 1880 (Age of consent discrepancy) [37]
+ UN decl. sign.
No
(Constitutional ban since 1992)[115]
No
(Constitutional ban since 1992)[115]
No Emblem-question.svg No No
Peru Peru Yes Legal since 1836-37[37] No (Pending)[116] No No Yes Since 2009[117] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination. Yes Possible via Civil Code and Legal Process, but no specific law.
Suriname Suriname Yes Legal since 1869 (Age of consent discrepancy)[37] No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Uruguay Uruguay Yes Legal since 1934
+ UN decl. sign.
Yes Civil unions since 2008.[118] Yes Legal since 2013.[119] Yes Legal since 2009.[120] Yes Since 2009.[121] Yes Legal protection since 2004.[122] Yes Legal protection since 2004.[122]

Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name since 2009.[123]

Venezuela Venezuela Yes Legal since 1997[124][125].
+ UN decl. sign.
there was not an illegal or legal status before.
No/YesMérida No No Yes Since 1999 Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[37] No

Asia

Main article: LGBT rights in Asia
This table:

Central Asia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of relationships Same-sex marriage Same-sex adoption Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Yes Legal since 1998[37] No No Emblem-question.svg No[126] No No
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Yes Legal since 1998[37] No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Tajikistan Tajikistan Yes Legal since 1998[37] No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan No Male illegal
(Penalty: up to 2 year prison sentence)
Yes Female legal[37]
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan No Male illegal
(Penalty: up to 3 year prison sentence)
Yes Female legal[37]
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No

Middle East

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of relationships Same-sex marriage Same-sex adoption Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Bahrain Bahrain Yes Legal since 1976[37] No No No No No No
Iraq Iraq Yes Legal since 2003 No No No No No No
Israel Israel Yes Legal since
1963 de facto
1988 de jure[127]
+ UN declaration signatory
Yes Unregistered cohabitation No Cannot be performed in the country, but foreign same-sex marriages are recognised Yes Yes since 1993 Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination [128][129] Yes[citation needed]
Jordan Jordan Yes Legal since 1951 No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Kuwait Kuwait No Male illegal
(Penalty: Fines or up to 6 year prison sentence)
Yes Female legal[130]
No No No No No No
Lebanon Lebanon Yes Legal since 2014 No No No No No No
Oman Oman No Illegal
(Penalty: fines, prison sentence up to 3 years; however, only enforced when dealing with "public scandal")
No No No No No No
State of Palestine Palestinian territories
(Gaza)
No Illegal
(Penalty: De facto capital punishment by Hamas-controlled administration)[131]
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
State of Palestine Palestinian territories
(West Bank)
Yes Legal since 1951 No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Qatar Qatar No Male illegal
(Penalty: fines, prison sentence up to 5 years)
Yes Female legal
No No No No No No
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia No Illegal
(Penalty: Prison sentences of several months to life, fines and/or whipping/flogging, castration, torture, vigilante execution, or death can be sentenced on first conviction. A second conviction merits execution.)
No No No No No No
Syria Syria No Illegal
(Penalty: prison sentence up to 3 years)
No No No No No No
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates No Illegal
(Penalty: deportation, fines or prison time)
No No No No No No
Yemen Yemen No Illegal
(Penalty: Death)
No No No No No No

South Asia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of relationships Same-sex marriage Same-sex adoption Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Afghanistan Afghanistan No Illegal
(Penalty : Death)
No No No No No No
Bangladesh Bangladesh No Illegal
(Penalty: 10 years to life)
No No No No No Yes A third option (hijra) beside male and female[132]
Bhutan Bhutan No Illegal
(Penalty: Prison sentence up to 1 year; no cases of penalty actually enforced)
No No No No No No
India India No Illegal since 1860.[133] Penalties up to 10 years imprisonment.[134] (previously legalised in 2009 but decision of legalization was overturned by supreme court in 2014) No No explicit recognition.[135] No No explicit recognition.[135] No No[136] No Yes "Third gender" recognised by Supreme Court[137]
Iran Iran No Illegal No No No No No Yes Legal gender recognition in Iran is legal if accompanied by a medical intervention.[138]
Maldives Maldives No Up to death.[139] Shariah law applies. Whippings, house arrest, deportation, and up to 6 years in jail. Vigilante attacks and executions occur. No No No No[citation needed] No No
Nepal Nepal Yes Legal since 2007[37]
+ UN declaration signatory
No No Under consideration No Under consideration Yes Yes Supreme Court ruled discrimination laws apply to homosexuals Yes "Third gender" cards have been issued since September 2007, legally protected class[140]
Pakistan Pakistan No Illegal
(Penalty: 2 years to life sentence)
No No No No No Yes 'Third gender' officially protected from discrimination by Supreme Court of Pakistan in 2010
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka No Illegal[37] No No No No[citation needed] No No

East Asia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of relationships Same-sex marriage Same-sex adoption Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) Laws concerning gender identity/expression
China China
(People's Republic of)
Yes Legal since 1997 No No No Emblem-question.svg No Yes Transsexuals allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.
Hong Kong Hong Kong
(Special administrative region of China)
Yes Legal since 1991
(equal age of consent of 16 for both heterosexual and homosexual sex since 2006)
No No No Emblem-question.svg
The People's Republic of China is in charge of Hong Kong's defence affairs. Regardless of sexual orientation, military personnel are not recruited from Hong Kong.
Yes Government employment, goods and services only Yes Transsexuals allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.
Japan Japan Yes Legal since 1880
(was illegal from 1872–1880; before that there were no laws forbidding same sex relationships)
+ UN declaration signatory
No No No Yes[141] No No nationwide protections, but some cities ban some anti-gay discriminations[37] Yes Transsexuals allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery and in case that the transsexual has no child under 20 years old
Macau Macau
(Special administrative region of China)
Yes Legal, but the exact year of decriminalization is still unknown.

ILGA say that homosexual acts in Macau is legal since 1996 with an equal age of consent, but most local news sources say that there were no laws criminalizing homosexuality.

