Leonard Sax

For the British actor, see Leonard Sachs. For American football player and college basketball coach, see Lenny Sachs.

Leonard Sax is an American psychologist and family physician. He is best known as the author of three books for parents: Why Gender Matters, Boys Adrift and Girls on the Edge. He is also founder and executive director of the National Association for Single Sex Public Education.

Sax's views on gender differences are controversial and have received both praise and criticism. On his web site, Sax says that he wrote Boys Adrift and Girls on the Edge because he is concerned about "a growing proportion of girls who are anxious, depressed, and tired; girls who can tell you a great deal about what they do but not so much about who they are. Likewise, we find a growing proportion of boys who are disengaged not only from school but from the real world. Those boys are comfortable in the virtual world, where they play their online video games, and/or surf the net for photographs of girls."

Biography

Sax graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1980 with a bachelor's degree in biology. He completed the combined M.D.-Ph.D. program at the University of Pennsylvania in 1986. His Ph.D. was in psychology. He completed the 3-year residency in family practice at Lancaster General Hospital (Lancaster, Pennsylvania) in 1989. In 1990, he founded Poolesville Family Practice, a primary care practice in Montgomery County, Maryland. He retired from medical practice in the spring of 2008 in order to be "a better husband and a better father, and also in order to have more time to visit schools, to learn more about gender differences, to lead professional development workshops. . ."

Praise

A March 7, 2005, cover story for Time Magazine included this statement: "Until recently, there have been two groups of people: those who argue sex differences are innate and should be embraced and those who insist that they are learned and should be eliminated by changing the environment. Sax is one of the few in the middle -- convinced that boys and girls are innately different and that we must change the environment so differences don't become limitations."

In an op-ed column in the New York Times published June 11, 2006, David Brooks calls Dr. Sax's first book, Why Gender Matters, "a lucid guide to male and female brain differences."

Dr. Sax's second book, Boys Adrift, was reviewed by the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) in December 2007. According to the review, Boys Adrift is "powerfully and persuasively presented," and provides "excellent and informative references and information." The review concludes that "Boys Adrift is at its strongest in providing practical advice to parents about how to increase their sons' academic motivation; how to set appropriate limits on video game use; and how to protect their sons from the potential harm of psychotropic medications and environmental estrogens. Boys Adrift is at its weakest in supporting the thesis that there is an epidemic of unmotivated and underachieving young men."

Dr. Sax's third book Girls on the Edge was reviewed by Library Journal which called the book ". . .essential reading for parents and teachers, and one of the most thought-provoking books on teen development available.” Mark Bauerlein, professor at Emory University, reviewed Girls on the Edge for the Chronicle of Higher Education and called it "crucial" and said that "Parents of tween and teen girls would do well to check this book." Booklist called Girls on the Edge "persuasive, often fascinating . . .a holistic, sobering call to help the current generation of young women develop the support and sense of self that will allow them to grow into resilient adults.” According to a January 2011 review in the Atlantic magazine, Girls on the Edge is ". . .the best book about the current state of girls and young women in America."

Criticism

Mark Liberman, a professor of linguistics and computer science at the University of Pennsylvania, questioned on his blog, Language Log, many of the claims which Sax made in his first book Why Gender Matters. Liberman and other contributors to Liberman's blog claimed Sax made use of small differences between sexes to make sweeping generalizations about sex differences; Liberman also argued that there were often only tenuous connections between the assertions made in Why Gender Matters and the citations used to support those assertions. Liberman asserted that there were serious problems with Sax's claims about sex differences in hearing, vision, and connections between emotions and language. Liberman argued that many of Sax's claims in Why Gender Matters were inaccurate and pseudoscientific. Sax initially responded to Liberman's criticism on the NASSPE website. In March 2011, on the web site of Why Gender Matters, Sax acknowledged that the points he made regarding sex differences in hearing, sex differences in vision, and sex differences in mathematical computation were inaccurate. He now provides updated references to scholarly papers on these three issues, while conceding that his discussion of sex differences in threshold auditory acuity in Why Gender Matters was mistaken.

