List of First Ladies of the United States

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First Lady of the
United States
Incumbent
Michelle Obama
since January 20, 2009
Style Mrs. Obama
Residence White House
Inaugural holder Martha Washington
Formation April 30, 1789
Website First Ladies

The First Lady of the United States is the hostess of the White House. The position is traditionally filled by the wife of the president of the United States, but, on occasion, the title has been applied to women who were not presidents’ wives, such as when the president was a bachelor or widower, or when the wife of the president was unable to fulfill the duties of the First Lady herself. The First Lady is not an elected position; it carries no official duties and receives no salary. Nonetheless, she attends many official ceremonies and functions of state either along with or in place of the president. Traditionally, the First Lady does not hold outside employment while occupying the office.[1] She has her own staff, including the White House Social Secretary, the Chief of Staff, the Press Secretary, the Chief Floral Designer, and the Executive Chef. The Office of the First Lady is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House, and is a branch of the Executive Office of the President.

According to the White House and the National First Ladies' Library, there have been forty-five First Ladies and forty-six First Ladyships. This discrepancy exists because Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the twenty-second and the twenty-fourth president; his wife Frances Folsom Cleveland is also counted twice. Following Barack Obama's inauguration on January 20, 2009, his wife, Michelle Obama, became the forty-sixth official First Lady, succeeding Laura Bush, wife of former President George W. Bush.

As of July 8, 2011, there are five living former First Ladies: Rosalynn Carter, wife of Jimmy Carter; Nancy Reagan, widow of Ronald Reagan; Barbara Bush, wife of George H. W. Bush; Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, wife of Bill Clinton; and Laura Bush, wife of George W. Bush. The first First Lady of the US was Martha Dandridge Custis Washington, married to George Washington. Presidents John Tyler and Woodrow Wilson had two official First Ladies; both remarried during their presidential tenures. The wives of four Presidents died before their husbands were sworn into Office but are still considered First Ladies by the White House and National First Ladies' Library: Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson, wife of Thomas Jefferson; Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson, wife of Andrew Jackson; Hannah Hoes Van Buren, wife of Martin Van Buren; and Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, wife of Chester A. Arthur. There is one woman who was not married to a President but who is still considered an official First Lady: Harriet Lane, niece of bachelor James Buchanan.

In 2007, the United States Mint began releasing a set of half-ounce $10 gold coins under the First Spouse Program with engravings of portraits of the First Ladies on the obverse.[2] When a President served without a spouse, a gold coin is issued that bears an obverse image emblematic of Liberty as depicted on a circulating coin of that era and a reverse image emblematic of themes of that President's life. This is true for the coins for Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren and James Buchanan's First Ladies, but not the coin for Chester A. Arthur's First Lady, which will instead depict suffragette Alice Paul.[3]

Contents

[edit] First Ladies

First Lady Date of birth Date of marriage President
(Husband)		 Date tenure began Date tenure ended Length of
retirement		 Date of death (age)
1 Portrait of Martha Washington Martha Custis Washington
[4][5]
(née Dandridge)		 June 2, 1731(1731-06-02) January 6, 1759 George Washington April 30, 1789 March 4, 1797 &100000000000000050000005 years, &1000000000000007900000079 days May 22, 1802(1802-05-22) (&1000000000000007000000070 years, &10000000000000354000000354 days)
2 Portrait painting of Abigail Adams Abigail Adams
[6][7]
(née Smith)		 November 11, 1744(1744-11-11) October 25, 1764 John Adams March 4, 1797 March 4, 1801 &1000000000000001700000017 years, &10000000000000228000000228 days October 28, 1818(1818-10-28) (&1000000000000007300000073 years, &10000000000000351000000351 days)
3 Portrait painting of Martha Jefferson Martha Jefferson Randolph
[8][9]
 September 27, 1772(1772-09-27) —[n 1] Thomas Jefferson March 4, 1801 March 4, 1809 &1000000000000002700000027 years, &10000000000000220000000220 days October 10, 1836(1836-10-10) (&1000000000000006400000064 years, &1000000000000001300000013 days)
4 Portrait painting of Dolley Madison Dolley Todd Madison
[10][11]
