Lamia (mythology)
.jpg) The Lamia: In this 1909 painting by Herbert James Draper, Lamia has human legs and a snakeskin around her waist. There is also a small snake on her right forearm. |
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| Creature | |
|---|---|
| Grouping | Legendary creature |
| Sub grouping | Daemon |
| Similar creatures | Empusa, Mormo |
| Data | |
| Mythology | Greek |
| Country | Born in Libya but roams throughout Europe |
In ancient Greek mythology, Lamia (Greek: Λάμια) was a beautiful queen of Libya who became a child-eating daemon. Aristophanes claimed her name derived from the Greek word for gullet (λαιμός; laimos), referring to her habit of devouring children.[1]
Some accounts say she has a serpent's tail below the waist.[2] This popular description of her is largely due to Lamia, a poem by John Keats published in 1819.[3] Antoninus Liberalis uses Lamia as an alternate name for the serpentine drakaina Sybaris; however, Diodorus Siculus describes her as having nothing more than a distorted face.[4]
Later traditions referred to many lamiae; these were folkloric monsters similar to vampires and succubi that seduced young men and then fed on their blood.[5]
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[edit] Mythological history
According to Diodorus Siculus, Lamia was born the beautiful daughter of King Belus of Egypt, making her the granddaughter of Poseidon and Lybie.[6] Upon her father's death she became queen of one of his territories, Libya.[7] However, while visiting Delphi, Pausanias remarks Lamia was the daughter of Poseidon. He also states Lamia and Zeus were the parents of Herophile, a noted sibyl.
Diodorus goes on to relate Lamia had an affair with Zeus and bore him children. When Hera, Zeus' wife, discovered the affair, she became enraged and killed the children. Driven insane with grief, Lamia began devouring other children, and, according to Diodorus.[8]
Zeus then gave her the ability to remove her eyes. In Diodorus the purpose of this is unclear, but other versions state this came with the gift of prophecy. Zeus did this to appease Lamia in her grief over the loss of her children.[9]
Later stories state Lamia was cursed with the inability to close her eyes so that she would always obsess over the image of her dead children. Some accounts (such as that of Horace, below) say Hera forced Lamia to devour her own children. Myths variously describe Lamia's monstrous (occasionally serpentine) appearance as a result of either Hera's wrath, the pain of grief, the madness that drove her to murder, or - in some rare versions - a natural result of being Hecate's daughter.[10]
Horace, in Ars Poetica (l.340) imagines the impossibility of retrieving the living children she has eaten:
Neu pranse Lamiae vivum puerum extrabat alvo.
Alexander Pope translates the line:
Shall Lamia in our sight her sons devour, and give them back alive the self-same hour?
Stesichorus identifies Lamia as the mother of Scylla, by Phorcys.[11] This might be a conflation of Lamia with the sea goddess Ceto, traditionally Phorcys's wife and mother of Scylla. Further passing references to Lamia were made by Strabo (i.II.8) and Aristotle (Ethics vii.5). Other sources cite Triton as having fathered Scylla by Lamia. Antoninus Liberalis identifies the dragon Sybaris with Lamia, another conflation.
[edit] Interpretations
Mothers throughout Europe used to threaten their children with the story of Lamia.[12] Leinweber states, "She became a kind of fairy-tale figure, used by mothers and nannies to induce good behavior among children."[13]
Many lurid details were conjured up by later writers, assembled in the Suda, expanded upon in Renaissance poetry and collected in Bulfinch and in Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable: Lamia was envious of other mothers and ate their children. She was usually female, but Aristophanes suggests a hermaphroditic phallus, perhaps simply for monstrosity's sake.[14] Leinweber notes, "By the time of Apuleius, not only were Lamia characteristics liberally mixed into popular notions of sorcery, but at some level the very names were interchangeable." [15] Nicolas K. Kiessling compared the lamia with the medieval succubus and Grendel in Beowulf.[16]
Apuleius, in The Golden Ass, describes the witch Meroe and her sister as lamiae:[17] "The three major enchantresses of the novel — Meroe, Panthia and Pamphylia — also reveal many vampiric qualities generally associated with Lamiae," David Walter Leinweber has noticed.[18]
One interpretation posits the Lamia may have been a seductress, as in Philostratus' Life of Apollonius of Tyana, where the philosopher Apollonius reveals to the young bridegroom, Menippus, his hastily-married wife is really a lamia, planning to devour him.[19] Some harlots were named "Lamia".[20] The connection between Demetrius Poliorcetes and the courtesan Lamia was notorious.[21][22][23] In the painting by Herbert James Draper (1909, illustration above), the Lamia who moodily watches the serpent on her forearm appears to represent a hetaira. Although the lower body of Draper's Lamia is human, he alludes to her serpentine history by draping a shed snake skin about her waist. In Renaissance emblems, Lamia has the body of a serpent and the breasts and head of a woman, like the image of hypocrisy[citation needed].