[142][143][144]

No No No Emblem-question.svg
The People's Republic of China is in charge of Macau's defence affairs. Regardless of sexual orientation, military personnel are not recruited from Macau.
Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination Emblem-question.svg
Mongolia Mongolia Yes Legal since 1961[37] No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
North Korea North Korea Yes Legal[37] No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg Unknown although there are heavily obeyed gender roles for both male and female. See Let's trim our hair in accordance with the socialist lifestyle
South Korea South Korea Yes Legal
(no laws against homosexuality have ever existed)
+ UN declaration signatory
No No No Yes Due to conscription, but gays subject to discrimination No Yes Transsexuals allowed to change legal gender

Partially recognised states

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex relationships Same-sex marriage Same-sex adoption Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Taiwan Taiwan
(China, Republic of)
Yes Legal No (Proposed) No (Pending) No (Pending) Yes Due to military draft Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination (in work and education) Yes Transsexuals allowed to change legal gender. Surgery no longer a requirement beginning in 2015[145]

Southeast Asia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of relationships Same-sex marriage Same-sex adoption Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Brunei Brunei No Illegal
(Penalty: Death by stoning)
No No No No No No
Burma Burma No Illegal
(Penalty: up to life sentence)
No No No No No No
Cambodia Cambodia Yes Legal No No Technically prohibited, though there has been at least one recorded case of a legally registered and recognized same-sex marriage No[citation needed] Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
East Timor East Timor Yes Legal since 1975
+ UN declaration signatory
No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Indonesia Indonesia Yes Legal[146]
except for Muslims in Aceh Province[147]
No No No No[148] No Yes Transsexuals allowed to change legal gender
Laos Laos Yes Legal No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Malaysia Malaysia No Male illegal
(Penalty: fines, prison sentence (2-20 years), or whippings)

Yes Female legal

No No No No No No
Philippines Philippines Yes Legal[149]
except for Muslims in Marawi City
No (Pending)[149] No (However, Metropolitan Community Church conducts same-sex Marriage, the New People's Army of the Philippines conducted the country’s first same-sex marriage in 2005, some other Pagan Churches also conduct same-sex marriage. Yes/No Step-adoption only No Since 2009 Yes No national protections, but Cebu[150] Quezon City, Davao[151] and Albay have anti-discrimination ordinances[152] No National bill pending but still not made into law Emblem-question.svg
Singapore Singapore No Male illegal
(Penalty: up to 2 years prison sentence; no plan to repeal 377A and not enforced since 1999)

Yes Female legal

No No No Yes Due to conscription, but gays are not allowed to go to command school or serve in sensitive units. No Yes Transsexuals allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.
Thailand Thailand Yes Legal since 1956 No (Proposed)[153] No No Yes Since 2005 Yes No
Vietnam Vietnam Yes Legal
(no laws against homosexuality have ever existed)
No No Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg Yes Sex-change recognized for sex assignment for persons of congenital sex defects and unidentifiable sex

Europe

Main article: LGBT rights in Europe
Tables:

European Union

European Union member states are indicated with the EU flag in regional European sub-divisions.

EU Flag See: LGBT rights in the European Union
European Union law forbids discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation. All EU states are required to legalise same-sex sexual activity and implement anti-discrimination laws.[154][155]

Central Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Same-sex civil union Same-sex marriage Same-sex adoption Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) Laws concerning gender identity/expression
European UnionAustria Austria Yes Legal since 1971[37] Yes Registered partnership since 2010[156] No (Pending)[157] No/Yes Biological step-child adoption Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes Gender change Is legal.[158]
European UnionCroatia Croatia Yes Legal since 1977[37] Yes Life partnership since 2014[159] No A constitutional ban was approved in a referendum in 2013. A bill aiming at amending the constitution to that effect is still pending in parliament. No/Yes Gay individuals may adopt; Partner-guardianship (similar to step-child adoption) Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[160][161][161] Yes Act on the elimination of discrimination bans all types discrimination based on both gender identity and gender expression. Gender change is regulated by special policy issued by Ministry of Health. [162]
European UnionCzech Republic Czech Republic Yes Legal since 1962[37] Yes Registered partnership since 2006[163] No No/Yes Gay individuals may adopt; Step-child adoption pending. Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes legal recognition granted and amendment of birth certificate after reassignment surgery/
European UnionGermany Germany Yes Legal since 1969
(since 1968 in East Germany)
Yes Registered life partnership since 2001[164] No (Pending)[165] No/Yes Step-child adoption Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination Yes Gender change is legal.[166]
European UnionHungary Hungary Yes Legal since 1962[37] Yes Registered partnership since 2009[167] No Constitutionally banned since 2012 No Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Full legal recognition granted, birth certificate replaced. No surgery or hormone therapy is required for legal gender change.
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Yes Legal since 1989[37] Yes Registered partnership since 2011[168] No No N/A No No(Gender change Not Legal) [158]
European UnionPoland Poland Yes (Illegal from 1939-1944/1945 under annexation of Nazi Germany) No No Constitutionally banned since 1997.[169] No/Yes Gay individuals may adopt Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination Yes legal recognition and birth certificates amended, including. In 1983, the Supreme Court ruled reassignment surgery is not a prerequisite for legal recognition.[170]
European UnionRomania Romania Yes Legal since 1996 No No No/Yes Gay individuals may adopt. Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Legal recognition and birth certificates amended after reassignment surgery
European UnionSlovakia Slovakia Yes Legal since 1962[37] No (Proposed)[171] No Constitutionally banned since 2014. No/Yes Gay individuals may adopt; Pending a scheduled referendum on constitutional ban. Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[172][173] Yes (Requires sterilization for change).[158]
European UnionSlovenia Slovenia Yes Legal since 1977[37] Yes Registered partnership since 2006[174] No No/Yes Step-child adoption [175] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] No Gender change not legal[158]
Switzerland Switzerland Yes Legal
(Geneva, Vaud, Valais and Ticino: since 1798
Nationwide since 1942)
Yes Registered partnership since 2007[176] No (pending)[177] (constitutional ban pending) No/Yes Gay individuals may adopt; Biological step-child adoption pending.[178] Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination. Banning all anti-gay discrimination pending Yes Legal documents can be issued based on a person's new gender identity. Sterilization technically required not enforced since 2012. Registered Partnership can become Marriage between the new opposite-sex couple[179].

