La sonnambula
| Vincenzo Bellini |
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Operas
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La sonnambula (The Sleepwalker) is an opera semiseria in two acts, with music in the bel canto tradition by Vincenzo Bellini to an Italian libretto by Felice Romani, based on a scenario for a ballet-pantomime by Eugène Scribe and Jean-Pierre Aumer called La somnambule, ou L'arrivée d'un nouveau seigneur.
The first performance took place at the Teatro Carcano, Milan on 6 March 1831.
The role of Amina was originally written for the mezzo-soprano Giuditta Pasta, and during Bellini's lifetime, another mezzo-soprano, Maria Malibran, was a notable exponent of the role. The majority of twentieth-century recordings have been made with a soprano cast as Amina, most with "added top-notes and [other] substantial changes". The first mezzo-soprano to record the role was Cecilia Bartoli.[1]
The phrase "Ah! non credea mirarti / Sì presto estinto, o fior" from the aria "Ah! non credea mirarti" of La sonnambula is inscribed on Bellini's tomb in the Cathedral of Catania, Sicily.
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Performance history [edit]
With its pastoral setting and story, La sonnambula was an immediate success and is still regularly performed. The title role of Amina (the titular sleepwalker) with its high tessitura is renowned for its difficulty, requiring a complete command of trills and florid technique.[2]
The opera was first given in London on 28 July 1831 at the King's Theatre in London and in New York on 13 November 1835 at the Park Theatre.[3]
In the 20th century, the role of Amina was sung by Maria Callas in the now-famous 1955 production by Luchino Visconti at La Scala. Joan Sutherland sang Amina at the Metropolitan Opera in 1960. While not part of the standard repertory, La sonnambula is performed reasonably frequently and, in the 21st century has been presented with Natalie Dessay in three productions, firstly by The Santa Fe Opera with Natalie Dessay in 2004, and then in Paris during the 2006/2007 season and an Met in 2009. A production was mounted by The Royal Opera House in London in 2011.
Roles [edit]
| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast, 6 March 1831 (Conductor: Nicola Zamboni Petrini)[4] |
|---|---|---|
| Count Rodolfo | bass | Luciano Mariani |
| Amina | soprano | Giuditta Pasta |
| Elvino | tenor | Giovanni Battista Rubini |
| Lisa | soprano | Elisa Taccani |
| Teresa | mezzo-soprano | Felicita Baillou-Hilaret |
| Alessio | bass | Lorenzo Biondi |
| Notary | tenor | Antonio Crippa |
| Villagers - Chorus | ||
Synopsis [edit]
Act 1 [edit]
Scene 1: A village, a mill in the background
Lisa, the proprietress of the inn, is consumed with jealousy as the betrothal procession of Amina and Elvino, who had once been betrothed to her, approaches. She spurns the lovelorn Alessio. Amina thanks her friends for their kind wishes and particularly her foster-mother Teresa, owner of the mill, who had adopted her as an orphan. She thanks Alessio, who had composed the wedding song and organised the celebrations, wishing him well in his courtship of Lisa, who continues to reject his advances. Elvino arrives, having stopped on his way at his mother's grave to ask her blessing on Amina. He gives Amina his mother's ring and they exchange vows.
A stranger arrives, asking the way to the castle. Lisa points out that it is getting late and he will not reach it before dark and offers him lodging at her inn. The newcomer, who surprises the villagers by his familiarity with the locality, asks about the celebrations and admires Amina, who reminds him of a girl he had loved long ago. He admits to having once stayed in the castle, whose lord has been dead for four years. When Teresa explains that his son had vanished some years previously, the stranger assures them that he is alive and will return.
As darkness approaches the villagers warn him that it is time to be indoors to avoid the village phantom, but he is not superstitious and assures them that they will soon be free of the apparition. Elvino is jealous of the stranger's admiration of Amina; he is jealous even of the breezes that caress her, but he promises her he will reform.
Scene 2: A room in the inn
Lisa tells the stranger that he has been recognised as Rodolfo, the long-lost son of the count, and warns him that the village is preparing a formal welcome. Meanwhile she will be the first to pay her respects. She is flattered when he begins a flirtation with her, but runs out, dropping a handkerchief, when a sound is heard outside.
It is Amina, who enters the room, walking in her sleep. Rodolfo, realising that her nocturnal wanderings have given rise to the story of the village phantom, is about to take advantage of her helpless state but is struck by her obvious innocence and refrains. She falls asleep on the sofa and he goes outside as the villagers are heard advancing on the inn to welcome their new lord. Lisa points to the sleeping Amina; and Elvino, believing her faithless, rejects her in fury. Only Teresa believes in her innocence.
Act 2 [edit]
Scene 1: A wood
On their way to ask the count to attest to Amina's innocence, the villagers meet Amina and Teresa, on a similar mission. Elvino continues to reject Amina, even when the count sends a message that she is innocent. Elvino is not convinced and takes back the ring, though he is unable to tear her image from his heart.
Scene 2: The village, as in Act I
Elvino has decided to marry Lisa. They are about to go to the church when Rodolfo tries to explain that Amina is innocent because she had not come to his room awake - she is a somnambulist, a sleepwalker, but Elvino refuses to believe him.
Teresa begs the villagers to be quiet, because Amina has at last fallen into an exhausted sleep. Learning of the impending marriage, she confronts Lisa, who says that she has never been found alone in a man's room. Teresa produces the handkerchief Lisa had dropped. The Count refuses to comment, but continues to assert Amina's virtue. Elvino demands proof, which is dramatically produced when Amina is seen walking in her sleep across the high, dangerously unstable mill bridge. Rodolfo warns that to wake her would be fatal, so all watch as she relives her betrothal and her grief at Elvino's rejection. When she reaches the other side safely, Elvino calls to her and she wakes to find herself in his arms, to the rejoicing of all.
