Levitation

Levitation (from Latin levitas "lightness")^[1] is the process by which an object is suspended by a physical force against gravity, in a stable position without solid physical contact. A number of different techniques have been developed to levitate matter, including the aerodynamic, magnetic, acoustic, electromagnetic, electrostatic, gas film, and optical levitation methods.

Contents 1 Physics 2 Levitation methods 2.1 Magnetic levitation 2.2 Electromagnetic levitation 2.3 Electrostatic levitation 2.4 Aerodynamic levitation 2.5 Acoustic levitation 2.6 Gas film levitation 2.7 Optical levitation 2.8 Casimir Force 2.9 Buoyant levitation 3 Animal levitation 4 Further reading 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

[edit] Physics

For levitation on Earth, first, a force is required directed vertically upwards and equal to the gravitational force, second, for any small displacement of the levitating object, a returning force should appear to stabilize it. The stable levitation can be naturally achieved by, for example, magnetic or aerodynamic forces.

Levitation techniques are useful tools in physics research. For example, levitation methods are useful for high-temperature melt property studies because they eliminate the problem of reaction with containers and allow deep undercooling of melts. The containerless conditions may be obtained by opposing gravity with a levitation force, or by allowing an entire experiment to freefall.^[2]

[edit] Levitation methods

A number of different techniques have been developed and are commonly used to produce the stable levitation of matter. These methods are discussed below.

[edit] Magnetic levitation

Although any electromagnetic force could be used to counteract gravity, magnetic levitation is the most common. Diamagnetic materials are commonly used for demonstration purposes. In this case the returning force appears from the interaction with the screening currents. For example, a superconducting sample, which can be considered either as a perfect diamagnet or an ideally hard superconductor, easily levitates an ambient external magnetic field. In very strong magnetic field, by means of diamagnetic levitation even small live animals have been levitated.

Magnetic levitation is in development for use for transportation systems. For example the Maglev transportation includes trains that are levitated by a very large number of magnets and, due to the lack of friction on guide rails, they are potentially faster, quieter and smoother than wheeled mass transit systems.

[edit] Electromagnetic levitation

[edit] Electrostatic levitation

In electrostatic levitation an electric field is used to counteract gravitational force.

[edit] Aerodynamic levitation

In aerodynamic levitation, the levitation is achieved by floating the object on a stream of gas. For example, an air hockey table uses an upthrust of air to levitate the puck. With enough thrust very large objects can be levitated using this method. Helicopters and hovercraft, for example, use powerful downthrusts to achieve stable levitation.

[edit] Acoustic levitation

Acoustic levitation uses sound waves to provide a levitating force.

[edit] Gas film levitation

[edit] Optical levitation

Optical levitation is a technique in which a material is levitated against the downward force of gravity by an upward force stemming from photon momentum transfer.

[edit] Casimir Force

Scientists have discovered a way of levitating ultra small objects by manipulating the so-called Casimir force, which normally causes objects to stick together due to forces predicted by quantum field theory. This is, however, only possible for micro-objects.^[3][4]

[edit] Buoyant levitation

Gases at high pressure can have a density exceeding that of some solids. Thus they can be used to levitate solid objects through buoyancy.^[5] Noble gases are preferred for their non-reactivity. Xenon is the densest noble gas, at 5.894g/L. Xenon has been used to levitate polyethylene, at a pressure of 154atm.

[edit] Animal levitation

Scientists have levitated frogs, grasshoppers, and mice using ultrasonic waves. The mice acted confused at first, but adjusted to the levitation after about four hours.^[6]

[edit] Further reading

• Schiller, Christoph (2007). Motion Mountain: The Free Physics Textbook. http://www.motionmountain.net/.  esp. the section on levitation in the chapter on electromagnetism.
• Charles P. Strehlow, M. C. Sullivan (2008). A Classroom Demonstration of Levitation.... http://arxiv.org/abs/0803.3090. .

[edit] See also

• Anti-gravity
• Weightlessness

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• The Wiktionary definition of levitation