Eastern Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Same-sex civil union Same-sex marriage Same-sex adoption Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Armenia Armenia Yes Legal since 2003[37] No No Constitutionally banned since 1995. No Yes/No No explicit ban. However, LGBT persons have been reportedly discharged because of their sexual orientation.[180] No No
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Yes Legal since 2000[37] No No Constitutionally banned since 1995. No Emblem-question.svg No Yes (Requires sterilization for change).[158]
Belarus Belarus Yes Legal since 1994[37] No No Constitutionally banned since 1994. No Yes/No Banned from military service during peacetime, but during wartime homosexuals are permitted to enlist as partially able.[181] No LGBT activism/expression deemed terrorism[182] No
Georgia (country) Georgia Yes Legal since 2000[37] No No (constitutional ban pending) No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[183] Yes (Requires sterilization for change)[158]
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Yes Legal since 1998[37] No No No No No Emblem-question.svg
Moldova Moldova Yes Legal since 1995[37] No No Constitutionally banned since 1994. No Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination [161] Yes (Requires sterilization for change)[158]
Russia Russia Yes Legal since 1993 (previously legal from 1917 to 1933) No No No Yes No Yes (Requires sterilization for change)[158]
Ukraine Ukraine Yes Legal since 1991 No No Constitutionally banned since 1996 Yes/No Singles are allowed to adopt. Yes/No Policies depend on the regional commissioners. Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes (Requires sterilization for change)[158]

Northern Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Same-sex civil union Same-sex marriage Same-sex adoption Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) Laws concerning gender identity/expression
European UnionDenmark Denmark Yes Legal since 1933[37] No Registered partnership from 1989 to 2012 Yes Legal since 2012 Yes Legal since 2010 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy.[184]
European UnionEstonia Estonia Yes Legal since 1992[37] Yes Cohabitation agreement from 2016[185] No No/Yes Step-child adoption from 2016, Gay individuals may adopt Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands
(constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark)
Yes Legal since 1933[37] No No No Yes (Denmark responsible for defence) Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination No[186]
European UnionFinland Finland Yes Legal since 1971 Yes Registered partnership since 2002[187] Yes/ No (Pending; estimated to come into effect in March 2017)[188][189] Yes/ No Step-child adoption; (Joint adoption pending) Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Legal change and recognition is possible only with sterilization[190]
Iceland Iceland Yes Legal since 1940 No Registered partnership from 1996 to 2010 Yes Legal since 2010 Yes Legal since 2006 N/A Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes Documents can be amended to the recognised gender.
European UnionLatvia Latvia Yes Legal since 1992[37] No No
Constitutionally banned since 2006
Yes/ No An unmarried person may adopt child alone. Adoption by multiple persons that are not married banned. Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Documents are amended accordingly, no medical intervention required.[191]
European UnionLithuania Lithuania Yes Legal since 1993 No No
Constitutionally banned since 1992
No Only married couples can adopt Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination / No There is a law which can be, and actually was, interpreted as a ban on public speech about LGBT Yes Gender change legal since 2003.[192]
Norway Norway Yes Legal since 1972[37] No Registered partnership from 1993 to 2008 Yes Legal since 2009 Yes Legal since 2009 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[193] Yes All documents can be amended to the recognised gender.
European UnionSweden Sweden Yes Legal since 1944 No Registered partnership from 1995 to 2009 Yes Legal since 2009 Yes Legal since 2003 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes

Southern Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Same-sex civil union Same-sex marriage Same-sex adoption Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Albania Albania Yes Legal since 1995[37] No No No Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.

No Gender change not legal.[158]

Andorra Andorra Yes Legal since 1791
(as part of France)
Yes Stable union since 2005[194]; Civil union since 2014.[195] No Yes Legal since 2014[196][197][198] N/A Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] No Gender change not legal
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Legal since 1998[37] No No No Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[161] No
European UnionBulgaria Bulgaria Yes Legal since 1968 No No Constitutionally banned since 1991. No/Yes Single gay persons may adopt. Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes (Requires sterilization for change)
European UnionCyprus Cyprus Yes Legal since 1998[37] No (Proposed)[199] No No No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.
European UnionGibraltar Gibraltar
(overseas territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 1993 Yes Civil partnership since 2014[200] No Yes Legal since 2013 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination X mark.svg Gender change not legal
European UnionGreece Greece Yes Legal since 1951
(Age of consent discrepancy)
No No No Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes (Requires sterilization for change)
European UnionItaly Italy Yes Legal since 1890 No (Pending)[201][202][203] No (Pending)[204][205][206] No/Yes Gay individuals may adopt; Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination Yes Since 1982 legal recognition and documents can be amended to the recognised gender.[207]
Republic of Macedonia Macedonia Yes Legal since 1996[37] No No (Constitutional ban pending) No (Constitutional ban proposed)[208] Yes No No
European UnionMalta Malta Yes Legal since 1973 Yes Civil union since 2014[209] Yes/No Marriage celebrated abroad recognized since 2014[210] Yes Legal since 2014 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes All documents can be amended to the recognised gender.
Montenegro Montenegro Yes Legal since 1977[37] No No Constitutionally banned since 2007. No Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes (Requires sterilization for change).[158] Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.
European UnionPortugal Portugal Yes Legal since 1983. No Yes Legal since 2010 No/Yes Single gay persons may adopt. Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination. Yes Since 2011, All documents can be amended to the recognised gender.
San Marino San Marino Yes Legal since 2001 No No No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination No Gender change not legal.[158]
Serbia Serbia Yes Legal since 1994[37] No No Constitutionally banned since 2006. No Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Gender change is legal (since 2007).
European UnionSpain Spain Yes Legal since 1979[37] Yes/No No national wide civil union laws.

Starting from 1997, different cities and regions have legislated their own version of same-sex or gender-neutral civil union laws.[211]

Yes Legal since 2005 Yes Legal since 2005 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[161] Yes Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender[212]
Turkey Turkey Yes Legal since 1858 No No No No No Yes (Requires sterilization for change)
Vatican City Vatican City Yes Legal since 1890 (Laws in Italy could still be enforced to Vatican City at that time until 1929.) No No No N/A No X mark.svg

