Lipid metabolism

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Lipid metabolism refers to the processes that involve the intercourse and degradation of lipids.

The types of lipids involved include:

Bile salts
Cholesterols
Eicosanoids
Glycolipids
Ketone bodies
Fatty acids - see also fatty acid metabolism
Phospholipids
Sphingolipids
Steroid - see also steroidogenesis
Triacylglycerols (fats) - see also lipolysis and lipogenesis

External links [edit]

Lipid metabolism at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Ophardt, Charles E. (2003) Lipid Catabolism Summary. Virtual Chembook. Elmhurst College.
King, Michael W. Fatty Acid, Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acid, Triglyceride, and Phospholipid Synthesis and Metabolism. The Medical Biochemistry Page.
Breaking news and clinical trials about Lipid and Metabolism

Metabolism (Catabolism, Anabolism)

General

Metabolic pathway · Metabolic network · Primary nutritional groups

Energy metabolism

Aerobic Respiration	Glycolysis → Pyruvate Decarboxylation → Citric Acid Cycle → Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain + ATP synthase)

Anaerobic Respiration	Electron acceptors are other than oxygen

Fermentation	Glycolysis → Substrate-level phosphorylation (ABE, Ethanol, Lactic acid)

Specific paths

Protein metabolism

Protein synthesis · Catabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism
(Carbohydrate catabolism
and anabolism)

Human	Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway · Fructolysis · Galactolysis Glycosylation (N-linked, O-linked)

Nonhuman	Photosynthesis · Anoxygenic photosynthesis · Chemosynthesis · Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism

Lipid metabolism
(Lipolysis, Lipogenesis)

Fatty acid metabolism	Fatty acid degradation (Beta oxidation) · Fatty acid synthesis

Other	Steroid metabolism · Sphingolipid metabolism · Eicosanoid metabolism · Ketosis

Amino acid synthesis · Urea Cycle

Nucleotide metabolism

Purine metabolism · Nucleotide salvage · Pyrimidine metabolism ·

Other

Metal metabolism (Iron metabolism) · Ethanol metabolism

mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m

k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon

m (A16/C10), i (k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)

Metabolism: lipid metabolism / fatty acid metabolism, triglyceride and fatty acid enzymes

Synthesis

Malonyl-CoA synthesis	ATP citrate lyase Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Fatty acid synthesis/ Fatty acid synthase	Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase Β-Ketoacyl ACP reductase 3-Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase Enoyl ACP reductase

Fatty acid desaturases	Stearoyl-CoA_desaturase-1

Triacyl glycerol	Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Thiokinase

General	Acyl CoA dehydrogenase (ACADL ACADM ACADS ACADVL ACADSB) Enoyl-CoA hydratase MTP: HADH HADHA HADHB Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase

Unsaturated	Enoyl CoA isomerase 2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase

Odd chain	Propionyl-CoA carboxylase

Other	Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase

Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase

Long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase

mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m

k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon

m (A16/C10), i (k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)

Metabolism: lipid metabolism - eicosanoid metabolism enzymes

Precursor

Phospholipase A2

Cyclooxygenase
- PTGS1
- PTGS2

PGD2 synthase

PGI2 synthase

TXA synthase

5-Lipoxygenase activating protein/Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase

LTA4 hydrolase (B4 synthesis)

Ungrouped

HPGD

mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m

k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon

m (A16/C10), i (k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)

Metabolism: lipid metabolism · glycolipid enzymes

To glycosphingolipid	Glycosyltransferase · Sulfotransferase

To ceramide	From ganglioside: Beta-galactosidase Hexosaminidase A Neuraminidase Glucocerebrosidase From globoside: Hexosaminidase B Alpha-galactosidase Beta-galactosidase Glucocerebrosidase From sphingomyelin: Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1) From sulfatide: Arylsulfatase A Galactosylceramidase

To sphingosine	Ceramidase ACER1 ACER2 ACER3 ASAH1 ASAH2 ASAH2B ASAH2C

Other	Sphingosine kinase

Ceramide synthesis

mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m

k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon

m (A16/C10), i (k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)

Metabolism: lipid metabolism – ketones/cholesterol synthesis enzymes/steroid metabolism

Mevalonate pathway

To HMG-CoA	Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase HMG-CoA synthase (regulated step)

Ketogenesis	HMG-CoA lyase 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase Thiophorase

To Mevalonic acid	HMG-CoA reductase

To DMAPP	Mevalonate kinase Phosphomevalonate kinase Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase

Geranyl-	Dimethylallyltranstransferase Geranyl pyrophosphate

To lanosterol	Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase Squalene monooxygenase Lanosterol synthase

7-Dehydrocholesterol path	Lanosterol 14α-demethylase Sterol-C5-desaturase-like 7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase

Desmosterol path	24-dehydrocholesterol reductase

Steroidogenesis

To pregnenolone

Side-chain cleavage

To corticosteroids

aldosterone: 18-hydroxylase

To sex hormones

To androgens	17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase 3β dehydrogenase 17β dehydrogenase 5α reductase 1 2

To estrogens	Aromatase

Other/ungrouped

Steroid metabolism: sulfatase
- Steroid sulfatase
sulfotransferase
- SULT1A1
- SULT2A1

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein

mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m

k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon

m (A16/C10), i (k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)

anat/phys/devp/horm

noco (d)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon

proc, drug (A10/H1/H2/H3/H5)

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