List of parties to the Kyoto Protocol
As of April 2012, 191 states (189 United Nations member states as well as the Cook Islands and Niue) and one supranational union (the EU) are parties to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,[1][2] aimed at combating global warming. Canada denounced the convention effective 15 December 2012 and ceased to be a member from that date.
Contents |
Signed and ratified [edit]
Signing is optional, indicating an intention to ratify the Protocol. Ratification means that an Annex I party (e.g. a developed country or one with an 'economy in transition') has agreed to cap emissions in accordance with the Protocol. 38 of the 39 Annex I parties have agreed to cap their emissions in this way, two others are required to do so under their conditions of accession into the EU, and one more intends to become an Annex I party.
| Country | UNFCCC | annex | % for ratification | reduction commitment for 2012[3] |
Signed | Ratification / Acceptance | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | member | 17 September 1998 | 17 September 1998 | |||||
| 2 | member | 16 March 1998 | 3 November 1998 | |||||
| 3 | member | 16 November 1998 | 16 November 1998 | |||||
| 4 | member | 16 March 1998 | 30 December 1998 | |||||
| 5 | member | 28 September 1998 | 11 January 1999 | |||||
| 6 | member | 7 January 1998 | 28 January 1999 | |||||
| 7 | member | 8 June 1998 | 5 March 1999 | |||||
| 8 | member | 9 April 1996 | ||||||
| 9 | member | 8 December 1998 | 6 May 1999 | |||||
| 10 | member | 16 June 1999 | ||||||
| 11 | member | 17 March 1998 | 21 June 1999 | |||||
| 12 | member | 28 June 1999 | ||||||
| 13 | member | 16 July 1999 | -[4] | |||||
| 14 | member | 25 August 1998 | 27 August 1999 | |||||
| 15 | member | 10 July 1998 | 5 October 1999 | |||||
| 16 | member | 20 November 1998 | 12 October 1999 | |||||
| 17 | member | 7 July 1998 | 18 November 1999 | |||||
| 18 | member | 9 July 1998 | 30 November 1999 | |||||
| 19 | member | 10 December 1999 | ||||||
| 20 | member | 15 December 1999 | ||||||
| 21 | member | 15 January 1999 | 13 January 2000 | |||||
| 22 | member | 8 June 1998 | 13 January 2000 | |||||
| 23 | member | 25 February 1999 | 19 July 2000 | |||||
| 24 | member | 7 August 2000 | ||||||
| 25 | member | 16 August 2000 | ||||||
| 26 | member | 6 September 2000 | ||||||
| 27 | member | 7 September 2000 | ||||||
| 28 | member | 7 September 2000 | ||||||
| 29 | member | 9 June 1998 | 7 September 2000 | |||||
| 30 | member | 28 September 2000 | ||||||
| 31 | member | 16 March 1998 | 27 November 2000 | |||||
| 32 | member | 29 July 1998 | 5 February 2001 | |||||
| 33 | member | I | 1.24% | −8%[5] | 5 January 1999 | 19 March 2001 | ||
| 34 | member | 9 May 2001 | ||||||
| 35 | member | 1 June 2001 | ||||||
| 36 | member | 17 July 2001 | ||||||
| 37 | member | 20 July 2001 | ||||||
| 38 | member | 16 August 2001 | ||||||
| 39 | member | 16 September 1998 | 27 August 2001 | |||||
| 40 | member | 16 March 1998 | 28 September 2001 | |||||
| 41 | member | 18 October 2001 | ||||||
| 42 | member | 22 October 2001 | ||||||
| 43 | member | 26 October 2001 | ||||||
| 44 | member | 17 April 1998 | 11 November 2001 | -[4] | ||||
| 45 | member | I | 1.24% | −8%[5] | 23 November 1998 | 15 November 2001 | ||
| 46 | member | 30 November 2001 | ||||||
| 47 | member | 25 January 2002 | ||||||
| 48 | member | 12 February 2002 | ||||||
| 49 | member | 25 February 2002 | ||||||
| 50 | member | 12 March 2002 | ||||||
| 51 | member | 25 March 2002 | ||||||
| 52 | member | 27 January 1999 | 28 March 2002 | |||||
| 53 | member | 2 March 1999 | 28 March 2002 | |||||
| 54 | member | 15 March 1999 | 30 April 2002 | |||||
| 55 | member | I, II | 0.02% | +10%[6] | 23 May 2002 | 55th state to ratify, this fulfills the first condition for coming-into-force | ||
| 56 | member | I, II | 0.26% | +1%[6] | 29 April 1998 | 30 May 2002 | ||