Western Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Same-sex civil union Same-sex marriage Same-sex adoption Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) Laws concerning gender identity/expression
European UnionBelgium Belgium Yes Legal since 1795[37]
(as part of France)
(Illegal from 1940-1944/1945 as part of Reichskommissariat Belgien-Nordfrankreich and under annexation of Nazi Germany)
Yes Statutory cohabitation since 2000[213] Yes Legal since 2003 Yes Legal since 2006 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes The 2007 law concerning transsexuality[214] grants the right to a legal name and gender change (Requires hormone treatment for name change and sterilization for gender change)
European UnionFrance France Yes Legal since 1791[37]
(Illegal in Alsace-Lorraine from 1871–1918 and 1940-1944/1945 under annexation of Imperial and Nazi Germany and illegal in Nord and Pas-de-Calais from 1944-1945 as part of Reichskommissariat Belgien-Nordfrankreich)
Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999[215] Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes (Requires sterilization for change)
Guernsey Guernsey
(Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 1983[216][217] No (Proposed) No (Proposed) No (Proposed) Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[218] Yes 2004 anti-discrimination law. Legal gender change since 2007: Case law only. Only allows a new birth certificate to be issued. Does not amend or remove records of existing birth certificates, extension to Alderney and Sark unclear, does extend to Herm.[218][219]
European UnionRepublic of Ireland Ireland Yes Legal since 1993 Yes Civil partnership since 2011[220] No Pending a referendum scheduled for May 2015 No/Yes Single gay persons may adopt. Step Child adoption under consideration. Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[221][222][223] No Legislation to recognise gender identity pending after High Court ruling in favour.
Isle of Man Isle of Man
(Crown dependencies of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 1992[37] Yes Civil partnership since 2011[224] No Yes Legal since 2011 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes Transsexual persons are allowed to change their legal gender and to have their new gender recognised as a result of the Gender Recognition Act 2009 (c.11).[225][226]
Jersey Jersey
(Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 1990[37] Yes Civil partnership since 2012[227] No (Proposed)[228] Yes Legal since 2012 Yes UK responsible for defence No Yes Gender Recognition (Jersey) Law 2010[229]
European UnionLuxembourg Luxembourg Yes Legal since 1795
(as part of France)
(Illegal from 1940-1944/1945 under annexation of Nazi Germany)
Yes Registered Partnership since 2004[230] Yes Legal from 2015 Yes Legal from 2015 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[231] Yes (Requires sterilization for change) [158]
Monaco Monaco Yes Legal since 1793 (as part of France) No No No Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[232] Emblem-question.svg
European UnionNetherlands Netherlands Yes Legal since 1811
(as part of France)
(Illegal from 1940-1944/1945 as part of Reichskommissariat Niederlande)
Yes Registered partnership since 1998 Yes Legal since 2001. Yes Legal since 2001 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes
European UnionUnited Kingdom United Kingdom Yes Male: Legal in England and Wales since 1967, in Scotland since 1981 and in Northern Ireland since 1982
Yes Female: No criminal laws have ever existed against lesbian sex. Officially legalised in 2001
Yes Civil partnership since 2005[233] Yes check.svg Legal in England and Wales, and Scotland since 2014
No Illegal in Northern Ireland
Yes Legal in England and Wales since 2005, in Scotland since 2009 and Northern Ireland since 2013 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[234][37] Yes Gender Recognition Act 2004

Partially or unrecognised states

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Same-sex civil union Same-sex marriage Same-sex adoption Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Abkhazia Abkhazia Yes Legal after 1991, but the exact year is not known. No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Kosovo Kosovo Yes Legal since 1994 No No No Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[235] Yes
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Nagorno-Karabakh Yes Legal since 2000 No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus Yes Legal since 2014[236][237] No No No No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[236][237] Yes Discrimination or hate speech banned since 2014.[236][237]

Emblem-question.svg Unknown if gender change is legal.

South Ossetia South Ossetia Yes Legal after 1991, but the exact year is not known. No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Transnistria Transnistria Yes Legal since 2002 No No No Emblem-question.svg No (Proposed)[238] Emblem-question.svg

Oceania

Tables:

Australasia

LGBT rights in: Homosexual acts legal? Recognition of same-sex relationships Same-sex marriage Same-sex adoption Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Australia Australia
(including territories of
 Christmas Island,
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands and
 Norfolk Island)
Yes Legal nationwide since 1994
+ UN decl. sign. (Age of consent discrepancy in Queensland only)
Yes Unregistered cohabitation since 2009

Registered relationship schemes in ACT, Tasmania, Victoria, Queensland and New South Wales

No Banned federally under the Marriage Amendment Act 2004[239] Yes/No Single gay persons may adopt; joint adoption in ACT, New South Wales, Tasmania and Western Australia.

Stepchild adoption in Victoria. Banned in South Australia, Queensland and Northern Territory

Yes Since 1992 Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[240] Yes[240]
New Zealand New Zealand Yes Legal since 1986

+ UN decl. sign.

Yes Unregistered cohabitation since 2001
Civil union since 2005.
Yes Legal since 2013[241] Yes Legal since 2013 for married couples and individuals (banned for unmarried and civil union couples regardless of sexual orientation)[241] Yes Since 1993 Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes Covered under the "sex discrimination" provision of the Human Rights Act 1993 since 2006.

Melanesia

LGBT rights in: Homosexual acts legal? Recognition of same-sex relationships Same-sex marriage Same-sex adoption Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) Laws concerning gender identity/expression
East Timor East Timor
(terminology "Oceania" varies on border definitions)
Yes Legal since 1975[37]
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Fiji Fiji Yes Legal since 2010[242]
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[37] Emblem-question.svg
New Caledonia New Caledonia
(overseas collectivity of France)
Yes Legal Yes PACS legal since 2009 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes French responsibility Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes (Requires sterilization for change)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea No Male Illegal
(Penalty: 3 to 14 years imprisonment)
Emblem-question.svg Female Unknown [37]
No No No No No No
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands No Illegal
(Up to 14 years imprisonment)[37]
No No No N/A No No
Vanuatu Vanuatu Yes Legal since 2007[37]
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No

Micronesia

LGBT rights in: Homosexual acts legal? Recognition of same-sex relationships Same-sex marriage Same-sex adoption Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Guam Guam
(unincorporated territory of the United States)
Yes Legal since 1979 No (proposed) No Yes Legal since 2002 Yes US responsibility Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination, also US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well Yes The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well
Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia Yes Legal[37]
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No N/A Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg
Kiribati Kiribati No Male illegal
Yes Female legal[37]
No No No N/A No No
Marshall Islands Marshall Islands Yes Legal since 2005[37]
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No N/A No
Nauru Nauru No Male illegal
Yes Female legal[37]
(legalisation proposed)
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No N/A No No
Northern Mariana Islands Northern Mariana Islands
(unincorporated territory of the United States)
Yes Legal since 1983 No No No Yes US responsibility Yes The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well Yes The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well
Palau Palau Yes Legal since 2014[243]
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No N/A No No