(née Payne)		 May 20, 1768(1768-05-20) September 14, 1794 James Madison March 4, 1809 March 4, 1817 &1000000000000003200000032 years, &10000000000000130000000130 days July 12, 1849(1849-07-12) (&1000000000000008100000081 years, &1000000000000005300000053 days)
5 Portrait painting of Elizabeth Monroe Elizabeth Monroe
[12][13]
(née Kortright)		 June 30, 1768(1768-06-30) February 16, 1786 James Monroe March 4, 1817 March 4, 1825 &100000000000000050000005 years, &10000000000000203000000203 days September 23, 1830(1830-09-23) (&1000000000000006200000062 years, &1000000000000008500000085 days)
6 Portrait engraving of Louisa Adams Louisa Catherine Adams
[14][15]
(née Johnson)		 February 12, 1775(1775-02-12) July 26, 1797 John Quincy Adams March 4, 1825 March 4, 1829 &1000000000000002700000027 years, &1000000000000007200000072 days May 15, 1852(1852-05-15) (&1000000000000007700000077 years, &1000000000000009300000093 days)
7 Rachel Jackson Rachel Robards Jackson
[16][17]
(née Donelson)		 June 15, 1767(1767-06-15) January 7, 1794 Andrew Jackson —[n 2] - — December 22, 1828(1828-12-22) (&1000000000000006100000061 years, &10000000000000221000000221 days)
8 Portrait painting of Hannah Van Buren Hannah Van Buren
[18][19]
(née Hoes)		 March 8, 1783(1783-03-08) February 21, 1807 Martin Van Buren —[n 3] - — February 5, 1819(1819-02-05) (&1000000000000003500000035 years, &10000000000000334000000334 days)
9 Portrait painting of Anna Harrison Anna Harrison
[20][21]
(née Tuthill Symmes)		 July 25, 1775(1775-07-25) November 22, 1795 William Henry Harrison March 4, 1841[n 4] April 4, 1841 &1000000000000002200000022 years, &10000000000000327000000327 days February 25, 1864(1864-02-25) (&1000000000000008800000088 years, &10000000000000215000000215 days)
10 Portrait painting of Letitia Tyler Letitia Tyler
[22][23]
(née Christian)		 November 12, 1790(1790-11-12) March 29, 1813 John Tyler April 4, 1841 September 10, 1842[n 5] N/A September 10, 1842(1842-09-10) (&1000000000000005100000051 years, &10000000000000302000000302 days)
11 Portrait painting of Julia Tyler Julia Tyler
[24][25]
(née Gardiner)		 May 4 or July 29, 1820 June 26, 1844 John Tyler June 26, 1844[n 6] March 4, 1845 &1000000000000004400000044 years, &10000000000000128000000128 days July 10, 1889(1889-07-10) (&1000000000000006900000069 years, &1000000000000006700000067 days or &1000000000000006800000068 years, &10000000000000346000000346 days)
12 Portrait painting of Sarah Polk Sarah Polk
[26][27]
(née Childress)		 September 4, 1803(1803-09-04) January 1, 1824 James K. Polk March 4, 1845 March 4, 1849 &1000000000000004200000042 years, &10000000000000163000000163 days August 14, 1891(1891-08-14) (&1000000000000008700000087 years, &10000000000000344000000344 days)
13 Portrait painting of Margaret Taylor Margaret Taylor
[28][29]
(née Mackall Smith)		 September 21, 1788(1788-09-21) June 21, 1810 Zachary Taylor March 4, 1849 July 9, 1850 &100000000000000020000002 years, &1000000000000003600000036 days August 14, 1852(1852-08-14) (&1000000000000006300000063 years, &10000000000000328000000328 days)
14 Portrait painting of Abigail Fillmore Abigail Fillmore
[30][31]
(née Powers)		 March 13, 1798(1798-03-13) February 5, 1826 Millard Fillmore July 9, 1850 March 4, 1853 &100000000000000000000000 years, &1000000000000002600000026 days March 30, 1853(1853-03-30) (&1000000000000005500000055 years, &1000000000000001700000017 days)
15 Engraving of Jane Pierce Jane Pierce
[32][33]
(née Means Appleton)		 March 12, 1806(1806-03-12) November 19, 1834 Franklin Pierce March 4, 1853 March 4, 1857 &100000000000000060000006 years, &10000000000000273000000273 days December 2, 1863(1863-12-02) (&1000000000000005700000057 years, &10000000000000265000000265 days)
16 Portrait photograph of Harriet Lane Harriet Lane
[34][35]
(later Johnston)		 May 9, 1830(1830-05-09) —[n 7] James Buchanan March 4, 1857 March 4, 1861 &1000000000000004200000042 years, &10000000000000121000000121 days July 3, 1903(1903-07-03) (&1000000000000007300000073 years, &1000000000000005500000055 days)
17 Portrait photograph of Mary Lincoln Mary Todd Lincoln
[36][37]
(née Todd)		 December 13, 1818(1818-12-13) November 4, 1842 Abraham Lincoln March 4, 1861 April 15, 1865 &1000000000000001700000017 years, &1000000000000009200000092 days July 16, 1882(1882-07-16) (&1000000000000006300000063 years, &10000000000000215000000215 days)
18 Portrait engraving of Eliza Johnson Eliza Johnson
[38][39]
(née McCardle)		 October 4, 1810(1810-10-04) May 17, 1827 Andrew Johnson April 15, 1865 March 4, 1869 &100000000000000060000006 years, &10000000000000317000000317 days January 15, 1876(1876-01-15) (&1000000000000006500000065 years, &10000000000000103000000103 days)
19 Portrait photograph of Julia Grant Julia Boggs Grant
[40][41]
