Lipid metabolism

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Lipid metabolism refers to the processes that involve the intercourse and degradation of lipids.

The types of lipids involved include:

Bile salts
Cholesterols
Eicosanoids
Glycolipids
Ketone bodies
Fatty acids - see also fatty acid metabolism
Phospholipids
Sphingolipids
Steroid - see also steroidogenesis
Triacylglycerols (fats) - see also lipolysis and lipogenesis

[edit] External links

MeSH Lipid+metabolism
Ophardt, Charles E. (2003) Lipid Catabolism Summary. Virtual Chembook. Elmhurst College.
King, Michael W. Fatty Acid, Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acid, Triglyceride, and Phospholipid Synthesis and Metabolism. The Medical Biochemistry Page.

Metabolism (Catabolism, Anabolism)

General

Metabolic pathway · Metabolic network

Cellular respiration

Aerobic Respiration	Glycolysis → Pyruvate Decarboxylation → Citric Acid Cycle → Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain + ATP synthase)

Anaerobic Respiration	Glycolysis → Fermentation (ABE, Ethanol, Lactic acid)

Specific paths

Protein metabolism

Protein synthesis · Catabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism
(Carbohydrate catabolism
and anabolism)

Human	Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway · Fructolysis · Galactolysis Glycosylation (N-linked, O-linked)

Nonhuman	Photosynthesis (Carbon fixation) Xylose metabolism

Lipid metabolism
(Lipolysis, Lipogenesis)

Fatty acid metabolism	Fatty acid degradation (Beta oxidation) · Fatty acid synthesis

Other	Steroid metabolism · Sphingolipid metabolism · Eicosanoid metabolism · Ketosis

Amino acid synthesis · Urea Cycle

Nucleotide metabolism

Purine metabolism · Nucleotide salvage · Pyrimidine metabolism ·

Other

Metal metabolism (Iron metabolism) · Ethanol metabolism

mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m

k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon

m(A16/C10),i(k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)

biochemical families: proteins (amino acids/intermediates) · nucleic acids (constituents/intermediates) · carbohydrates (glycoproteins, alcohols, glycosides)
lipids (fatty acids/intermediates, phospholipids, steroids, sphingolipids, eicosanoids) · tetrapyrroles/intermediates

Metabolism: lipid metabolism / fatty acid metabolism · triglyceride and fatty acid enzymes

Synthesis

Malonyl-CoA synthesis	ATP citrate lyase · Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Fatty acid synthesis/ Fatty acid synthase	Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase · Β-Ketoacyl ACP reductase · 3-Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase · Enoyl ACP reductase

Fatty acid desaturases	Stearoyl-CoA_desaturase-1

Triacyl glycerol	Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase · Thiokinase

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I · Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase · Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II

General	Acyl CoA dehydrogenase (ACADL, ACADM, ACADS, ACADVL, ACADSB) · Enoyl-CoA hydratase MTP: HADH · HADHA · HADHB Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase

Unsaturated	Enoyl CoA isomerase · 2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase

Odd chain	Propionyl-CoA carboxylase

Other	Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase

Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase

Long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase

mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m

k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon

m(A16/C10),i(k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)

Metabolism: lipid metabolism - eicosanoid metabolism enzymes

Precursor

Phospholipase A2

Phospholipase C · Diacylglycerol lipase

Cyclooxygenase (PTGS1, PTGS2)

PGE synthase · Prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase

5-Lipoxygenase activating protein/Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase

LTA4 hydrolase (B4 synthesis)

LTC4 synthase · Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase · DPEP2

Ungrouped

mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m

k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon

m(A16/C10),i(k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)

Metabolism: lipid metabolism · glycolipid enzymes

To glycosphingolipid	Glycosyltransferase · Sulfotransferase

To ceramide	From ganglioside: Beta-galactosidase · Hexosaminidase A · Neuraminidase · Glucocerebrosidase From globoside: Hexosaminidase B · Alpha-galactosidase · Beta-galactosidase · Glucocerebrosidase From sphingomyelin: Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1) From sulfatide: Arylsulfatase A · Galactosylceramidase

To sphingosine	Ceramidase (ACER1, ACER2, ACER3, ASAH1, ASAH2, ASAH2B, ASAH2C)

Other	Sphingosine kinase

Palmitoyl protein thioesterase · Tripeptidyl peptidase I · CLN3 · CLN5 · CLN6 · CLN8

Ceramide synthesis

Serine C-palmitoyltransferase (SPTLC1) · Ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG)

mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m

k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon

m(A16/C10),i(k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)

Metabolism: lipid metabolism · ketones/cholesterol synthesis enzymes/steroid metabolism

Mevalonate pathway

To HMG-CoA	Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase · HMG-CoA synthase (regulated step)

Ketogenesis	HMG-CoA lyase · 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase · Thiophorase

To Mevalonic acid	HMG-CoA reductase

To DMAPP	Mevalonate kinase · Phosphomevalonate kinase · Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase · Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase

Geranyl-	Dimethylallyltranstransferase · Geranyl pyrophosphate

To lanosterol	Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase · Squalene monooxygenase · Lanosterol synthase

7-Dehydrocholesterol path	Lanosterol 14α-demethylase · Sterol-C5-desaturase-like · 7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase

Desmosterol path	24-dehydrocholesterol reductase

Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase · Sterol 27-hydroxylase

Steroidogenesis

To pregnenolone

Side-chain cleavage

To corticosteroids

aldosterone: 18-hydroxylase

cortisol/cortisone: 17α-hydroxylase · 11β dehydrogenase (HSD11B1, HSD11B2)

both: 3β dehydrogenase · 21α-hydroxylase · 11β-hydroxylase

To sex hormones

To androgens	17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase · 3β dehydrogenase · 17β dehydrogenase · 5α reductase (1,2)

To estrogens	Aromatase

Other/ungrouped

Steroid metabolism: sulfatase (Steroid sulfatase) · sulfotransferase (SULT1A1, SULT2A1)

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein

mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m

k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon

m(A16/C10),i(k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)

anat/phys/devp/horm

noco(d)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon

proc, drug (A10/H1/H2/H3/H5)

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