Labiodental consonant
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| Places of articulation |
|---|
|
Labial |
| Bilabial |
| Labial–velar |
| Labial–coronal |
| Labiodental |
| Dentolabial |
|
Bidental |
|
Coronal |
| Linguolabial |
| Interdental |
| Dental |
| Denti-alveolar |
| Alveolar |
| Postalveolar |
| Palato-alveolar |
| Alveolo-palatal |
| Retroflex |
|
Dorsal |
| Palatal |
| Labial–palatal |
| Velar |
| Uvular |
| Uvular–epiglottal |
|
Radical |
| Pharyngeal |
| Epiglotto-pharyngeal |
| Epiglottal |
|
Glottal |
| Tongue shape |
|
Apical |
| Laminal |
| Subapical |
|
Lateral |
| Sulcal |
|
Palatal |
| Pharyngeal |
|
See also: Manner of articulation |
| This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] |
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In phonetics, labiodentals are consonants articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
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[edit] Labiodental consonant in IPA
The labiodental consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:
| IPA | Description | Example | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning | ||
| p̪ | voiceless labiodental plosive | ||||
| b̪ | voiced labiodental plosive | ||||
| p̪͡f | voiceless labiodental affricate | Tsonga | N/A | [tiɱp̪͡fuβu] | 'hippos' |
| b̪͡v | voiced labiodental affricate | Tsonga | N/A | [ʃileb̪͡vu] | 'chin' |
| ɱ | labiodental nasal | English | symphony | [ˈsɪɱfəni] | 'symphony' |
| f | voiceless labiodental fricative | English | fan | [fæn] | 'fan' |
| v | voiced labiodental fricative | English | van | [væn] | 'van' |
| ʋ | labiodental approximant | Dutch | wang | [ʋɑŋ] | 'cheek' |
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labiodental flap | Mono | vwa | [ⱱa] | 'send' |
 |
labiodental click | Nǁng | ʘoe | [ʘ̪oe] | meat |
The IPA symbol ɧ refers to a sound occurring in Swedish, officially described as similar to the velar fricative [x], but one dialectal variant is a rounded, velarized labiodental, less ambiguously rendered as [fˠʷ]. The labiodental click is an allophonic variant of the (bi)labial click.
[edit] Occurrence
The only common labiodental sounds to occur phonemically are the fricatives and the approximant. The labiodental flap occurs phonemically in over a dozen languages, but it is restricted geographically to central and southeastern Africa (Olson & Hajek 2003). With most other manners of articulation, the norm are bilabial consonants (which together with labiodentals, form the class of labial consonants).
[ɱ] is quite common, but in all or nearly all languages in which it occurs, it occurs only as an allophone of /m/ before labiodental consonants such as /v/ and /f/. It has been reported to occur phonemically in a dialect of Teke, but similar claims in the past have proven spurious.
The XiNkuna dialect of Tsonga features a pair of affricates as phonemes. In some other languages, such as Xhosa, affricates may occur as allophones of the fricatives. These differ from the German bilabial-labiodental affricate <pf>, which commences with a bilabial p. All these affricates are rare sounds.
The plosives are not confirmed to exist as separate phonemes in any language. They are sometimes written as ȹ ȸ (qp and db ligatures). They may also be found in children's speech or as speech impediments[citation needed].
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
- Olson, Kenneth S. & John Hajek. 2003. Crosslinguistic insights on the labial flap. Linguistic Typology 7(2). 157–186