(née Dent)		 January 26, 1826(1826-01-26) August 22, 1848 Ulysses S. Grant March 4, 1869 March 4, 1877 &1000000000000002500000025 years, &10000000000000285000000285 days December 14, 1902(1902-12-14) (&1000000000000007600000076 years, &10000000000000322000000322 days)
20 Portrait photograph of Lucy Hayes Lucy Ware Hayes
[42][43]
(née Webb)		 August 28, 1831(1831-08-28) December 30, 1852 Rutherford B. Hayes March 4, 1877 March 4, 1881 &100000000000000080000008 years, &10000000000000113000000113 days June 25, 1889(1889-06-25) (&1000000000000005700000057 years, &10000000000000301000000301 days)
21 Portrait photograph of Lucretia Garfield Lucretia Garfield
[44][45]
(née Rudolph)		 April 19, 1832(1832-04-19) November 11, 1858 James A. Garfield March 4, 1881 September 19, 1881 &1000000000000003600000036 years, &10000000000000176000000176 days March 14, 1918(1918-03-14) (&1000000000000008500000085 years, &10000000000000329000000329 days)
22 Portrait of Ellen Arthur Ellen Arthur[46][47]
(née Lewis Herndon)		 August 30, 1837(1837-08-30) October 25, 1859 Chester A. Arthur —[n 8] - — January 12, 1880(1880-01-12) (&1000000000000004200000042 years, &10000000000000135000000135 days)
23 Portrait of Frances Cleveland Frances Clara Cleveland
[48][49]
(née Folsom; later Preston)		 July 21, 1864(1864-07-21) June 2, 1886 Grover Cleveland June 2, 1886[n 9] March 4, 1889 &100000000000000040000004 years, &100000000000000000000000 days October 29, 1947(1947-10-29) (&1000000000000008300000083 years, &10000000000000100000000100 days)
24 Portrait of Caroline Harrison Caroline Lavinia Harrison
[50][51]
(née Scott)		 October 1, 1832(1832-10-01) October 20, 1853 Benjamin Harrison March 4, 1889 October 25, 1892[n 10] N/A October 25, 1892(1892-10-25) (&1000000000000006000000060 years, &1000000000000002400000024 days)
25 Portrait of Frances Cleveland Frances Clara Cleveland
[48][49]
(née Folsom; later Preston)		 July 21, 1864(1864-07-21) June 2, 1886 Grover Cleveland March 4, 1893 March 4, 1897 &1000000000000005000000050 years, &10000000000000239000000239 days October 29, 1947(1947-10-29) (&1000000000000008300000083 years, &10000000000000100000000100 days)
26 Portrait of Ida McKinley Ida McKinley
[52][53]
(née Saxton)		 June 8, 1847(1847-06-08) January 25, 1871 William McKinley March 4, 1897 September 14, 1901 &100000000000000050000005 years, &10000000000000254000000254 days May 26, 1907(1907-05-26) (&1000000000000005900000059 years, &10000000000000352000000352 days)
27 Portrait of Edith Roosevelt Edith Kermit Roosevelt
[54][55]
(née Carow)		 August 6, 1861(1861-08-06) December 2, 1886 Theodore Roosevelt September 14, 1901 March 4, 1909 &1000000000000003900000039 years, &10000000000000210000000210 days September 30, 1948(1948-09-30) (&1000000000000008700000087 years, &1000000000000005500000055 days)
28 Portrait of Helen Taft Helen Louise Taft
[56][57]
(née Herron)		 June 2, 1861(1861-06-02) June 19, 1886 William Howard Taft March 4, 1909 March 4, 1913 &1000000000000003000000030 years, &1000000000000007900000079 days May 22, 1943(1943-05-22) (&1000000000000008100000081 years, &10000000000000354000000354 days)
29 Portrait of Ellen Wilson Ellen Louise Wilson
[58][59]
(née Axson)		 May 15, 1860(1860-05-15) June 24, 1885 Woodrow Wilson March 4, 1913 August 6, 1914[n 11] N/A August 6, 1914(1914-08-06) (&1000000000000005400000054 years, &1000000000000008300000083 days)
30 Portrait of Edith Wilson Edith Galt Wilson
[60][61]
(née Bolling)		 October 15, 1872(1872-10-15) December 18, 1915 Woodrow Wilson December 18, 1915 March 4, 1921 &1000000000000004000000040 years, &10000000000000299000000299 days December 28, 1961(1961-12-28) (&1000000000000008900000089 years, &1000000000000007400000074 days)
31 Portrait of Florence Harding Florence Mabel deWolfe Harding
[62][63]
(née Kling)		 August 15, 1860(1860-08-15) July 8, 1891 Warren G. Harding March 4, 1921 August 2, 1923 &100000000000000010000001 year, &10000000000000111000000111 days November 21, 1924(1924-11-21) (&1000000000000006400000064 years, &1000000000000009800000098 days)
32 Grace Coolidge Grace Anna Coolidge
[64][65]
(née Goodhue)		 January 3, 1879(1879-01-03) October 4, 1905 Calvin Coolidge August 2, 1923 March 4, 1929 &1000000000000002800000028 years, &10000000000000126000000126 days July 8, 1957(1957-07-08) (&1000000000000007800000078 years, &10000000000000186000000186 days)
33 Portrait of Lou Henry Hoover Lou Henry Hoover
[66][67]
(née Henry)		 March 29, 1874(1874-03-29) February 10, 1899 Herbert Hoover March 4, 1929 March 4, 1933 &1000000000000001000000010 years, &10000000000000309000000309 days January 7, 1944(1944-01-07) (&1000000000000006900000069 years, &10000000000000284000000284 days)
34 Portrait of Eleanor Roosevelt Anna Eleanor Roosevelt
[68][69]
(née Roosevelt)		 October 11, 1884(1884-10-11) March 17, 1905 Franklin D. Roosevelt March 4, 1933 April 12, 1945 &1000000000000001700000017 years, &10000000000000209000000209 days November 7, 1962(1962-11-07) (&1000000000000007800000078 years, &1000000000000002700000027 days)