Polynesia

LGBT rights in: Homosexual acts legal? Recognition of same-sex relationships Same-sex marriage Same-sex adoption Allows gays to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) Laws concerning gender identity/expression
American Samoa American Samoa
(unincorporated territory of the United States)[244]
Yes Legal since 1980 No No No Yes US responsibility Yes The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well Yes The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well
Easter Island Easter Island
(overseas territory of Chile)
Yes Legal since 1998 No (Pending) No (Pending) No Yes Chilean responsibility Yes Yes Since 2007
Cook Islands Cook Islands
(part of the Realm of New Zealand)
No Male illegal
Yes Female legal[37]
No No No Yes New Zealand's responsibility No No
French Polynesia French Polynesia
(overseas collectivity of France)
Yes Legal Yes PACS legal since 2009 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes French responsibility Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes (Requires sterilization for change)
Hawaii Hawaii
(State of the United States United States)
Yes Legal since 1973 Yes Civil unions legal since 2012 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Legal since 2012 Yes Since 2011 Yes Bans discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation Yes Bans discrimination on the basis of gender identity/expression
Niue Niue
(part of the Realm of New Zealand)
Yes Legal since 2007[37] No No No Yes New Zealand's responsibility Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands
(overseas territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 2001 No No Yes Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Discrimination banned by the constitution[245] Emblem-question.svg
Samoa Samoa No Illegal + UN decl. sign. No No No N/A No Yes Samoa has a large transgender or "third-gendered" community called the Fa'afafine. This is a recognized part of traditional Samoan customs, and usually refers to trans women.
Tokelau Tokelau
(part of the Realm of New Zealand)
Yes Legal since 2007[37] No No No Yes New Zealand's responsibility No No
Tonga Tonga No Male illegal
(Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment, corporal punishment)
Yes Female legal[37]
No No No No No No
Tuvalu Tuvalu No Male illegal
(Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment)
Yes Female legal[37]
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No N/A No Emblem-question.svg
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna
(overseas collectivity of France)
Yes Legal Yes PACS legal since 2009 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes French responsibility Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes (Requires sterilization for change)