| – | member[7] | I, II | 31.68% | −8%[5] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | All ratifications of the then-EU-members are deposited simultaneously (see 57–72). For the purpose of counting ratification for satisfying the entry-into-force condition the EU is not counted.[8] | |
| 57 | member | I, II | 0.4% | −8% (−13%)[5] | 24 September 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
| 58 | member | I, II | 0.8% | −8% (−7.5%)[5] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
| 59 | member | I, II | 0.4% | −8% (−21%)[5] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
| 60 | member | I, II | 0.4% | −8% (0%)[5][9] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
| 61 | member | I, II | 2.7% | −8% (0%)[5][9] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
| 62 | member | I, II | 7.4% | −8% (−21%)[5] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
| 63 | member | I, II | 0.6% | −8% (+25%),[5][6] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
| 64 | member | I, II | 0.2% | −8% (+13%),[5][6] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
| 65 | member | I, II | 3.1% | −8% (−6.5%)[5] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
| 66 | member | I, II | 0.1% | −8% (−28%)[5] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
| 67 | member | I, II | 1.2% | −8% (−6%)[5] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
| 68 | member | I, II | 0.3% | −8% (+27%),[5][6] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
| 69 | member | I, II | 1.9% | −8% (+15%),[5][6] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
| 70 | member | I, II | 0.4% | −8% (+4%),[5][6] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
| 71 | member | I, II | 4.3% | −8% (−12.5%)[5] | 29 April 1998 | 31 May 2002 | ||
| 72 | member | I | 0.42% | −8%[5] | 26 February 1999 | 31 May 2002 | ||
| 73 | member | I, II | 8.55% | −6% | 28 April 1998 | 4 June 2002 | ||
| 74 | member | I | 0.17% | −8% | 14 December 1998 | 5 July 2002 | ||
| 75 | member | 20 March 1998 | 22 July 2002 | |||||
| 76 | member | 31 July 2002 | ||||||
| 77 | member | I | -[10] | −8%[5] | 21 October 1998 | 2 August 2002 | ||
| 78 | member | 6 August 2002 | ||||||
| 79 | member | 27 April 1998 | 9 August 2002 | |||||
| 80 | member | I | 0.6% | −8%[5] | 18 September 1998 | 15 August 2002 | ||
| 81 | member | I | 0.52% | −6%[5] | 21 August 2002 | |||
| 82 | member | 22 August 2002 | ||||||
| 83 | member | 29 April 1998 | 23 August 2002 | |||||
| 84 | member | 26 August 2002 | ||||||
| 85 | member | 17 June 1998 | 26 August 2002 | |||||
| 86 | member | 26 August 2002 | ||||||
| 87 | member | 26 August 2002 | ||||||
| 88 | member | 28 August 2002 | ||||||
| 89 | member | 2 February 1999 | 28 August 2002 | |||||
| 90 | member | 29 May 1998 | 30 August 2002 | |||||
| 91 | member | 3 September 2002 | ||||||
| 92 | member | 12 March 1999 | 4 September 2002 | |||||
| 93 | member | 13 November 1998 | 12 September 2002 | |||||
| 94 | member | 3 December 1998 | 25 September 2002 | |||||
| 95 | member | I | 0.28% | −8%[5] | 3 December 1998 | 14 October 2002 | ||
| 96 | member | 5 November 2002 | ||||||
| 97 | member | 25 September 1998 | 8 November 2002 | |||||
| 98 | member | I | 3.02% | −6%[5] | 15 July 1998 | 13 December 2002 | ||
| - | former member | I, II | 3.33% | −6% | 29 April 1998 | 17 December 2002 | Renounced (December 2011, effective 15 December 2012).[11] | |
| 99 | member | I, II | 0.19% | 0%[9] | 22 May 1998 | 19 December 2002 | ||
| 100 | member | I | -[10] | −8%[5] | 21 September 1998 | 3 January 2003 | ||
| 101 | member | 17 January 2003 | ||||||
| 102 | member | 22 January 2003 | ||||||
| 103 | member | 6 February 2003 | ||||||
| 104 | member | 29 September 1998 | 13 March 2003 | |||||
| 105 | member | 22 April 2003 | ||||||
| 106 | member | 25 April 2003 | ||||||
| 107 | member | 13 May 2003 | ||||||
| 108 | member | 30 May 2003 | ||||||
| 109 | member | I, II | 0.32% | −8% | 16 March 1998 | 9 July 2003 | ||
| 110 | member | 5 August 2003 | ||||||
| 111 | member | 8 August 2003 | ||||||
