Lee Metcalf

Lee Metcalf
United States Senator from Montana
In office January 3, 1961 – January 12, 1978
Preceded by	James Edward Murray
Succeeded by	Paul G. Hatfield
Permanent Acting President pro tempore of the United States Senate
In office June 15, 1963 – January 12, 1978
President	Carl Hayden Richard Russell, Jr. Allen J. Ellender James Eastland
Preceded by	None - title created
Succeeded by	None - title abolished
Personal details
Born	January 28, 1911(1911-01-28) Stevensville, Montana
Died	January 12, 1978(1978-01-12) (aged 66) Helena, Montana
Nationality	American
Political party	Democratic
Alma mater	Stanford University University of Montana
Military service
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1942-1946
Rank	First Lieutenant
Battles/wars	World War II

Lee Warren Metcalf (January 28, 1911 – January 12, 1978) was an American lawyer, judge, and politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a U.S. Representative (1953-1961) and a U.S. Senator (1961-1978) from Montana. He was permanent acting President pro tempore of the Senate, the only person to hold that position, from 1963 until his death in 1978.

Early life and education

Lee Metcalf was born in Stevensville, Montana, to Harold E. and Rhoda (née Smith) Metcalf. His father was the cashier of the First State Bank of Stevensville. He was raised on his family's farm. He graduated from Stevensville High School in 1928, and then studied at Montana State University, where he played first-string tackle on the freshman football team.

After attending Montana State for one year, Metcalf moved to California and spent a year working for the Los Angeles City School Gardens. He then enrolled at Stanford University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and economics in 1936. During his time at Stanford, he was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and played football under Pop Warner. Also in 1936, he received his law degree from Montana State University Law School and was admitted to the bar.

Early career

Metcalf then commenced the practice of law, opening an office in Stevensville. In November 1936, he was elected as a Democrat to the Montana House of Representatives from Ravalli County. As a state legislator, he introduced bills to establish a thirty-cent minimum wage and to require mining companies to pay their employees for the time they spent in the mines after their shifts. He served as Assistant Attorney General of Montana from 1937 to 1941, after which he resumed his law practice. In 1938, he married Donna Hoover; the couple had one son, Jerry, who also served as a state representative.

In 1942, Metcalf enlisted in the U.S. Army, and was commissioned after attending officers' training school. He participated in the Invasion of Normandy as a staff officer with the Fifth Corps. He also participated in later European campaigns, such as the Battle of the Bulge, with the 1st Army, Ninth Infantry Division, and 60th Infantry Regiment. Following the war, he served as a military government officer in Germany, where he helped draft ordinances for the first free local elections, set up a civilian court and occupation police system, and supervise repatriation camps for displaced persons. He was discharged from the Army as a first lieutenant in April 1946.

In 1946, when Justice Leif Erickson resigned to run against Burton K. Wheeler for the U.S. Senate, Metcalf was elected an associate justice of the Montana Supreme Court. He served one six-year term in that office.

U.S. House of Representatives

In 1952, when Mike Mansfield decided to run for the Senate against Zales Ecton, Metcalf successfully campaigned for the U.S. House of Representatives in Montana's 1st congressional district. In the general election, he narrowly defeated his Republican opponent, Wellington D. Rankin, by a margin of 50%-49%. He was subsequently re-elected to three more terms in 1954, 1956, and 1958, never receiving less than 56% of the vote.

During his tenure in the House, Metcalf served on the Education and Labor Committee (1953-1959), Interior and Insular Affairs Committee (1955-1959), Select Astronautics and Space Exploration Committee (1958), and Ways and Means Committee (1959-1960). He became known as one of Congress's "Young Turks" who promoted liberal domestic social legislation and reform of congressional procedures. He introduced legislation to provide health care to the eldery ten years before the creation of Medicare. He earned the nickname "Mr. Education" after sponsoring a comprehensive bill providing for federal aid to education. He also voted against legislation that would have raised grazing permits on federal lands, and led the opposition to a bill that would have swapped forested public lands for cutover private lands. He was elected chairman of the Democratic Study Group in 1959.

U.S. Senate

In 1960, after Democratic incumbent James E. Murray decided to retire, Metcalf ran for Murray's seat in the U.S. Senate. He won the Democratic nomination over John W. Bonner, a former Governor of Montana. In the general election, he narrowly defeated Republican Orvin B. Fjare, a conservative former U.S. Representative, by a margin of 51%-49%.

Widely regarded as "a pioneer of the conservation movement", Metcalf worked to protect the natural environment and regulate utilities. He helped pass the Wilderness Act of 1964, and supported the creation of the Great Bear Wilderness and the Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness. In 1962, he introduced a "Save Our Streams" bill to preserve natural recreation facilities and protect fish and wildlife from being destroyed by highway construction. He was a longtime member of the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission. He was also active on the issue of education. He was a leading supporter of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, the effort to extend the G.I. Bill's educational benefits to a new generation of veterans, and the development of legislation to improve federally-aided vocational education. The Peace Corps was established under leadership of Metcalf and Senator Mansfield.

He was reelected in 1966 and 1972. In 1977, Metcalf announced he would not seek re-election a fourth term in the Senate.

Permanent Acting President pro tempore of the Senate

In June 1963, because of the illness of President pro tempore Carl Hayden (D-AZ), Senator Metcalf was designated Permanent Acting President pro tempore of the United States Senate to fill his duties at this time. No term was imposed on this designation, so Metcalf retained it until he died in office in 1978. He was the only person to hold this title.

Permanent Acting President pro tem should not be confused with the office of Deputy President pro tempore.

Death and legacy

He died in Helena, Montana on January 12, 1978, aged 66 and was cremated; his ashes were scattered in one of his favorite areas in the wilderness of the State of Montana. Metcalf's passing was overshadowed by the death the next day of his colleague from Minnesota, former Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey.

In 1983, by act of Congress, the Lee Metcalf Wilderness area was created in southwestern Montana in honor of the late Congressman. The Great Bear Wilderness and Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness areas were also created as a result of Metcalf's efforts in Congress, in addition to the Lee Metcalf National Wildlife Refuge[1] in Montana.

Metcalf was ranked number 15 on a list of the 100 Most Influential Montanans of the Century [2] by the Missoulian newspaper.

External links

• U.S. Fish and Wildlife: Lee Metcalf National Wildlife Refuge
• 100 Most Influential Montanans of the Century
• President Carter's statement on the death of Metcalf

United States Senate
Preceded by James Edward Murray	United States Senator (Class 2) from Montana 1961–1978 Served alongside: Mike Mansfield, John Melcher	Succeeded by Paul G. Hatfield