National and international media

Sax has contributed articles and made appearances in the popular media of a number of different countries. In the United States, Sax was a guest on the TODAY show July 31, 2007. Matt Lauer interviewed Sax about the controversy surrounding boys' achievement, which was the topic of the cover story in Time Magazine that week. Sax was first a guest on the TODAY show February 15, 2005. Al Roker interviewed Sax about his book Why Gender Matters. In Canada, Sax was a guest in the Toronto studio of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation for an interview broadcast nationwide on January 18, 2008. In Australia, Sax was a guest in the studio for the Today Show, interviewed by Jessica Rowe. In New Zealand, Sax was a studio guest of New Zealand's Channel One in May 2008 for a discussion of single-sex public education. In the United Kingdom, Sax was the subject of a full-page feature article in The Times, and was also featured in an article which appeared in the Daily Mail on January 24, 2008.

On May 10, 2010, Sax was a guest on CNN's American Morning, discussing his book Girls on the Edge and some of the challenges facing girls in the era of texting and Facebook. He was again a guest on CNN's American Morning on August 20, 2010, discussing recent research suggesting that ADHD is over-diagnosed in American schoolchildren. He returned as a guest on national television in New Zealand on August 6, 2010, discussing the girl-specific challenges of 'the cyberbubble'.

Popular press

• "Child psychiatry is sick with hidden conflicts of interest" New York Daily News December 14, 2008.
• "The boy problem: why so many boys think reading is stupid and school stinks" School Library Journal September 1, 2007.
• "Single-sex education: Separate but better?" Philadelphia Daily News, March 1, 2006.
• "The Promise and the Peril of Single-Sex PUBLIC Education". Education Week, March 2, 2005, pp. 48, 34, 35.
• "Too Few Women: Figure It Out". Los Angeles Times, January 23, 2005, p. M5.
• "Teens Will Speed. Let's Watch Them Do It". The Washington Post, November 28, 2004, p. B8.
• "The Odd Couple: Hillary Clinton & Kay Bailey Hutchison". The Women's Quarterly [the journal of the Independent Women's Forum], Summer 2002, pp. 14–16.
• "Single Sex Education: Ready for Prime Time?" The World & I, August 2002, pp. 257–269.
• "Rethinking Title IX" The Washington Times, July 2, 2001, p. A17.
• "Ritalin: Better living through chemistry?" The World & I, November 2000, 287-299.

Scholarly articles

• "Polyethylene terephthalate may yield endocrine disruptors." Environmental Health Perspectives, published April 2010, full text available online at NIH/NIEHS website.
• "Six Degrees of Separation: what teachers need to know about the emerging science of sex differences". Educational Horizons, Spring 2006, pp. 190–200.
• "The Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD in Women". The Female Patient 29 (2004): 29-34.
• "Dietary Phosphorus Is Toxic for Girls But Not for Boys". In Victor Preedy (ed.) Annual Reviews in Food & Nutrition London, UK: Taylor & Francis Publishers, 2003, pp. 158–168.
• "Who First Suggests the Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? A survey of primary-care pediatricians, family physicians, and child psychiatrists". Annals of Family Medicine 1 (2003): 171-174. [With Kathleen J. Kautz]
• "What Was the Cause of Nietzsche's Dementia?" Journal of Medical Biography 11 (2003): 47-54.
• "How Common Is Intersex?" Journal of Sex Research 39 (2002): 174-178.
• "Maybe Men and Women Are Different". American Psychologist July (2002): 444-445.
• "The Institute of Medicine's "Dietary Reference Intake" for Phosphorus: a critical perspective". Journal of the American College of Nutrition 20 (2001): 271-278.
• "Reclaiming Kindergarten: making kindergarten less harmful to boys". Psychology of Men and Masculinity 2 (2001): 3-12.
• "Characteristics of spatiotemporal integration in the priming and rewarding effects of medial forebrain bundle stimulation". Behavioral Neuroscience 105 (1991): 884-900. [With C. R. Gallistel]
• "Temporal integration in self-stimulation: a paradox". Behavioral Neuroscience 98 (1984): 467-468.

External links

• Why Genders Matters official site
• Boys Adrift official site
• Girls on the Edge official site
• National Association For Single Sex Public Education
• Dr. Sax's Web site