List of parties to the Kyoto Protocol

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Participation in the Kyoto Protocol, where green indicates countries that have signed and ratified the treaty (Annex I and II are in dark green), grey is not yet decided, brown is no intention of ratifying, and red is intention to withdraw.

As of August 2011, 191 states (189 United Nations member states as well as the Cook Islands and Niue) and one supranational union (the EU) have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,[1][2] aimed at combating global warming.

Contents

[edit] Signed and ratified

Signing is optional, indicating an intention to ratify the Protocol. Ratification means that an Annex I party (e.g. a developed country or one with an 'economy in transition') has agreed to cap emissions in accordance with the Protocol. 38 of the 39 Annex I parties have agreed to cap their emissions in this way, two others are required to do so under their conditions of accession into the EU, and one more intends to become an Annex I party.

Country UNFCCC annex % for ratification reduction
commitment
for 2012[3]		 Signed Ratification / Acceptance Notes
1  Fiji member 17 September 1998 17 September 1998
2  Antigua and Barbuda member 16 March 1998 3 November 1998
3  Tuvalu member 16 November 1998 16 November 1998
4  Maldives member 16 March 1998 30 December 1998
5  Turkmenistan member 28 September 1998 11 January 1999
6  Trinidad and Tobago member 7 January 1998 28 January 1999
7  Panama member 8 June 1998 5 March 1999
8  Bahamas member 9 April 1996
9  Niue member 8 December 1998 6 May 1999
10  Georgia member 16 June 1999
11  Federated States of Micronesia member 17 March 1998 21 June 1999
12  Jamaica member 28 June 1999
13  Cyprus member 16 July 1999 -[4]
14  Paraguay member 25 August 1998 27 August 1999
15  Guatemala member 10 July 1998 5 October 1999
16  Uzbekistan member 20 November 1998 12 October 1999
17  Nicaragua member 7 July 1998 18 November 1999
18  Bolivia member 9 July 1998 30 November 1999
19  Palau member 10 December 1999
20  Mongolia member 15 December 1999
21  Ecuador member 15 January 1999 13 January 2000
22  El Salvador member 8 June 1998 13 January 2000
23  Honduras member 25 February 1999 19 July 2000
24  Barbados member 7 August 2000
25  Equatorial Guinea member 16 August 2000
26  Lesotho member 6 September 2000
27  Guinea member 7 September 2000
28  Kiribati member 7 September 2000
29  Mexico member 9 June 1998 7 September 2000
30  Azerbaijan member 28 September 2000
31  Samoa member 16 March 1998 27 November 2000
32  Uruguay member 29 July 1998 5 February 2001
33  Romania member I 1.24% −8%[5] 5 January 1999 19 March 2001
34  Mauritius member 9 May 2001
35  Gambia member 1 June 2001
36  Vanuatu member 17 July 2001
37  Senegal member 20 July 2001
38  Nauru member 16 August 2001
39  Cook Islands member 16 September 1998 27 August 2001
40  Argentina member 16 March 1998 28 September 2001
41  Burundi member 18 October 2001
42  Bangladesh member 22 October 2001
43  Malawi member 26 October 2001
44  Malta member 17 April 1998 11 November 2001 -[4]
45  Czech Republic member I 1.24% −8%[5] 23 November 1998 15 November 2001
46  Colombia member 30 November 2001
47  Morocco member 25 January 2002
48  Dominican Republic member 12 February 2002
49  Benin member 25 February 2002
50  Djibouti member 12 March 2002
51  Uganda member 25 March 2002
52  Mali member 27 January 1999 28 March 2002
53  Papua New Guinea member 2 March 1999 28 March 2002
54  Cuba member 15 March 1999 30 April 2002
55  Iceland member I, II 0.02% +10%[6] 23 May 2002 55th state to ratify, this fulfills the first condition for coming-into-force
56  Norway member I, II 0.26% +1%[6] 29 April 1998 30 May 2002
–  European Union member[7] I, II 31.68% −8%[5] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 All ratifications of the then-EU-members are deposited simultaneously (see 57–72). For the purpose of counting ratification for satisfying the entry-into-force condition the EU is not counted.[8]
