Leonard Kleinrock

Leonard Kleinrock
Leonard Kleinrock and the first Interface Message Processor
Born	June 13, 1934 (1934-06-13) New York City
Residence	Los Angeles
Nationality	United States
Fields	Engineering Computer science
Institutions	UCLA
Alma mater	City College of New York, MIT
Doctoral advisor	Edward Arthurs
Doctoral students	Chris Ferguson
Known for	Internet development
Notable awards	National Medal of Science

Leonard Kleinrock (born June 13, 1934) is an American engineer and computer scientist. A computer science professor at UCLA's Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, he made several important contributions to the field of computer networking, in particular to the theoretical side of computer networking. He also played an important role in the development of the ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet, at UCLA.

His most well-known and significant work is his early work on queueing theory, which has applications in many fields, among them as a key mathematical background to packet switching, the basic technology behind the Internet. His initial contribution to this field was his doctoral thesis at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1962, published in book form in 1964; he later published several of the standard works on the subject. He described this work as:

"Basically, what I did for my PhD research in 1961–1962 was to establish a mathematical theory of packet networks..."

His theoretical work on hierarchical routing, done in the late 1970s with his then-student Farouk Kamoun, is now critical to the operation of today's worldwide Internet.

Education and career

Kleinrock was born in New York City on June 13, 1934 to a Jewish family, and graduated from the noted Bronx High School of Science in 1951. He received a Bachelor of Electrical Engineering degree in 1957 from the City College of New York, and a master's degree and a doctorate (Ph.D.) in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959 and 1963 respectively. He then joined the faculty at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), where he remains to the present day; during 1991–1995 he served as the Chairman of the Computer Science Department there.

ARPANET and the Internet

The first message on the ARPANET was sent by UCLA student programmer Charley Kline, at 10:30 p.m, on October 29, 1969 from Boelter Hall 3420, the school's main building. Supervised by Kleinrock, Kline transmitted from the university's SDS Sigma 7 host computer to the Stanford Research Institute's SDS 940 host computer. The message text was the word "login"; the "l" and the "o" letters were transmitted, but the system then crashed. Hence, the literal first message over the ARPANET was "lo". About an hour later, having recovered from the crash, the SDS Sigma 7 computer effected a full "login". The first permanent ARPANET link was established on November 21, 1969, between the IMP at UCLA and the IMP at the Stanford Research Institute. By December 5, 1969, the entire four-node network was established.

In 1988, Kleinrock was the chairman of a group that presented the report Toward a National Research Network to the U.S. Congress. This report was highly influential and was used to develop the High Performance Computing Act of 1991, that was influential in the development of the Internet as it is known today. Funding from the bill was used in the development of the 1993 web browser Mosaic, at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA).

Room 3420 at Boelter Hall has been converted into The Kleinrock Internet Heritage Site and Archive.

Awards

He has received numerous professional awards. Kleinrock was selected to receive the prestigious National Medal of Science, the nation's highest scientific honor, from President George W Bush in the White House on September 29, 2008. "The 2007 National Medal of Science to Leonard Kleinrock for his fundamental contributions to the mathematical theory of modern data networks, and for the functional specification of packet switching, which is the foundation of Internet technology. His mentoring of generations of students has led to the commercialization of technologies that have transformed the world." In 2010 he shared the Dan David Prize.

See also

• ARPANET
• Plan 55-A, a message switching system analyzed in Kleinrock's thesis.
• UCLA Engineering School
• Computer Science
• Nerds 2.0.1 - 1998 documentary in which Kleinrock gives a lengthy interview
• Internet pioneers

The room at UCLA where the first internet connection was initiated was restored to its condition of 1969, named the Kleinrock Internet Heritage Site, and opened to the public with a grand opening attended by internet pioneers October 29, 2011.

Works

• Leonard Kleinrock, "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets", Ph.D. Thesis Proposal, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, July 1961
• Leonard Kleinrock, "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets", RLE Quarterly Progress Report, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, July 1961
• Leonard Kleinrock, "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets", RLE Quarterly Progress Report, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, April 1962
• Kleinrock, Leonard (December 1962). Message Delay in Communication Nets with Storage (PhD thesis). Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/11562/33840535.pdf. 
• Leonard Kleinrock, Communication Nets: Stochastic Message Flow and Design (McGraw-Hill, 1964)
• Leonard Kleinrock, Queueing Systems: Volume I – Theory (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1975)
• Leonard Kleinrock, Queueing Systems: Volume II – Computer Applications (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1976)

• Leonard Kleinrock, Farok Kamoun, "Hierarchical Routing for Large Networks, Performance Evaluation and Optimization", Computer Networks, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 155–174, January 1977

External links

• Leonard Kleinrock's personal web site
• 3420 Boelter – Hall The Kleinrock Internet History Center
• Bibliography
• Leonard Kleinrock's Personal History/Biography
• Network history links
• Oral history interview with Leonard Kleinrock at Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Kleinrock discusses his dissertation work in queuing theory, and his move to the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). As one of the main contractors for the ARPANET, Kleinrock describes his involvement in discussions before the official DARPA request was issued, the people involved in the ARPANET work at UCLA, the installation of the first node of the network, the Network Measurement Center, and his relationships with Lawrence Roberts and the IPT Office, Bolt Beranek and Newman, and the Network Analysis Corporation.
• Oral history interview with Howard Frank at Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Frank describes his work on the ARPANET, including his interaction with Roberts and the IPT Office.
• Association for Computing Machinery Video Interview with Leonard Kleinrock
• Video: Leonard Kleinrock on the first Internet connection
• Video: Leonard Kleinrock displays Internet's first router
• Video: Leonard Kleinrock on packet-switching, early Internet