35 Portrait of Bess Truman Elizabeth "Bess" Virginia Truman
[70][71]
(née Wallace)		 February 13, 1885(1885-02-13) June 28, 1919 Harry S. Truman April 12, 1945 January 20, 1953 &1000000000000002900000029 years, &10000000000000271000000271 days October 18, 1982(1982-10-18) (&1000000000000009700000097 years, &10000000000000247000000247 days)
36 Portrait of Mamie Eisenhower Mamie Geneva Eisenhower
[72][73]
(née Doud)		 November 14, 1896(1896-11-14) July 1, 1916 Dwight D. Eisenhower January 20, 1953 January 20, 1961 &1000000000000001800000018 years, &10000000000000285000000285 days November 1, 1979(1979-11-01) (&1000000000000008200000082 years, &10000000000000352000000352 days)
37 Portrait Of Jaqueline Kennedy Jacqueline Lee Kennedy
[74][75]
(née Bouvier; later Onassis)		 July 28, 1929(1929-07-28) September 12, 1953 John F. Kennedy January 20, 1961 November 22, 1963 &1000000000000003000000030 years, &10000000000000178000000178 days May 19, 1994(1994-05-19) (&1000000000000006400000064 years, &10000000000000295000000295 days)
38 Portrait of Lady Bird Johnson Claudia "Lady Bird" Alta Johnson
[76][77]
(née Taylor)		 December 22, 1912(1912-12-22) November 17, 1934 Lyndon B. Johnson November 22, 1963 January 20, 1969 &1000000000000003800000038 years, &10000000000000172000000172 days July 11, 2007(2007-07-11) (&1000000000000009400000094 years, &10000000000000201000000201 days)
39 Portrait of Pat Nixon Thelma "Pat" Catherine Nixon
[78][79]
(née Ryan)		 March 16, 1912(1912-03-16) June 21, 1940 Richard Nixon January 20, 1969 August 9, 1974 &1000000000000001800000018 years, &10000000000000317000000317 days June 22, 1993(1993-06-22) (&1000000000000008100000081 years, &1000000000000009800000098 days)
40 Portrait of Betty Ford Elizabeth "Betty" Ann Warren Ford
[80][81]
(née Bloomer)		 April 8, 1918(1918-04-08) October 15, 1948 Gerald Rudolph Ford August 9, 1974 January 20, 1977 &1000000000000003400000034 years, &10000000000000169000000169 days July 8, 2011(2011-07-08) (&1000000000000009300000093 years, &1000000000000009100000091 days)
41 Portrait of Rosalynn Carter Eleanor Rosalynn Carter
[82][83]
(née Smith)		 August 18, 1927(1927-08-18) July 7, 1946 Jimmy Carter January 20, 1977 January 20, 1981 &1000000000000003100000031 years, &1000000000000004300000043 days Living (&1000000000000008400000084 years, &10000000000000198000000198 days)
42 Portrait of Nancy Reagan Nancy Davis Reagan
[84][85]
(née Davis; originally Robbins)		 July 6, 1921(1921-07-06) March 6, 1952 Ronald Reagan January 20, 1981 January 20, 1989 &1000000000000002300000023 years, &1000000000000004300000043 days Living (&1000000000000009000000090 years, &10000000000000241000000241 days)
43 Portrait of Barbara Bush Barbara Bush
[86][87]
(née Pierce)		 June 8, 1925(1925-06-08) January 6, 1945 George H. W. Bush January 20, 1989 January 20, 1993 &1000000000000001900000019 years, &1000000000000004300000043 days Living (&1000000000000008600000086 years, &10000000000000269000000269 days)
44 Portrait of Hillary Rodham Clinton Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton
[88][89]
(née Rodham)		 October 26, 1947(1947-10-26) October 11, 1975 Bill Clinton January 20, 1993 January 20, 2001[n 12] &1000000000000001100000011 years, &1000000000000004300000043 days Living (&1000000000000006400000064 years, &10000000000000129000000129 days)
45 Portrait of Laura Bush Laura Lane Welch Bush
[90][91]
(née Welch)		 November 4, 1946(1946-11-04) November 5, 1977 George W. Bush January 20, 2001 January 20, 2009 &100000000000000030000003 years, &1000000000000004300000043 days Living (&1000000000000006500000065 years, &10000000000000120000000120 days)
46 Portrait of Michelle Obama Michelle LaVaughn Obama
[92][93]
(née Robinson)		 January 17, 1964(1964-01-17) October 3, 1992[94] Barack Obama January 20, 2009 Incumbent Incumbent Living (&1000000000000004800000048 years, &1000000000000004600000046 days)

[edit] See also

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[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson died in 1782, nineteen years before Thomas Jefferson became President. Their daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph assumed the role of White House hostess and unofficial First Lady during his incumbency; when she was unavailable Jefferson called upon Dolley Madison, wife of his Secretary of State, James Madison.[8][9]
  2. ^ Rachel Jackson died in December, 1828, three months before Andrew Jackson became President. Rachel's niece, Emily Donelson, assumed the role of White House hostess and unofficial First Lady until her death on December 19, 1836. Jackson's daughter-in-law, Sarah Yorke Jackson, was also brought into the White House to serve as White House hostess and unofficial First Lady on November 26, 1834. She remained at the White House until Jackson's term expired on March 4, 1837.[16][17]