| 112 | member | 17 March 1998 | 11 August 2003 | |||||
| 113 | member | 13 August 2003 | ||||||
| 114 | member | 16 March 1998 | 20 August 2003 | |||||
| 115 | member | 4 September 2003 | ||||||
| 116 | member | 24 September 2003 | ||||||
| 117 | member | 26 September 2003 | ||||||
| 118 | member | 15 April 1998 | 20 November 2003 | |||||
| 119 | member | 16 December 1998 | 15 March 2004 | |||||
| 120 | member | I | -[10] | 0%[9] | 15 March 1999 | 12 April 2004 | ||
| 121 | member | 2 July 2004 | ||||||
| 122 | member | 22 July 2004 | ||||||
| 123 | member | 15 September 2004 | ||||||
| 124 | member | 23 October 1998 | 30 September 2004 | |||||
| 125 | member | 2 November 2004 | ||||||
| 126 | member | I | 17.4% | 0%[9] | 11 March 1999 | 18 November 2004 | With Russia's ratification the "55 percent of 1990 carbon dioxide emissions of the Parties included in Annex I" clause was satisfied and the treaty brought into force, effective 16 February 2005. | |
| 127 | member | 18 November 2004 | ||||||
| 128 | member | 13 July 1998 | 3 December 2004 | |||||
| 129 | member | I | 0.0015% | −8% | 29 June 1998 | 3 December 2004 | ||
| 130 | member | 10 December 2004 | ||||||
| 131 | member | 19 March 1998 | 31 December 2004 | |||||
| 132 | member | 11 January 2005 | ||||||
| 133 | member | 11 January 2005 | ||||||
| 134 | member | 15 March 1999 | 12 January 2005 | |||||
| 135 | member | 18 January 2005 | ||||||
| 136 | member | 19 January 2005 | ||||||
| 137 | member | 25 January 2005 | ||||||
| 138 | member | 26 January 2005 | ||||||
| 139 | member | 31 January 2005 | ||||||
| 140 | member | 16 February 2005 | ||||||
| 141 | member | 18 February 2005 | ||||||
| 142 | member | 25 February 2005 | ||||||
| 143 | member | 11 March 2005 | ||||||
| 144 | member | 23 March 2005 | ||||||
| 145 | member | 31 March 2005 | ||||||
| 146 | member | 1 April 2005 | ||||||
| 147 | member | 14 April 2005 | ||||||
| 148 | member | 27 April 2005 | ||||||
| 149 | member | 6 July 2005 | ||||||
| 150 | member | 22 July 2005 | ||||||
| 151 | member | 28 July 2005 | ||||||
| 152 | member | 22 August 2005 | ||||||
| 153 | member | I | -[10] | none yet[13] | 26 August 2005 | |||
| 154 | member | 16 September 2005 | ||||||
| 155 | member | 18 November 2005 | ||||||
| 156 | member | 13 January 2006 | ||||||
| 157 | member | 27 January 2006 | ||||||
| 158 | member | 31 January 2006 | ||||||
| 159 | member | 10 February 2006 | ||||||
| 160 | member | I | 0.0015% | −8% | 29 April 1998 | 27 February 2006 | ||
| 161 | member | 12 April 2006 | ||||||
| 162 | member | 5 August 1998 | 7 July 2006 | |||||
| 163 | member | 24 August 2006 | ||||||
| 164 | member | 25 September 2006 | ||||||
| 165 | member | 10 November 2006 | ||||||
| 166 | member | 13 November 2006 | ||||||
| 167 | member | 12 December 2006 | ||||||
| 168 | member | 12 February 2007 | ||||||
| 169 | member | 16 April 2007 | ||||||
| 170 | member | 23 April 2007 | ||||||
| 171 | member | I | -[10] | −5% | 11 March 1999 | 27 April 2007 | ||
| 172 | member | 8 May 2007 | ||||||
| 173 | member | 4 June 2007 | ||||||
| 174 | member | 24 September 2007 | ||||||
| 175 | member | I, II | 2.1% | +8%[6] | 29 April 1998 | 3 December 2007 | ||
| 176 | member | 14 January 2008 | ||||||
| 177 | member | 18 March 2008 | ||||||
| 178 | member | 8 April 2008 | ||||||
| 179 | member | 10 April 2008 | ||||||
| 180 | member | 24 July 2008 | ||||||
| 181 | member | 14 October 2008 | ||||||
| 182 | member | 5 January 2009 | ||||||
| 183 | member | I, -[14] | -[10] | none yet[13] | 28 May 2009 | [15][16][17] | ||
| 184 | member | [18] | -[19] | none yet[20] | 12 March 1999[21] | 19 June 2009 | ||
| 185 | member | 30 June 2009 | ||||||
| 186 | member | 28 July 2009 | ||||||
| 187 | member | 18 August 2009 | ||||||
| 188 | member | 20 August 2009 | ||||||
| 189 | member | 28 April 2010 | ||||||
| 190 | member | 26 July 2010 | ||||||
| 191 | member | 3 April 2013 | 3 April 2013 | Treaty expected to come into force on 23 June 2013[22] | ||||
