# Laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy

Photoemission spectroscopy is a very powerful and sensitive experimental technique to study surface physics.[1] It is based on the photoelectric effect originally observed by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 and later explained by Albert Einstein in 1905 that when a material is shone by light, the electrons can absorb photons and escape from the material with the kinetic energy: $E = hf-\phi$, where $hf$ is the incident photon energy, $\phi$ the work function of the material. Since the kinetic energy of ejected electrons are highly associated with the internal electronic structure, by analyzing the photoelectron spectroscopy one can realize the fundamental physical and chemical properties of the material, such as the type and arrangement of local bonding, electronic structure and chemical composition.

In addition, because electrons with different momentum will escape from the sample in different directions, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) is widely used to provide the dispersive energy-momentum spectrum. The state-of-the-art modern photoemission experiment is conducted using synchrotron radiation light source with typical photon energy of 20 – 100 eV. Synchrotron light is ideal for investigating two-dimensional surface systems and offers unparalleled flexibility to continuously vary the incident photon energy. However, due to the high costs to construct and maintain this accelerator, high competition for beam time, as well as the universal minimum electron mean free path in the material around the operating photon energy (20–100 eV) which leads to the fundamental hindrance to the three-dimensional bulk materials sensitivity, an alternative photon source for angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy is desirable.

## Laser-based ARPES

### Background

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the table-top laser-based ARPES. Dichroic mirrors are indicated as dark green.[2]

### Experimental realization

The schematic diagram of the first 6 eV laser-based ARPES system is shown in Fig. 1. A Kerr mode-locked Ti: sapphire oscillator is used and pumped with another frequency doubled Nd: Vanadate laser of 5 W and then generates 70 fs and 6 nJ pulses which are tunable around 840 nm (1.5 eV) with the 1 MHz repetition rate. Two stages of non-linear second harmonic generation of light are carried out through type Ι phase matching in β-barium borate and then the quadruple light with 210 nm (~ 6 eV) is generated and finally focused and directed into the ultra-high vacuum chamber as the low-energy photon source to investigate the electronic structure of the sample.

In the first demonstration, Dessau’s group showed that the typical forth harmonic spectrum fits very well with the Gaussian profile with a full width at half maximum of 4.7 meV as well as presents a 200 μW power. The excellent performance of high flux (~ 1014- 1015 photons/s) and narrow bandwidth makes the laser-based ARPES overwhelm the synchrotron radiation ARPES even though the best undulator beamlines are used. Another noticeable point is that one can make the quadruple light pass through either 1/4 wave plate or 1/2 wave plate which produces the circular polarization or any linear polarization light in the ARPES. Because the polarization of light can influence the signal to background ratio, the ability to control the polarization of light is a very significant improvement and advantage over the synchrotron ARPES. With the aforementioned favorable features, including lower costs for operating and maintenance, better energy and momentum resolution, and higher flux and ease of polarization control of photon source, the laser-based ARPES undoubtedly is an ideal candidate to be employed to conduct more sophisticated experiments in condensed matter physics.

## Applications

Fig. 2. ARPES along the node of optimally doped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+d by (a) 6 eV laser photon source at T = 25 K, (b) 28 eV synchrotron photon at T = 26 K, (c) 52 eV at T = 16 K. Red circles are dispersion spectrum by laser photon source. Blue squares and black triangles are the dispersion data for panel (b) and (c), respectively.[3]

### High-Tc superconductor

One way to show the powerful ability of laser-based ARPES is to study high Tc superconductors.[3] Fig. 2 shows the experimental dispersion relation, binding energy vs. momentum, of the superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+d along the nodal direction of the Brillouin zone. Fig. 2 (b) and Fig. 2 (c) are taken by the synchrotron light source of 28 eV and 52 eV, respectively, with the best undulator beamlines. The significantly sharper spectral peaks, the evidence of quasiparticles in the cuprate superconductor, by the powerful laser-based ARPES are shown in Fig. 2 (a). This is the first comparison of dispersive energy-momentum relation at low photon energy from table-top laser with higher energy from synchrotron ARPES. The much clearer dispersion in (a) indicates the improved energy-momentum resolution as well as many important physical features, such as overall band dispersion, Fermi surface, superconducting gaps, and a kink by electron-boson coupling, are successfully reproduced. It is foreseeable that in the near future the laser-based ARPES will be widely used to help condensed matter physicists get more detailed information about the nature of superconductivity in the exotic materials as well as other novel properties that cannot be observed by the state-of-the-art conventional experimental techniques.

### Time-resolved electron dynamics

The femtosecond laser-based ARPES is also potential to be employed to explore the time-resolved electron dynamics by the pump-probe experiment which is very commonly used in the optical researches. In principle, by pumping an electron to a higher level excited state with the first photon, the subsequent evolution and interactions of electronic states as a function of time can be studied by the second probing photon. The traditional pump-probe experiments usually measure the changes of some optical constants, which might be too complex to obtain the relevant physics. Since the ARPES can provide a lot of detailed information about the electronic structures and interactions, the pump-probe laser-based ARPES may study more complicated electronic systems with sub-picosecond resolution.

## Summary and perspective

Even though the angle-resolved synchrotron radiation source is widely used to investigate the surface dispersive energy-momentum spectrum, the laser-based ARPES can even provide more detailed and bulk-sensitive electronic structures with much better energy and momentum resolution, which are critically necessary for studying the strongly correlated electronic system, high-Tc superconductor, and phase transition in exotic quantum system. In addition, the lower costs for operating and higher photon flux make laser-based ARPES easier to be handled and more versatile and powerful among other modern experimental techniques for surface science. It is foreseeable that the laser-based ARPES may even extend the field of traditional ARPES up to the study of other exotic nanomaterials, such as nanowires and colossal magnetoresistent materials.

## References

1. ^ K. Oura et al., Surface Science, An Introduction (Springer, Berlin, 2003).
2. ^ a b c J. Koralek et al. (2007). "Experimental setup for low-energy laser-based angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy". Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78 (5): 053905. arXiv:0706.1060. Bibcode:2007RScI...78e3905K. doi:10.1063/1.2722413. PMID 17552839.
3. ^ a b c J. Koralek et al. (2006). "Laser-based angle-resolved photoemission, the sudden approximation, and quasiparticle-like spectral peaks in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+d". Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (1): 017005. arXiv:cond-mat/0508404. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..96a7005K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.017005. PMID 16486502.
4. ^ Guodong Liu et al. (2008). "Development of a vacuum ultraviolet laser-based angle-resolved photoemission system with a superhigh energy resolution better than 1 meV". Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79 (2 Pt 1): 023105. arXiv:0711.0282. Bibcode:2008RScI...79b3105L. doi:10.1063/1.2835901. PMID 18315281.