  3. ^ Hannah Van Buren died on February 5, 1819, eighteen years before Martin Van Buren became President. Angelica Singleton Van Buren, Martin's daughter-in-law, assumed the role of White House hostess and unofficial First Lady during his incumbency.[18][19]
  4. ^ Anna Harrison, President William Henry Harrison's wife, was too sick to travel with William to Washington D.C. for his inauguration, and asked their daughter-in-law Jane Irwin Harrison to accompany him and act as hostess until her proposed arrival in May. William Harrison died after serving only 31 days in office, and Anna never made the trip to the White House.[20][21]
  5. ^ Letitia Tyler died while her husband, John Tyler, was still in office. Their daughter-in-law, Priscilla Cooper Tyler acted as White House hostess and unofficial First Lady until John Tyler remarried on June 26, 1844.[22][23]
  6. ^ Julia Tyler married John Tyler on June 26, 1844.[24][25]
  7. ^ James Buchanan was a life-long bachelor. His niece Harriet Lane served as First Lady.[34][35]
  8. ^ Ellen Arthur died in 1880. When Chester A. Arthur became President after James A. Garfield died, he asked his sister, Mary Arthur McElroy to be the White House hostess.[46][47]
  9. ^ Frances Cornelia Folsom married Grover Cleveland on June 2, 1886. Grover entered office on March 4, 1885 as a bachelor; his sister Rose Cleveland served as White House hostess until he and Frances married.[48][49]
  10. ^ Caroline Harrison died while her husband, Benjamin Harrison, was still in office. Their daughter Mary Harrison McKee acted as White House hostess and unofficial First Lady for the remainder of his incumbency.[50][51]
  11. ^ Ellen Wilson died on August 6, 1914, while her husband, Woodrow Wilson, was still in office. Their daughter Margaret Woodrow Wilson acted as White House hostess until he remarried on December 18, 1915.[58][59]
  12. ^ Although Hillary Clinton served as First Lady during the majority of her husband's presidency, the couple's daughter Chelsea served as needed as First Lady during her mother's 2000 Senate campaign. She also served as Acting First Lady during the last two weeks of her father's presidency, her mother having been sworn into service as U.S. Senator (D-NY) two weeks prior.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Caroli, Betty Boyd (2003). First Ladies from Martha Washington to Laura Bush. Oxford University Press. p. 200. 
  2. ^ "The First Spouse Gold Coins". United States Mint. http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/firstSpouse/index.cfm?flash=no. Retrieved January 10, 2009. 
  3. ^ 31 U.S.C. § 5112(o)(3)(D)(i)(II) Denominations, specifications, and design of coins. The First Spouse Gold Coins. Cornell University. Retrieved on January 10, 2009.
  4. ^ "Biography of Martha Washington". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/liveproduction/martha-dandridge-custis-washington. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  5. ^ "First Lady Biography: Martha Washington". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=1. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  6. ^ "Biography of Abigail Adams". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/abigailadams. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  7. ^ "First Lady Biography: Abigail Adams". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=2. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  8. ^ a b "Biography of Martha Jefferson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/marthajefferson. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  9. ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Martha Jefferson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=3. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  10. ^ "Biography of Dolley Madison". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/dolleymadison. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  11. ^ "First Lady Biography: Dolley Madison". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=4. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  12. ^ "Biography of Elizabeth Monroe". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/elizabethmonroe/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  13. ^ "First Lady Biography: Elizabeth Monroe". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=5. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  14. ^ "Biography of Louisa Adams". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/louisaadams/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  15. ^ "First Lady Biography: Louisa Adams". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=6. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  16. ^ a b "Biography of Rachel Jackson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/racheljackson/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  17. ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Rachel Jackson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=7. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  18. ^ a b "Biography of Hannah Van Buren". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/hannahvanburen/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  19. ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Hannah Van Buren". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=8. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  20. ^ a b "Biography of Anna Harrison". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/annaharrison/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  21. ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Anna Harrison". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  22. ^ a b "Biography of Letitia Tyler". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/letitiatyler/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  23. ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Letitia Tyler". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=10. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  24. ^ a b "Biography of Julia Tyler". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/juliatyler/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  25. ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Julia Tyler". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=11. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  26. ^ "Biography of Sarah Polk". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/sarahpolk/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  27. ^ "First Lady Biography: Sarah Polk". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=12. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  28. ^ "Biography of Margaret Taylor". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/margarettaylor/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  29. ^ "First Lady Biography: Margaret Taylor". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=13. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  30. ^ "Biography of Abigail Fillmore". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/abigailfillmore/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  31. ^ "First Lady Biography: Abigail Fillmore". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=14. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  32. ^ "Biography of Jane Pierce". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/janepierce/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  33. ^ "First Lady Biography: Jane Pierce". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=15. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  34. ^ a b "Biography of Harriet Lane". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/harrietlane/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  35. ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Harriet Lane". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=16. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  36. ^ "Biography of Mary Lincoln". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/marylincoln/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  37. ^ "First Lady Biography: Mary Lincoln". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=17. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  38. ^ "Biography of Eliza McCardle Johnson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/elizajohnson/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  39. ^ "First Lady Biography: Eliza Johnson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=18. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  40. ^ "Biography of Julia Grant". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/juliagrant/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  41. ^ "First Lady Biography: Julia Grant". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=19. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  42. ^ "Biography of Lucy Hayes". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/lucyhayes/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  43. ^ "First Lady Biography: Lucy Hayes". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=20. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  44. ^ "Biography of Lucretia Garfield". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/lucretiagarfield/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  45. ^ "First Lady Biography: Lucretia Garfield". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=21. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  46. ^ a b "Biography of Ellen Arthur". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first_ladies/ellenarthur/. Retrieved January 20, 2009. 