See also

References

  1. ^ "About LGBT Human Rights". Amnesty International. Retrieved 29 March 2013. 
  2. ^ Becker, John (23 March 2012). "LGBT Rights Are Civil Rights". Huffington Post. Retrieved 29 March 2013. 
  3. ^ Jordans, Frank (17 June 2011). "U.N. Gay Rights Protection Resolution Passes, Hailed As 'Historic Moment'". Associated Press. 
  4. ^ "UN issues first report on human rights of gay and lesbian people". United Nations. 15 December 2011. 
  5. ^ Percy, William A. (1996). Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece. University of Illinois Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-252-06740-1. Retrieved 2009-09-18. ; Rankin, H.D. Celts and the Classical World, p.55
  6. ^ Rankin, p. 55
  7. ^ Rankin, p.78
  8. ^ ritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex, p. 40
  9. ^ "Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association, Inc". Galva108.org. Retrieved 2013-11-02. 
  10. ^ Eva Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (Yale University Press, 1992, 2002, originally published 1988 in Italian), p. xi; Marilyn B. Skinner, introduction to Roman Sexualities (Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 11.
  11. ^ Thomas A.J. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 326.
  12. ^ Catharine Edwards, "Unspeakable Professions: Public Performance and Prostitution in Ancient Rome," in Roman Sexualities, pp. 67–68.
  13. ^ Amy Richlin, The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor (Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), p. 225, and "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men," Journal of the History of Sexuality 3.4 (1993), p. 525.
  14. ^ Plutarch, Moralia 288a; Thomas Habinek, "The Invention of Sexuality in the World-City of Rome," in The Roman Cultural Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 39; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 545–546. Scholars disagree as to whether the Lex Scantinia imposed the death penalty or a hefty fine.
  15. ^ Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2010), p. 304, citing Saara Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. 122.
  16. ^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality, pp. 214–215; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," passim.
  17. ^ Catharine Edwards, The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome (Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 63–64.
  18. ^ As recorded in a fragment of the speech De Re Floria by Cato the Elder (frg. 57 Jordan = Aulus Gellius 9.12.7), noted and discussed by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 561.
  19. ^ Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 562–563. See also Digest 48.5.35 [34] on legal definitions of rape that included boys.
  20. ^ Under the Lex Aquilia. See McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 314.
  21. ^ McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 40.
  22. ^ Sara Elise Phang, Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 93.
  23. ^ Polybius, Histories 6.37.9 (translated as bastinado).
  24. ^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 280–285.
  25. ^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, p. 3.
  26. ^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 112 et passim.
  27. ^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 285–292.
  28. ^ Juvenal, Satire 2; Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 28.
  29. ^ Suetonius Life of Nero 28–29; Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 279ff.
  30. ^ Michael Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia: Three Types of Explanation," in Combatting Homophobia: Experiences and Analyses Pertinent to Education (LIT Verlag, 2011), p. 193.
  31. ^ Codex Theodosianus 9.7.3 (4 December 342), introduced by the sons of Constantine in 342.
  32. ^ Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia," p. 193.
  33. ^ Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (December, 1970). Sexual Inversion among the Azande. American Anthropologist, New Series, 72(6), 1428–1434.
  34. ^ Leupp, Gary P. (1999). Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan. University of California Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 0-520-20909-5. 
  35. ^ Murray, Stephen (ed.); Roscoe, Will (ed.) (1998). Boy Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-23829-0. 
  36. ^ Herdt, Gilbert H. (1984), Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, University of California Press, pp. 128–136, ISBN 0-520-08096-3 
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, authored by Lucas Paoli Itaborahy, May 2013
  38. ^ http://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/EGYPT/Law
  39. ^ http://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/LIBYAN%20ARAB%20JAMAHIRIYA/Law
  40. ^ http://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/MOROCCO/Law
  41. ^ http://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/TUNISIA/Law
  42. ^ http://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/BENIN/Law
  43. ^ http://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/GHANA/Law
  44. ^ http://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/NIGERIA/Law
  45. ^ 2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Sao Tome and Principe, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, page 10
  46. ^ Burundi abolishes the death penalty but bans homosexuality 27 April 2009.
  47. ^ Kenya Constitution
  48. ^ The Sexual Offences Bill 2007
  49. ^ a b Africa: Outspoken activists defend continent's sexual diversity
  50. ^ EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES ACT 2008
  51. ^ Mozambique Gay Rights Group Wants Explicit Constitutional Protections
  52. ^ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
  53. ^ http://www.lgbtnet.dk/countries/africa/namibia
  54. ^ Johnson, Ayo (June 15, 2013). "MPs approve historic Human Rights Act changes". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved June 15, 2013. 
  55. ^ "Criminal Code (R.S., 1985, c. C-46), Section 159, Subsection (1)". Department of Justice Canada. 21 May 2010.
  56. ^ Status differs in provinces and territories:
  57. ^ "Canadian Armed Forces". The Canadian Lesbian & Gay Archives. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 
  58. ^ Northwest Territories Human Rights Act, S.N.W.T. 2002, c.18. Section 5.
  59. ^ "Ontario passes law to protect transgender people". CBC News. June 13, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2012. 
  60. ^ http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/topic.page?id=C53953157EE344A681EFD28325B526F4
  61. ^ (Spanish) Leopoldo Ramos (11 January 2007). "Aprueba Coahuila la figura del pacto civil de solidaridad". La Jornada. Retrieved 15 February 2014. 
  62. ^ (Spanish) Pedro Zamora Briseño (29 July 2013). "Aprueba Colima "enlace conyugal" entre parejas del mismo sexo". Proceso. Retrieved 15 February 2014. 
  63. ^ (Spanish) "Jalisco avala Ley de Libre Convivencia para regular parejas del mismo sexo". CNN México. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014. 
  64. ^ http://www.sdpnoticias.com/gay/2013/12/23/legalizan-bodas-gays-en-campeche
  65. ^ a b c David Agren (10 August 2010). "Mexican States Ordered to Honor Gay Marriages". New York Times. Retrieved 11 August 2010. 
  66. ^ (Spanish) Varillas, Adriana (3 May 2012). "Revocan anulación de bodas gay en QRoo". El Universal. Retrieved 15 February 2014. 
  67. ^ (Spanish) Mauricio Torres (14 November 2013). "Senadores proponen legalizar el matrimonio gay en todo México". CNN México. Retrieved 15 February 2014. 
  68. ^ (Spanish) "Propone Fernando Mayans Canabal reconocer el matrimonio sin distinción de preferencia sexual". Senado de México. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014. 
  69. ^ Associated Press (4 March 2010). "Mexico City's gay marriage law takes effect". MSNBC. Retrieved 6 March 2010. 
  70. ^ (Spanish) Jesús Castro (12 February 2014). "Ya pueden parejas gay adoptar en Coahuila; PAN vota en contra". Vanguardia. Retrieved 12 February 2014. 
  71. ^ "Intercountry Adoption: Mexico". Office of Children Issues, U.S. Dept. of State. November 2009. 
  72. ^ (Spanish) Milenio Semanal (17 October 2010). "Homosexualidad y Ejército". Retrieved 31 October 2010. 
  73. ^ International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC) (23 April 2003). "Mexico protects its gay and lesbian citizens with new law". Retrieved 27 November 2009. 
  74. ^ International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) Trans (29 August 2008). "Mexico City extends official rights to transgender individuals". Retrieved 27 November 2009. 