Christian writers warned against the seductive potential of lamiae. In his 9th-century treatise on divorce, Hincmar, archbishop of Reims, listed lamiae among the supernatural dangers that threatened marriages, and identified them with geniciales feminae,[24] female reproductive spirits.[25]
John Keats described the Lamia in Lamia and Other Poems, presenting a description of the various colors of Lamia that was based on Burton's in The Anatomy of Melancholy.[26] The Keats story follows the general plotline of Philostratus, with Apollonius revealing Lamia's true nature before her wedding.
[edit] Modern folk traditions
In the modern Greek folk tradition, the Lamia has survived and retained many of her traditional attributes.[27] John Cuthbert Lawson remarks "....the chief characteristics of the Lamiae, apart from their thirst for blood, are their uncleanliness, their gluttony, and their stupidity".[28] The contemporary Greek proverb, "της Λάμιας τα σαρώματα" ("the Lamia's sweeping"), epitomises slovenliness[citation needed]; and the common expression, "τό παιδί τό 'πνιξε η Λάμια" ("the child has been strangled by the Lamia")[citation needed], explains the sudden death of young children (ibid). As in Bulgarian folklore and Basque legends, the Lamia in Greece is often associated with caves and damp places.
In modern Greek folk tales, Lamia is an ogress similar to Baba-Yaga, in that she lives in a remote house or tower, eats human flesh, has magical abilities, keeps magical objects or knows information crucial to the hero of the tale's quest. The hero must avoid her, trick her or gain her favour in order to obtain one of those. In some tales, the lamia has a daughter who is also a magician and helps the hero, eventually falling in love with him. Lamia was the mother of Akhelios[citation needed]. Also, in modern times the lamia are sometimes seen as a 'species' of mythical half-human, half-snake creatures.
[edit] Popular Culture
- In several versions of MUDs, text-based multi-user games popular in the early 1990s, lamias appears as monsters in a wasteland area - Lamia Land.
- In the 2007 fantasy film Stardust, Lamia (portrayed by Michelle Pfeiffer) is the name of one of the three witches. Although they do not eat children, they eat the hearts of fallen stars, which is the source of their magical power.
- In the 2009 American horror film Drag Me To Hell, an erroneous version of the Lamia (portrayed as a wingless Baphomet-like daemon) is the main antagonist voiced by Art Kimbro. Lamia threatening to plunge the main character Christine Brown down into Hell for eternal torment after three days of escalating torment following a curse she receives from a vindictive gypsy woman that Christine denied a loan-expansion on.
- The song "The Lamia" by progressive rock band Genesis[29] from the album The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway[30] references the mythical creature when Rael enters a room with cool water when three of these creatures appear to him.[31]
- "Lamia" is the title of a 2011 episode of the BBC TV series Merlin. The villianess is a Lamia, said to be the product of the "Old Religion" combining women and serpents. She could alter men's minds and turn them to her will, leach their strength so they would sicken, and transform into a serpent-like monster.
- In the television series Supernatural, Sam and Dean Winchester asked Bobby Singer for help in identifying a particular monster, later answered as a Lamia. The monster was said to feed on human hearts and drink the blood. He also explained two ways to kill them: a silver dagger blessed by a priest and a mixture of salt and rosmary followed by incineration.
