Libertadores
Libertadores (Spanish and Portuguese for "Liberators") refers to the principal leaders of the Latin American wars of independence from Spain. They are named that way in contrast with the Conquistadors, who were so far the only Spanish peoples recorded in the South American history.[1][clarification needed]
They were largely bourgeois, criollos (local-born people of European, mostly of Spanish or Portuguese, ancestry) influenced by liberalism and in most cases with military training in the metropole (mother country).
The four liberators identified as among the most prominent by both Robert Harvey and Felipe Pigna are:
Contents |
[edit] List of libertadores
| Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Took part in | Contributed to the independence of | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) |
Admirable Campaign | Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia | [2] |
 |
José de San Martín (1778-1850) |
Crossing of the Andes | Argentina, Chile and Peru | [3] |
 |
Ramón Castilla (1797-1867) |
Peru | [4] | |
 |
Andrés de Santa Cruz (1764-1850) |
Bolivia and Peru | [5] | |
 |
José Gervasio Artigas (1764-1850) |
Uruguay | [6] | |
 |
Manuel Belgrano (1770-1820) |
Argentina | [7] | |
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Thomas Cochrane (1775-1860) |
Brazil, Chile | [8] | |
 |
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753-1811) |
Mexico | [9] | |
 |
Agustín de Iturbide (1783-1824) |
Mexico | [8] | |
 |
Francisco de Miranda (1750-1816) |
Venezuela | [10] | |
 |
José María Morelos (1765-1815) |
Mexico | [11] | |
 |
Mariano Moreno (1778-1811) |
Argentina | [12] | |
 |
Bernardo O'Higgins (1778-1842) |
Chile and Peru | [13][14] | |
 |
Pedro I of Brazil (1798-1834) |
Brazil | [15] | |
 |
Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830) |
Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela | [16] |
[edit] Legacy
The flags of Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador follow Francisco de Miranda's design of 1806. Also, Bolivia was named after Bolivar, who in turn was president of Colombia, Bolivia and twice of Venezuela. San Martín served as "President Protector" of Peru.
Liberators' names were used all over South America to name anything from towns and places to institutions and sports clubs. Also, the most prestigious international club football competition in South America is named the Copa Libertadores in their honour.
[edit] See also
[edit] Bibliography
- Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3
- Marion Lansing. Liberators and Heroes of South America. Boston, L. C. Page & Co., 1940.
- Irene Nicholson. The Liberators: A Study of Independence Movements in Spanish America. New York, Frederick A. Praeger, 1968.
- Pigna, Felipe (2010). Libertadores de América. Buenos Aires: Planeta. ISBN 978-950-49-2420-3.
[edit] References
- ^ Pigna, p. 9
- ^ Pigna, pp. 135-192
- ^ Pigna, pp. 195-272
- ^ Lansing, p. 121
- ^ Lansing, p. 121
- ^ Lansing, p. 121
- ^ Pigna, p. 55-91
- ^ a b Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3
- ^ Lansing, pp. 15-39
- ^ Pigna, pp. 13-52
- ^ Lansing, pp. 39-59
- ^ Lansing, pp. 119
- ^ page 429 Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3
- ^ Pigna, pp. 93-133
- ^ page 511, Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3
- ^ Lansing, pp. 219
[edit] External links
- (Spanish) "Sucre, Bolívar y San Martín" Argentine Ministry of Economy