57  Austria member I, II 0.4% −8% (−13%)[5] 24 September 1998 31 May 2002
58  Belgium member I, II 0.8% −8% (−7.5%)[5] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
59  Denmark member I, II 0.4% −8% (−21%)[5] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002  Greenland: applied
 Faroe Islands: not applied
60  Finland member I, II 0.4% −8% (0%)[5][9] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
61  France member I, II 2.7% −8% (0%)[5][9] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002  French Guiana,  Guadeloupe,  Martinique,  Réunion: applied
 French Polynesia,  New Caledonia,  Wallis and Futuna,  French Southern Territories,  Mayotte,  Saint Pierre and Miquelon: not applied
62  Germany member I, II 7.4% −8% (−21%)[5] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
63  Greece member I, II 0.6% −8% (+25%),[5][6] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
64  Ireland member I, II 0.2% −8% (+13%),[5][6] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
65  Italy member I, II 3.1% −8% (−6.5%)[5] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
66  Luxembourg member I, II 0.1% −8% (−28%)[5] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
67  Netherlands member I, II 1.2% −8% (−6%)[5] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002  Aruba: not applied
 Netherlands Antilles: not applied
68  Portugal member I, II 0.3% −8% (+27%),[5][6] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
69  Spain member I, II 1.9% −8% (+15%),[5][6] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
70  Sweden member I, II 0.4% −8% (+4%),[5][6] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
71  United Kingdom member I, II 4.3% −8% (−12.5%)[5] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002
72  Slovakia member I 0.42% −8%[5] 26 February 1998 31 May 2002
73  Japan member I, II 8.55% −6% 28 April 1998 4 June 2002
74  Latvia member I 0.17% −8% 14 December 1998 5 July 2002
75  Seychelles member 20 March 1998 22 July 2002
76  South Africa member 31 July 2002
77  Slovenia member I -[10] −8%[5] 21 October 1998 2 August 2002
78  Grenada member 6 August 2002
79  Costa Rica member 27 April 1998 9 August 2002
80  Bulgaria member I 0.6% −8%[5] 18 September 1998 15 August 2002
81  Hungary member I 0.52% −6%[5] 21 August 2002
82  Cambodia member 22 August 2002
83  Brazil member 29 April 1998 23 August 2002
84  Bhutan member 26 August 2002
85  Chile member 17 June 1998 26 August 2002
86  India member 26 August 2002
87  Tanzania member 26 August 2002
88  Cameroon member 28 August 2002
89  Thailand member 2 February 1999 28 August 2002
90  People's Republic of China member 29 May 1998 30 August 2002  Hong Kong: applied since 8 April 2003
 Macao: not applied
91  Sri Lanka member 3 September 2002
92  Malaysia member 12 March 1999 4 September 2002
93  Peru member 13 November 1998 12 September 2002
94  Viet Nam member 3 December 1998 25 September 2002
95  Estonia member I 0.28% −8%[5] 3 December 1998 14 October 2002
96  Liberia member 5 November 2002
97  South Korea member 25 September 1998 8 November 2002
98  Poland member I 3.02% −6%[5] 15 July 1998 13 December 2002
99  Canada member I, II 3.33% −6% 29 April 1998 17 December 2002 Intends to withdraw.[11]
100  New Zealand[12] member I, II 0.19% 0%[9] 22 May 1998 19 December 2002  Tokelau: not applied
101  Lithuania member I -[10] −8%[5] 21 September 1998 3 January 2003
102  Jordan member 17 January 2003
103  Tunisia member 22 January 2003
104  Laos member 6 February 2003
105  Solomon Islands member 29 September 1998 13 March 2003
106  Moldova member 22 April 2003
107  Armenia member 25 April 2003
108  Kyrgyzstan member 13 May 2003
109  Ghana member 30 May 2003
110  Switzerland member I, II 0.32% −8% 16 March 1998 9 July 2003
111  Guyana member 5 August 2003
