List of Indo-European languages

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The approximate present-day distribution of the Indo-European branches within their homelands of Europe and Asia:

Hellenic (Greek)

Italic (includes Romance)

Balto-Slavic (Baltic)

Balto-Slavic (Slavic)

Non-Indo-European languages

Dotted/striped areas indicate where multilingualism is common.

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The Indo-European languages include some 439 (SIL estimate^[1]) languages and dialects spoken by about three billion people, including most of the major language families of Europe and western Asia, which belong to a single superfamily. Each subfamily in this list contains many subgroups and individual languages.

Contents

1 Albanian language
2 Anatolian languages (extinct)
3 Armenian language
4 Baltic languages
5 Celtic languages
6 Germanic languages
7 Greek languages
8 Indo-Iranian languages
9 Italic languages
10 Slavic languages
11 Tocharian languages
12 Indo-European languages whose relationship to other languages in the family is unclear
13 References
14 External links

Albanian language [edit]

Gheg
Tosk
- Arbëresh
- Arvanitic

Anatolian languages (extinct) [edit]

Armenian language [edit]

Baltic languages [edit]

Extinct languages:

Old Prussian
Curonian (disputed; see Origin of Curonian)
Galindian
Selonian
Semigallian
Sudovian / Yotvingian

Celtic languages [edit]

Continental Celtic (all extinct; a paraphyletic grouping)
- Gaulish
- Lepontic
- Galatian
- Celtiberian
- Tartessian^[2]^[3]
Insular Celtic
- Goidelic
  - Irish
  - Scottish Gaelic
  - Manx
  - Shelta (cant)
- Brythonic
  - Welsh
  - Breton
  - Cornish
  - Cumbric
  - Ivernic (hypothetical)
  - Pictish (disputed – possibly a pre-Indo-European remnant language)

Germanic languages [edit]

Greek languages [edit]

East Greek
- Mycenaean Greek
West Greek
- Doric Greek
  - Tsakonian Greek
- Northwestern Greek

Indo-Iranian languages [edit]

Indo-Aryan languages
- Central Indo-Aryan languages
- East Central Indo-Aryan languages
- Eastern Indo-Aryan languages
  - Bengali-Assamese languages
  - Bihari languages
    - Angika
    - Bhojpuri
    - Caribbean Hindustani
    - Kudmali
    - Magadhi
    - Maithili
    - Majhi
    - Musasa
    - Oraon Sadri
    - Panchpargania
    - Sadri
    - Surajpuri
  - Oriya languages
- Northern Indo-Aryan languages
  - including Punjabi and Hindustani
- Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages
  - Dardic languages (The relation of this subgroup to other Indo Aryan languages is unclear.)
    - Chitral languages
      - Kalasha-mun language
      - Khowar language
    - Kashmiri language
    - Kohistani languages
    - Kunar languages
      - Pashayi languages
        
        Northeast Pashayi language
        
        Northwest Pashayi language
        
        Southeast Pashayi language
        
        Southwest Pashayi language
      - Dameli language
      - Gawar-Bati language
      - Grangali language
      - Shumashti language
    - Shina languages
    - Lahnda Saraiki languages
    - Jakati language
    - Khetrani language
    - Mirpur Panjabi language
    - Northern Hindko language
    - Saraiki language
    - Southern Hindko language
    - Western Panjabi language
  - Gujarati languages
    - Gujarati
    - Kachchi language
  - Sindhi languages
- Nuristani languages
- Sanskrit language
- Sinhalese-Maldivian languages
- Southern Indo-Aryan languages
  - Konkani languages
  - Marathi language
- Unclassified
Iranian languages
- Eastern Iranian languages
  - Northeastern Iranian languages
  - Southeastern Iranian languages
- Western Iranian languages
  - Northwestern Iranian languages
  - Southwestern Iranian languages

Italic languages [edit]

Sabellic
- Oscan
  - Volscian
- Umbrian
Latino-Faliscan
Venetic language (either Italic or closely related to Italic)

Slavic languages [edit]

Proto-Slavic language
- East Slavic languages
  - Belarusian
  - Russian
  - Rusyn
  - Ukrainian
- South Slavic languages
  - Old Church Slavonic
  - Bosnian
  - Bulgarian
  - Croatian
  - Macedonian
  - Montenegrin
  - Serbian
  - Slovene
- West Slavic languages
  - Czech
  - Kashubian (Pomeranian)
  - Polish
    - Silesian (disputed)
  - Slovak
  - Lower Sorbian
  - Upper Sorbian
  - Polabian (extinct)
  - Knaanic (extinct)

Tocharian languages [edit]

Tocharian A (Turfanian or East Tocharian)
Tocharian B (Kuchean or West Tocharian)

Indo-European languages whose relationship to other languages in the family is unclear [edit]

Cimmerian language, possibly related to Thracian or Iranian
Ligurian language, possibly related to Italic or Celtic
Lomavren language
Ancient Macedonian language
Dacian language
Thracian language
Illyrian language
Messapian language
Paionian language
Phrygian language

References [edit]

^ "Ethnologue report for Indo-European". Ethnologue.com.
^ Koch, John T (2010). Celtic from the West Chapter 9: Paradigm Shift? Interpreting Tartessian as Celtic. Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK. pp. 187–295. ISBN 978-1-84217-410-4.
^ Koch, John T (2011). Tartessian 2: The Inscription of Mesas do Castelinho ro and the Verbal Complex. Preliminaries to Historical Phonology. Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK. pp. 1–198. ISBN 978-1-907029-07-3.

External links [edit]

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