  75. ^ Geidner, Chris (23 April 2012). "Transgender Breakthrough". Metro Weekly. Retrieved 4 August 2012. 
  76. ^ HHS: Health Reform Law Prohibits Antitransgender Bias in Care
  77. ^ http://www.nacion.com/nacional/salud-publica/CCSS-aprobo-extender-seguro-parejas_0_1416058622.html
  78. ^ "Burgerlijk Wetboek, Boek 1 (Civil Code, Book 1)". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 19 April 2013. 
  79. ^ (Spanish) Gaceta Oficial No. 29 Extraordinaria de 17 de junio de 2014
  80. ^ (Spanish) Entra en vigor nuevo Código de Trabajo
  81. ^ Dominican Republic reiterates ban on gay cops and soldiers
  82. ^ "Constitution of Montserrat Part I: Fundamental Rights & Freedoms". Government of Montserrat. Retrieved 15 July 2014. 
  83. ^ Argentina Passes Gay Marriage Bill
  84. ^ AG magazine (2 March 2009). "A New Argentina Overturns Gay Military Ban". Queerty. Retrieved 1 January 2010. 
  85. ^ Página12, 10 May 2012
  86. ^ Constitución Política del Estado VIGENTE Bolivia
  87. ^ [1]
  88. ^ http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=178931
  89. ^ CNJ obriga cartórios de todo o país a celebrar casamento entre gays
  90. ^ CNJ obriga cartórios a celebrar casamento entre homossexuais
  91. ^ http://www.athosgls.com.br/noticias_visualiza.php?contcod=29208
  92. ^ (Portuguese) Patricia Silva Gadelha (March 2006). "A prática da pederastia é crime militar". Jus Navigandi. Retrieved 10 September 2013. 
  93. ^ Homosexuality is not deviant - Federal Council of Psychologists of Brazil (Portuguese)
  94. ^ Psychiatrist Jairo Bouer talks about the "collateral effects" of "gay cure" bill (Portuguese)
  95. ^ (Portuguese) Iara Bernardi (December 2010). "Projeto de Lei 122/2006". Retrieved 31 December 2010. 
  96. ^ (Portuguese) Expresso da Notícia (13 January 2006). "Justiça autoriza alteração no registro de transexual que trocou de sexo". Jus Brasil. Retrieved 1 January 2010. 
  97. ^ (Portuguese) Expresso da Notícia (25 December 2005). "Justica autoriza mudança de sexo em documentos". Jus Brasil. Retrieved 1 January 2010. 
  98. ^ Changing name and sex in documentation – Brazilian Association of Trans Men (Portuguese)
  99. ^ http://noticias.terra.cl/nacional/politica/aprueban-idea-de-legislar-proyecto-de-avp-en-el-senado,fd6b7b7e4ee63410VgnVCM4000009bcceb0aRCRD.html
  100. ^ http://www.latercera.com/noticia/politica/2010/08/674-281376-9-fulvio-rossi-presenta-proyecto-que-instaura-matrimonio-homosexual.shtml
  101. ^ http://www.cascaraamarga.es/politica-lgtb/lgtb-internacional/10299-el-proyecto-de-ley-de-matrimonio-igualitario-llega-al-parlamento-de-chile.html
  102. ^ http://www.cascaraamarga.es/politica-lgtb/lgtb-internacional/10299-el-proyecto-de-ley-de-matrimonio-igualitario-llega-al-parlamento-de-chile.html
  103. ^ (Spanish) Claudio Ortiz Lazo. "Reflexiones en torno a la homosexualidady fuerzas armadas". Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad. Retrieved 21 April 2012. 
  104. ^ (Spanish) Movilh (February 2011). "IX Informe Anual de Derechos Humanos de la Diversidad Sexual en Chile". Retrieved 21 April 2012. 
  105. ^ "Chile Congress passes anti-discrimination law". Jurist.org. 5 April 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012. 
  106. ^ http://www.biobiochile.cl/2014/01/21/senado-aprueba-idea-de-legislar-proyecto-de-ley-de-identidad-de-genero.shtml
  107. ^ http://noticias.terra.cl/nacional/,08dc7e10cb6b3410VgnVCM20000099cceb0aRCRD.html
  108. ^ http://www.enewspaper.mx/archivos/98136
  109. ^ "Histórico fallo: Corte aprueba adopción de niña a compañera lesbiana de su madre biológica". (Spanish)
  110. ^ "Este miércoles el presidente Santos sanciona ley antidiscriminación". ElTiempo.com. 29 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011. (Spanish)
  111. ^ Mora, Manuel Velandia. "Cambio de nombre es posible en Colombia". Manuel Antonio Velandia Mora Autobiografía y artículos. Retrieved 30 September 2010. (Spanish)
  112. ^ Rodríguez, Yesyd. "Ecuador celebró la primera unión de hecho entre personas del mismo sexo, desatando la indignación de la iglesia católica". Dos Manzanas. Retrieved 30 September 2010. (Spanish)
  113. ^ The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008
  114. ^ http://www.thedailyherald.com/regional/2-news/33563-army-wont-discriminate-against-its-gay-soldiers-.html
  115. ^ a b "Paraguay - Constitution". International Contitutional Law. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 
  116. ^ (Spanish) La unión civil y unión solidaria volverán a debatirse en agosto en Perú
  117. ^ "El Tribunal Constitucional de Perú considera que no se puede excluir de la Polícia o el Ejército a las personas homosexuales". Dos Manzanas. 13 December 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 
  118. ^ Hilary Burke (18 December 2007). "Uruguay OKs gay unions in Latin American first". Reuters. Retrieved 1 January 2010. 
  119. ^ http://archivo.presidencia.gub.uy/sci/leyes/2013/05/mec_913.pdf
  120. ^ Reuters (9 September 2009). "Lawmakers in Uruguay Vote to Allow Gay Couples to Adopt". New York Times. Retrieved 1 January 2010. 
  121. ^ Rachel Weiner (15 May 2009). "Uruguay Lifts Ban On Gays In The Military". Huffington Post. Retrieved 1 January 2010. 
  122. ^ a b (Spanish) Congress of Uruguay (18 August 2004). "Ley N° 17.817". Retrieved 1 January 2010. 
  123. ^ Free Speech Radio News (11 December 2009). "Uruguay passes bill to allow citizens to choose gender identity". Retrieved 1 January 2010. 
  124. ^ http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/librev/rev/indercom/cont/27/leg/leg8.pdf
  125. ^ http://www.zur2.com/objetivos/senvenez/vagos.html
  126. ^ "Kazakhstan Says No to Gays in Military". Eurasianet. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2012. 
  127. ^ LGBTQ Timeline
  128. ^ "Law prohibiting discrimination in products, services, and entry to businesses" (in Hebrew). Israeli Economy Ministry. Retrieved 2013-05-09. 
  129. ^ "El Al vs. Yonatan Danilovich" (in Hebrew). Supreme Court of Israel. Retrieved 2013-05-09. 
  130. ^ Kuwait Law
  131. ^ http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/would-gays-be-executed-or-imprisoned-palestinian-state_593540.html
  132. ^ Bangladesh government makes Hijra an official gender option
  133. ^ CIVIL APPEAL NO.10972 OF 2013 (Arising out of SLP (C) No.15436 of 2009), Supreme Court of India, retrieved on 15 April 2014
  134. ^ "India’s Supreme Court Restores an 1861 Law Banning Gay Sex". The New York Times. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2014. 
  135. ^ a b "Lesbian marriages, born of a legal loophole, stir debate in India". 
  136. ^ "Being gay still a crime in the military". StratPost. 2 July 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2010. 
  137. ^ Supreme Court recognizes transgenders as 'third gender', The Times of India, retrieved 15 April 2014
  138. ^ "CBC News - Film - Iran's gay plan". Cbc.ca. 26 August 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2010. 
  139. ^ Darker side of the Maldives: Public lashings, religious extremists and a gay blogger with his throat slashed
  140. ^ "Sexual Orientation / Gender Identity References". U.S. Department of State Human Rights Reports for 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 
  141. ^ "Asia's Silence on Gays in Military Broken by Taiwan". Palm Center. 15 May 2002. Retrieved 5 September 2010. 
  142. ^ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
  143. ^ http://aamacau.com/2014/11/23/%E5%85%AD%E5%8D%81%E6%AD%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%88%9D%E6%88%80-%E9%9A%94%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%B8%E6%9C%9B%EF%BC%8D%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%87%E6%B8%AF%E6%BE%B3%E5%B9%B4%E9%95%B7%E7%94%B7%E5%90%8C%E5%BF%97/
  144. ^ http://mcnews.cc/?p=668
  145. ^ Gender reassignment rule to be changed
  146. ^ Rough Guide to South East Asia: Third Edition. Rough Guides Ltd. August 2005. p. 74. ISBN 1843534371. 
  147. ^ "Aceh passes stoning law". The Straits Times. 14 September 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2009. 
  148. ^ "Sacking Sergeant SNF, Court: Homosex a Threat to Army". Detik. 16 November 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013. 
  149. ^ a b "Philippines: Congress Approves Anti-Discrimination Bill". Iglhrc.org. 24 January 2004. Retrieved 5 September 2010. 
  150. ^ PNA, PNA. "Passage of Cebu's anti-discrimination law lauded". Local News. Sun Star Publishing, Inc. Retrieved 23 October 2012. 
  151. ^ http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/324189/davao-council-bans-discrimination-vs-gays-minority-differently-abled