- Lamia is the name of a minor character in Neil Gaiman's BBC miniseries Neverwhere. She is the leader of the Velvets, a race of London Below, who "steal warmth" from their victims, turning them into cold heartless creatures like themselves, not dissimilar to vampires. Lamia is also observed as having the Siren-like ability to ensnare men to her and apparently turn them against their friends, which she does to Richard before she attempts to steal his warmth.
- In L.J. Smith's Night World series the term Lamia refers to those who are born as vampires. They age, eat and grow as humans do, but also have the ability to stop the aging process at any point they please; however, once a lamia that has stopped aging decides to begin aging again, the aging process will be accelerated so that their physical appearance will match their true age in a short amount of time. Also, the Lamia are able to have children, unlike the made vampires.
- The Lamias appear as monsters in AdventureQuest Worlds. They are found in the Djinn World alongside the Harpies. This game's version of the Lamia is a recolored version of this game's version of the Nure-onna.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Aristophanes, The Wasps, 1177.
- ^ Compare Typhon (Typhoeus), Echidna, the Gigantes and other archaic chthonic bogeys.
- ^ Keats, "Lamia"
- ^ Diodorus Siculus, Library of History xx.41.
- ^ Information on Lamia from the Online Encyclopedia
- ^ (Lybie is a personification of the country of Libya.)
- ^ Diodorus Siculus, Library of History xx.41.
- ^ Diodorus Siculus, Library of History xx.41.
- ^ Bell, Women of Classical Mythology, drawing upon Diodorus Siculus 22.41; Suidas 'Lamia'; Plutarch 'On Being a Busy-Body' 2; Scholiast on Aristophanes' Peace 757; Eustathius on Odyssey 1714)
- ^ Odyssey12.124 and scholia, noted by Karl Kerenyi, Gods of the Greeks 1951:38 note 71.
- ^ Stesichorus Frag 220, Eustathius on Homer's Odyssey 1714.
- ^ Tertullian, Against Valentinius (ch.iii)
- ^ Leinweber 1994:77.
- ^ Aristophanes, Peace, l..758
- ^ Leinweber 1994:78
- ^ See Nicolas K. Kiessling, "Grendel: A New Aspect" Modern Philology 65.3 (February 1968:191–201.
- ^ The Elizabethan translator William Adlington rendered lamiae as "hags", obscuring the reference for generations of readers. ([Apuleius], Metamorphoses [Harvard University Press] 1989 (Metamorphoses is more familiar to English-language readers as The Golden Ass.).
- ^ Leinweber, "Witchcraft and Lamiae in 'The Golden Ass'" Folklore 105 (1994:77–82).
- ^ Leinweber 1994:77f
- ^ Kerényi 1951 p 40.
- ^ See Plutarch, Life of Demetrius xxv.9
- ^ See Aelian, Varia Historia XII.xvii.1
- ^ See Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae III.lix.29.
- ^ Hincmar, De divortio Lotharii ("On Lothar's divorce"), XV Interrogatio, MGH Concilia 4 Supplementum, 205, as cited by Bernadotte Filotas, Pagan Survivals, Superstitions and Popular Cultures in Early Medieval Pastoral Literature (Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2005, p. 305.
- ^ In his 1628 Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis, Du Cange made note of the geniciales feminae, and associated them with words pertaining to generation and genitalia; entry online.
- ^ Keats made a note to this effect at the end of the first page in the fair copy he made: see William E. Harrold, "Keats's 'Lamia' and Peacock's 'Rhododaphne'" The Modern Language Review 61.4 (October 1966:579–584) p 579 and note with bibliography on this point.
- ^ Lamia receives a section in Georgios Megas and Helen Colaclides, Folktales of Greece (Folktales of the World) (University of Chicago Prtes) 1970.
- ^ Lawson, Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion: A Study in Survivals {Cambridge University Press)) 1910:175ff.
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_%28band%29
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lamb_Lies_Down_on_Broadway
- ^ http://www.allmusic.com/song/the-lamia-t1538430
- Graves, R (1955). "Lamia". Greek Myths. London: Penguin. pp. 205–06. ISBN 0-14-001026-2.
- Karl Kerényi, 1951. The Gods of the Greeks pp 38–40. Edition currently in print is Thames & Hudson reissue, February 1980, ISBN 0-500-27048-1.
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