| total countries: 191 | members: 191 (incl. EU) former members: 1 |
I: 38 + EU II: 21+EU |
33, 63.9% | -%: 31 (24) 0%: 3 (5) +%: 3 (8) |
||||
Signed but not intending to ratify [edit]
| Country | UNFCCC | annex | % for ratification | reduction target 2008/12 | Signed | Ratification/Acceptance | Notes | |
| member | I, II | 36.1% | −7% | 12 November 1998 | Federal government has not ratified | |||
| total countries: 1 | members: 1 observers: 0 |
I: 1 II: 1 |
1 | -%: 1 0%: 0 +%: 0 |
||||
Not signatories or parties [edit]
As of 2012 there are several other states were not Party to the Protocol:
- members of the UNFCCC: Andorra
- observers of the UNFCCC (UNFCC ratification required): Palestine, Vatican City[23]
- members of the UN (UNFCC ratification required): South Sudan
- (other) states with limited recognition (UNFCC ratification required)
References [edit]
- ^ "Kyoto Protocol Status of Ratification (pdf)" (PDF). Retrieved 12 October 2006.
- ^ "Status of Ratification". UNFCCC's Kyoto Protocol Background. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ As per Kyoto protocol annex B
- ^ a b Cyprus and Malta become EU members after the signature of the Kyoto protocol, but have not yet changed their status to become annex I/II/B states and thus have no commitment for emissions reduction. However, as EU members they are obliged to participate in the EU ETS
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y The EU15 has a total aggregate figure −8% for reduction; emissions will be pooled among member states through internal EU reduction assignments mentioned in the brackets (thus increases in some member states are compensated by bigger reductions in others). The 12 member states that entered the union later – in 2004 and 2007 retain their individual Kyoto targets ranging from none for non-annex Cyprus and Malta to −8%. [1]
- ^ a b c d e f g h increase allowed
- ^ The EU member states are also members of the UNFCCC on their own, in addition to their common representation trough the EU.
- ^ Full text of the Kyoto Protocol, Article 25(4)
- ^ a b c d e Neither reduction required, nor increase allowed – emissions should stay at their 1990 level.
- ^ a b c d e f For some reason despite being annex-I states some countries' emissions are not calculated into the total percentage for entry into force of the Kyoto protocol.
- ^ "Canada withdrawing from Kyoto". The Toronto Star. 12 December 2011.
- ^ The states in free association with New Zealand, the Cook Islands and Niue have their own separate memberships in the UNFCCC.
- ^ a b Annex I countries that were not parties to the UNFCCC at the time of signing of the Kyoto protocol have no reduction targets assigned.
- ^ Turkey was removed from the annex II list in 2001 at its request its economy to be recognised as a transition one
- ^ (Turkish)Ntvmsnbc.com "Kyoto’dan sonra Türkiye’yi neler bekliyor? (English translation:What's after Kyoto protocol for Turkey?)" (Turkish)Ntvmsnbc.com "Türkiye, Kyoto protokolüne katılıyor (English translation:Turkey joins to Kyoto protocol)" (Turkish)Ntvmsnbc.com "Şimdi KYOTO zamanı (English translation:It's time for Kyoto)"
- ^ Bianet Turkey Will Sign The Kyoto Protocol
- ^ Turkish Weekly Turkey's Participation in Kyoto Protocol Published in Official Gazette
- ^ Kazakhstan has declared that it wants to become annex I state after its ratification of the protocol, but its reduction target under annex B is not yet determined.
- ^ At the time of signing of the Kyoto protocol Kazakhstan was not annex I state, that's why its emissions are not calculated in the figure for the ratification.
- ^ To be determined after Kazakhstan becomes annex I state
- ^ Xinhua Kazakhstan's parliament approves Kyoto protocol
- ^ "Afghanistan ratifies Kyoto Protocol". Pajhwok Afghan News. April 3, 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-04.
- ^ "Parties to the Convention and Observer States". UNFCC. Retrieved 27 January 2013.