  152. ^ "Gay Filipinos and Rainbow - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". Lifestyle.inquirer.net. 21 November 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2010. 
  153. ^ Same-sex marriage may come true under Thai junta
  154. ^ Perspective: what has the EU done for LGBT rights?, Café Babel, 17 May 2010
  155. ^ What is the current legal situation in the EU?, ILGA Europe
  156. ^ (German) Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz
  157. ^ (German) Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Änderung
  158. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Map shows how Europe forces trans people to be sterilized
  159. ^ (Croatian) Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola
  160. ^ (Croatian) "Zakon o suzbijanju diskriminacije". Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 21 July 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2014. 
  161. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Rainbow Europe Country Index
  162. ^ (Croatian)"Pravilnik o načinu prikupljanja medicinske dokumentacije te utvrđivanja uvjeta i pretpostavki za promjenu spola i drugom rodnom identitetu.". Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 15 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014. 
  163. ^ (Czech) 115/2006 Sb. o registrovaném partnerství a o změně některých souvisejících zákonů
  164. ^ (German) Gesetz über die Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft
  165. ^ (German) Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts
  166. ^ (German) Gesetz über die Änderung der Vornamen und die Feststellung der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit in besonderen Fällen
  167. ^ (Hungarian) 2009. évi XXIX. törvény a bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolatról, az ezzel összefüggő, valamint az élettársi viszony igazolásának megkönnyítéséhez szükséges egyes törvények módosításáról
  168. ^ (German) Gesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare (Partnerschaftsgesetz; PartG)
  169. ^ The Constitution of the Republic of Poland
  170. ^ see for example: T. Smyczynski, Prawo rodzinne i opiekuńcze, C.H. Beck 2005
  171. ^ http://www.teraz.sk/slovensko/nrsr-droba-registrovane-partnerstva/103830-clanok.html
  172. ^ Homophobia and Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the EU Member States Part II: The Social Situation
  173. ^ Law change criminalises homophobia
  174. ^ (Slovene) 2840. Zakon o registraciji istospolne partnerske skupnosti
  175. ^ "Confronting Homophobia in Europe". Retrieved 2013-10-10. 
  176. ^ (German) Bundesgesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare
  177. ^ (German) 13.468 – Parlamentarische Initiative - Ehe für alle
  178. ^ Switzerland: a law will open some adoption rights to homosexuals, dot429.com, Retrieved 29 March 2014
  179. ^ (French) Avis de droit OFEC: Transsexualisme, Federal Department of Justice and Police, retrieved on 9 May 2013
  180. ^ "Armenia: Gays live with threats of violence, abuse". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 30 March 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2012. 
  181. ^ "Belarus: Attitude towards homosexuals and lesbians in Belarus; state protection available to non-heterosexuals in Belarus with special attention to Minsk (2000-2005)". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 17 January 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2012. 
  182. ^ Comment: With all eyes on anti-gay Russia, there are three countries with a shocking need for coverage
  183. ^ LAW OF GEORGIA ON THE ELIMINATION OF All FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION
  184. ^ Denmark changes sex change laws
  185. ^ (Estonian) "Kooseluseadus". Riigikogu. 9 October 2014. 
  186. ^ http://www.information.dk/476162
  187. ^ (Swedish) Lag om registrerat partnerskap
  188. ^ (Finnish) Eduskunta hyväksyi kansalaisaloitteen avioliittolain muuttamisesta Retrieved 30.12.2014
  189. ^ (Swedish) Medborgarinitiativ till riksdagen med förslag till lagar om ändring av äktenskapslagen, lagen om registrerat partnerskap och lagen om fastställande av transsexuella personers könstillhörighet (MI 3/2013 rd)
  190. ^ (Finnish) Ihmisoikeudet kuuluvat myös transsukupuolisille
  191. ^ (Latvian) Cik viegli pārvērsties no Ievas par Ādamu?
  192. ^ (Lithuanian) Lietuvos Respublikos Civilinis kodeksas (Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania
  193. ^ (Norwegian) "Norwegian Penal code, Straffelov­en, section 135a". Lovdata. 
  194. ^ (Catalan) Llei 4/2005, del 21 de febrer, qualificada de les unions estables de parella
  195. ^ (Catalan) Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995
  196. ^ Enllestida la llei d’unions civils amb el procés d’adopció dels matrimonis
  197. ^ (Catalan) Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995
  198. ^ (Catalan) Demà entren en vigor lleis importants, com la d'unions civils o la 'regla d´or'
  199. ^ "Δημόσια Διαβούλευση Ο περί Συμφώνου Συμβίωσης Νόμος του 2014". Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, Υπουργείο Εσωτερικών (in Greek). Retrieved 11 October 2014. 
  200. ^ CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 2014
  201. ^ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 239
  202. ^ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 314
  203. ^ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 1211
  204. ^ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 15
  205. ^ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 204
  206. ^ (Italian) Atto Senato n. 393
  207. ^ (Italian) "Legge 14 Aprile 1982, n. 164 (GU n. 106 del 19/04/1982) Norme in Materia di Rettificazione di Attribuzione di Sesso". Archived from the original on 23 May 2007. 
  208. ^ "Macedonia Moves to Rule Out Same-Sex Marriage". Balkan Insight. 1 July 2014. 
  209. ^ AN ACT to regulate civil unions and to provide for matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto
  210. ^ AN ACT to regulate civil unions and to provide for matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto
  211. ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_union_legislation
  212. ^ (Spanish) Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas
  213. ^ (German) Gesetz zur Einführung des gesetzlichen Zusammenwohnens
  214. ^ (French) (Dutch) Loi du 10 mai 2007 relative à la transsexualité/Wet van 10 mei 2007 betreffende de transseksualiteit
  215. ^ (French) Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité
  216. ^ Sexual Offences (Bailiwick of Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2011
  217. ^ Homosexual Offenses and Human Rights in Guernsey
  218. ^ a b "The Prevention of Discrimination (Enabling Provisions) (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law, 2004". Guernsey Legal Resources. Retrieved 31 May 2014. 
  219. ^ In the case of X 2007
  220. ^ Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010
  221. ^ "Employment Equality Act, 1998". Irishstatutebook.ie. 18 June 1998. Retrieved 11 July 2010. 
  222. ^ "Equal Status Act, 2000". Irishstatutebook.ie. 26 April 2000. Retrieved 11 July 2010. 
  223. ^ Prohibition of Incitement To Hatred Act, 1989 - Irish Statute Book
  224. ^ Civil Partnership Act 2011
  225. ^ GENDER RECOGNITION ACT 2009
  226. ^ Gender recognition bill to provide protection to Isle of Man trans residents
  227. ^ Civil Partnership (Jersey) Law 2012
  228. ^ Equal Marriage and Partnership Options Paper Report
  229. ^ GENDER RECOGNITION (JERSEY) LAW 2010
  230. ^ (French) Loi du 9 juillet 2004 relative aux effets légaux de certains partenariats
  231. ^ {fr icon}} Mémorial A n° 207 de 2006
  232. ^ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
  233. ^ Civil Partnership Act 2004
  234. ^ Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4)
  235. ^ "Constitution of Kosovo; discrimination". 
  236. ^ a b c Northern Cyprus Decriminalizes Homosexuality and Protects LGBTs Against Hate Speech
  237. ^ a b c (Turkish) Kuzey Kıbrıs’ın “Eşcinsellik Suçu” Yasası Tarihe Karıştı!
  238. ^ http://tiras.ru/v-mire/34836-v-pridnestrove-kak-i-v-moldove-zaschityat-prava-geev-i-lesbiyanok.html
  239. ^ Marriage Amendment Act 2004
  240. ^ a b Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013
  241. ^ a b Marriage equality Bill officially signed into law, GayNZ.com, Retrieved 19 April 2013
  242. ^ Chand, Shalveen (26 February 2010). "Same sex law decriminalised". Fiji Times. Retrieved 6 October 2011. 
  243. ^ Palau decriminalises sex between men
  244. ^ "Sodomy Laws American Samoa". Sodomylaws.org. 28 March 2004. Archived from the original on 2012-02-19. Retrieved 21 December 2008. 
  245. ^ The Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010

External links