Noted arias [edit]
- "Come per me sereno" (Amina)
- "Prendi, l'anel ti dono" (Elvino)
- "Vi ravviso, o luoghi ameni" (Rodolfo)
- "Tutto è sciolto" (Elvino)
- "Ah! non credea mirarti" (Amina)
Recordings [edit]
Audio [edit]
| Year | Cast (Amina, Elvino, Rodolfo, Lisa, Teresa, Alessio, Notary) |
Conductor, Director Opera House and Orchestra |
Label[5] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1952 | Lina Pagliughi, Ferruccio Tagliavini, Cesare Siepi, Wanda Ruggeri, Anna Maria Anelli |
Franco Capuana, RAI Torino Orchestra and Chorus |
Audio CD: Preiser Records Cat: 20038 |
| 1955 | Maria Callas, Cesare Valletti, Giuseppe Modesti, Eugenia Ratti, Gabriella Carturan |
Leonard Bernstein, La Scala Orchestra and Chorus (Recording of a performance at La Scala, 5 March 1955) |
DVD: EMI Cat: CMS 5 67906-2 |
| 1957 | Maria Callas, Nicola Monti, Nicola Zaccaria, Eugenia Ratti, Fiorenza Cossotto |
Antonino Votto, La Scala orchestra and chorus |
Audio CD: EMI Classics Cat: B000002RXR |
| 1962 | Joan Sutherland, Nicola Monti, Fernando Corena, Sylvia Stahlman, Margreta Elkins |
Richard Bonynge, Maggio Musicale Fiorentino Orchestra and Chorus |
Audio CD: Decca Cat: 448 966-2; 455 823-2 (France) |
| 1980 | Joan Sutherland, Luciano Pavarotti, Nicolai Ghiaurov, Isobel Buchanan, Della Jones |
Richard Bonynge, National Philharmonic Orchestra London Opera Chorus |
Audio CD: Decca Cat: 417 424-2 |
| 1986 | Jana Valášková, Josef Kundlák, Peter Mikuláš, Eva Antolicová, Ján Gallo |
Ondrej Lenárd, Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra Slovak Philharmonic Chorus |
Audio CD: Opus Cat: 9356 1928/29 |
| 1992 | Luba Orgonasova, Raúl Giménez, Francesco Ellero d'Artegna, Dilbèr, Alexandra Papadjiakou |
Alberto Zedda, Netherlands Radio Chamber Orchestra (Recording of a concert performance in the Concertgebouw, Amsterdam) |
Audio CD: Naxos Cat: 8.660042/43 |
| 2006 | Natalie Dessay, Francesco Meli, Carlo Colombara, Sara Mingardo, Jael Azzaretti |
Evelino Pido, Orchestra and Chorus of the Opéra de Lyon |
Audio CD: Virgin Classics Cat: 3 95138 2 |
| 2008 | Cecilia Bartoli, Juan Diego Flórez, Ildebrando D'Arcangelo, Gemma Bertagnolli, Liliana Nikiteanu |
Alessandro De Marchi, Orchestra La Scintilla |
Audio CD: Decca Cat: 478 1084 |
Video [edit]
| Year | Cast (Amina, Elvino, Rodolfo, Lisa, Teresa, Alessio, Notary) |
Conductor, Director Opera House and Orchestra |
Label[5] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1956 | Anna Moffo, Danilo Vega, Plinio Clabassi, Gianna Galli, Anna Maria Anelli |
Bruno Bartoletti, Mario Lanfranchi RAI Milano Orchestra and Chorus (Video recording of a black and white television film) |
DVD: Video Artists International Cat: 4239 |
| 2004 | Eva Mei, José Bros, Giacomo Prestia, Gemma Bertagnolli, Nicoletta Curiel |
Daniel Oren, Federico Tiezzi RAI Maggio Musicale Fiorentino (Video recording made at performances in January 2004) |
DVD: TDK DVWW Cat: 4239 |
| 2010 | Natalie Dessay, Juan Diego Florez, Michele Pertussi, Jennifer Black, Jane Bunnell, Jeremy Galyon, Bernard Fitch |
Evelino Pidò, Mary Zimmerman The Metropolitan Opera Orchestra, Chorus and Ballet (Video recording made at performances in March 2009) |
DVD: Decca Cat: B002Y5FKUE |
References [edit]
Notes
- ^ Notes in literature accompanying the Bartoli CD recording. Retrieved on 3 June 2010.
- ^ Eaton, p. 135
- ^ Holden, p. 50
- ^ worldcat.org (accessed 27 December 2011)
- ^ a b Recordings on La sonnambula on operadis-opera-discography.org.uk
Cited Sources
- Holden, Amanda (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001. ISBN 0-14-029312-4
- Eaton, Quaintance, Opera Production 1: a Handbook, Da Capo Press, 1974 ISBN 0-306-70635-0 ISBN 0-306-70635-0
Other sources
- Anderson, James, The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, Wings Books, 1993 ISBN 0-517-09156-9
- Orrey, Leslie, Bellini (The Master Musicians Series), London: J. M. Dent, Ltd., 1973 ISBN: 0-460-02137-0
- Osborne, Charles, The Bel Canto Operas of Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini, Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press, 1994 ISBN 0-931340-71-3
External links [edit]
- Francis Shelton, "Bellini: La sonnambula" (review of Cecilia Bartoli's performance in the title role, Festspielhaus, Baden-Baden, 10 April 2008), Musical Criticism.
- Synopsis of La Sonnambula (The Metropolitan Opera)
