List of Second Boer War Victoria Cross recipients
The Victoria Cross (VC) was awarded to 78 members of the British Armed Forces for action during the Second Boer War. The Victoria Cross is a military decoration awarded for valour "in the face of the enemy" to members of the armed forces of some Commonwealth countries and previous British Empire territories. The VC was introduced in Great Britain on 29 January 1856 by Queen Victoria to reward acts of valour during the Crimean War, and takes precedence over all other orders, decorations and medals. It may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and to civilians under military command. The first ceremony was held on 26 June 1857, when Queen Victoria invested 62 of the 111 Crimean recipients in Hyde Park.[1]
The Second Boer War was fought from 11 October 1899 to 31 May 1902, between the British Empire and the two independent Boer republics of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic).[2] After a set of failed negotiations over foreigner land rights in the territories, led by Joseph Chamberlain, both sides issued ultimatums. When the ultimatums were rejected, war was declared. The war had three distinct phases. First, the Boers mounted pre-emptive strikes into British-held territory in Natal and the Cape Colony, besieging the British garrisons of Ladysmith, Mafeking and Kimberley. The Boers then won a series of tactical victories against a failed British counteroffensive to relieve the three sieges. The second phase began after British forces under Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts launched counteroffensives with increased troop numbers. After Natal and the Cape Colony were secure, the British were able to invade the Transvaal and the republic's capital, Pretoria, was captured in June 1900. The third phase began in March 1900, when the Boers engaged a protracted hard-fought guerrilla warfare against the British forces. In an effort to cut off supplies to the raiders, the British, now under the leadership of Lord Kitchener, responded with a scorched earth policy of destroying Boer farms and moving civilians into concentration camps.[3]
The British Government had expected the campaign to be over within months, and the protracted war became increasingly unpopular especially after revelations about the conditions in the concentration camps. Emily Hobhouse, a campaigner, had forced the British Government to set up the Fawcett Commission, led by suffragist Millicent Fawcett, into the conditions at the camps. Hobhouse published reports from the camps which told of thousands of deaths from disease and malnutrition. These reports helped to sway public opinion against the war. The demand for peace led to a settlement of hostilities, and in 1902, the Treaty of Vereeniging was signed.[4] The two republics were absorbed into the British Empire, although the British were forced to make a number of concessions and reparations to the Boers. The granting of limited autonomy for the area ultimately led to the establishment of the Union of South Africa.
Under the original Royal Warrant, the VC could not be awarded posthumously. Between 1897 and 1901, several notices were issued in the London Gazette regarding soldiers who would have been awarded the VC had they survived. In a partial reversal of policy in 1902, six of the soldiers mentioned were granted the VC, but not "officially" awarded the medal. In 1907, the posthumous policy was completely reversed and medals were sent to the next of kin of the six officers and men.[5] Gustavus Coulson was one of the first soldiers to be directly nominated and awarded a posthumous VC. Although the Victoria Cross warrant was not officially amended to include posthumous awards until 1920, one quarter of all awards for the First World War were posthumous.[6][7]
[edit] Recipients
- This and the * indicate a posthumous award
[edit] References
- General
- "Victoria Cross Registers". The National Archives. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/victoriacross.asp. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
- Arthur, Max (2005). Symbol of Courage; Men behind the Medal. Pan books. pp. 116–119. ISBN 9780330491334.
- Ashcroft, Michael (2006). Victoria Cross Heroes. Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 0755316320.
- Crook, M.J. (1975). The Evolution of the Victoria Cross. Midas books. ISBN 0859360415.
- Pakenham, Thomas (1979). The Boer War. Random House, New York. ISBN 0-394-42742-4.
- Specific
- ^ Ashcroft, Michael; preface; XI–XIII
- ^ Thomas Pakenham, The Boer War, p. xxi
- ^ Thomas Pakenham, The Boer War, pp. 493–495
- ^ Thomas Pakenham, The Boer War, pp. 463–571
- ^ London Gazette: no. 27986. p. 325. 15 January 1907. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
- ^ Crook, MJ, Chapter 8 pp. 68–90
- ^ London Gazette: no. 31946. p. 6702. 18 June 1920. Retrieved 19 September 2008.
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