  47. ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Ellen Arthur". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=22. Retrieved January 10, 2009. 
  48. ^ a b c "Biography of Frances Cleveland". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/francescleveland/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  49. ^ a b c "First Lady Biography: Frances Cleveland". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=23. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  50. ^ a b "Biography of Caroline Harrison". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/carolineharrison/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  51. ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Caroline Harrison". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=24. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  52. ^ "Biography of Ida McKinley". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/idamckinley/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  53. ^ "First Lady Biography: Ida McKinley". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=25. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  54. ^ "Biography of Edith Roosevelt". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/edithroosevelt/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  55. ^ "First Lady Biography: Edith Roosevelt". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=26. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  56. ^ "Biography of Helen Taft". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/helentaft/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  57. ^ "First Lady Biography: Helen Taft". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=27. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  58. ^ a b "Biography of Ellen Wilson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/ellenwilson/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  59. ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Ellen Wilson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=28. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  60. ^ "Biography of Edith Wilson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/edithwilson/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  61. ^ "First Lady Biography: Edith Wilson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=29. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  62. ^ "Biography of Florence Harding". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/florenceharding/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  63. ^ "First Lady Biography: Florence Harding". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=30. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  64. ^ "Biography of Grace Coolidge". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/gracecoolidge/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  65. ^ "First Lady Biography: Grace Coolidge". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=31. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  66. ^ "Biography of Lou Hoover". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/louhoover/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  67. ^ "First Lady Biography: Lou Hoover". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=32. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  68. ^ "Biography of Eleanor Roosevelt". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/eleanorroosevelt/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  69. ^ "First Lady Biography: Eleanor Roosevelt". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=33. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  70. ^ "Biography of Bess Truman". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/besstruman/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  71. ^ "First Lady Biography: Bess Truman". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=34. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  72. ^ "Biography of Mamie Eisenhower". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/mamieeisenhower/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  73. ^ "First Lady Biography: Mamie Eisenhower". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=35. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  74. ^ "Biography of Jacqueline Kennedy". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/jacquelinekennedy/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  75. ^ "First Lady Biography: Jackie Kennedy". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=36. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  76. ^ "Biography of Lady Bird Johnson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/ladybirdjohnson/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  77. ^ "First Lady Biography: Lady Bird Johnson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=37. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  78. ^ "Biography of Pat Nixon". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/patnixon/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  79. ^ "First Lady Biography: Pat Nixon". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=38. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  80. ^ "Biography of Betty Ford". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/bettyford/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  81. ^ "First Lady Biography: Betty Ford". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=39. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  82. ^ "Biography of Rosalynn Carter". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/rosalynncarter/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  83. ^ "First Lady Biography: Rosalynn Carter". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=40. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  84. ^ "Biography of Nancy Reagan". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/nancyreagan/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  85. ^ "First Lady Biography: Nancy Reagan". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=41. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  86. ^ "Biography of Barbara Bush". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/barbarabush/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  87. ^ "First Lady Biography: Barbara Bush". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=42. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  88. ^ "Biography of Hillary Clinton". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/hillaryclinton/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  89. ^ "First Lady Biography: Hillary Clinton". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=43. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  90. ^ "Biography of Laura Bush". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/laurabush/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  91. ^ "First Lady Biography: Laura Bush". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=44. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  92. ^ "Biography of Michelle Obama". Washington, D.C.: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/michelle_obama/. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  93. ^ "First Lady Biography: Michelle Obama". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=45. Retrieved March 11, 2010. 
  94. ^ Fornek, Scott (October 3, 2007). "Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'". Chicago Sun-Times. http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng. Retrieved January 10, 2009. 

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