112  Botswana member 8 August 2003
113  Marshall Islands member 17 March 1998 11 August 2003
114  Myanmar member 13 August 2003
115  Saint Lucia member 16 March 1998 20 August 2003
116  Namibia member 4 September 2003
117  Madagascar member 24 September 2003
118  Belize member 26 September 2003
119  Philippines member 15 April 1998 20 November 2003
120  Israel member 16 December 1998 15 March 2004
121  Ukraine member I -[10] 0%[9] 15 March 1999 12 April 2004
122  Togo member 2 July 2004
123  Rwanda member 22 July 2004
124  Yemen member 15 September 2004
125  Niger member 23 October 1998 30 September 2004
126  Sudan member 2 November 2004
127  Russia member I 17.4% 0%[9] 11 March 1999 18 November 2004 With Russia's ratification the "55 percent of 1990 carbon dioxide emissions of the Parties included in Annex I" clause was satisfied and the treaty brought into force, effective 16 February 2005.
128  Macedonia member 18 November 2004
129  Indonesia member 13 July 1998 3 December 2004
130  Liechtenstein member I 0.0015% −8% 29 June 1998 3 December 2004
131  Nigeria member 10 December 2004
132  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines member 19 March 1998 31 December 2004
133  Pakistan member 11 January 2005
134  Qatar member 11 January 2005
135  Egypt member 15 March 1999 12 January 2005
136  Mozambique member 18 January 2005
137  Oman member 19 January 2005
138  Dominica member 25 January 2005
139  United Arab Emirates member 26 January 2005
140  Saudi Arabia member 31 January 2005
141  Algeria member 16 February 2005
142  Venezuela member 18 February 2005
143  Kenya member 25 February 2005
144  Kuwait member 11 March 2005
145  Democratic Republic of the Congo member 23 March 2005
146  Burkina Faso member 31 March 2005
147  Albania member 1 April 2005
148  Ethiopia member 14 April 2005
149  North Korea member 27 April 2005
150  Haiti member 6 July 2005
151  Mauritania member 22 July 2005
152  Eritrea member 28 July 2005
153  Iran member 22 August 2005
154  Belarus member I -[10] none yet[13] 26 August 2005
155  Nepal member 16 September 2005
156  Guinea-Bissau member 18 November 2005
157  Swaziland member 13 January 2006
158  Syria member 27 January 2006
159  Bahrain member 31 January 2006
160  Cape Verde member 10 February 2006
161  Monaco member I 0.0015% −8% 29 April 1998 27 February 2006
162  Singapore member 12 April 2006
163  Zambia member 5 August 1998 7 July 2006
164  Libya member 24 August 2006
165  Suriname member 25 September 2006
166  Sierra Leone member 10 November 2006
167  Lebanon member 13 November 2006
168  Gabon member 12 December 2006
169  Republic of the Congo member 12 February 2007
170  Bosnia and Herzegovina member 16 April 2007
171  Côte d'Ivoire member 23 April 2007
172  Croatia member I -[10] −5% 11 March 1999 27 April 2007
173  Angola member 8 May 2007
174  Montenegro member 4 June 2007
175  Serbia member 24 September 2007
176  Australia member I, II 2.1% +8%[6] 29 April 1998 3 December 2007
177  Tonga member 14 January 2008
178  Central African Republic member 18 March 2008
179  Saint Kitts and Nevis member 8 April 2008
180  Comoros member 10 April 2008
181  Sao Tome and Principe member 24 July 2008
182  Timor-Leste member 14 October 2008
183  Tajikistan member 5 January 2009
184  Turkey member I, -[14] -[10] none yet[13] 28 May 2009 [15][16][17]
185  Kazakhstan member [18] -[19] none yet[20] 12 March 1999[21] 19 June 2009
186  Zimbabwe member 30 June 2009
187  Iraq member 28 July 2009
188  Chad member 18 August 2009
189  Brunei member 20 August 2009
190  San Marino member 28 April 2010
191  Somalia member 26 July 2010
total countries: 191 members: 191
observers: 0		 I: 39
II: 22		 33, 63.9% -%: 31 (24)
0%: 3 (5)
+%: 3 (8)

[edit] Signed but not intending to ratify

Country UNFCCC annex % for ratification reduction target 2008/12 Signed Ratification/Acceptance Notes
 United States member I, II 36.1% −7% 12 November 1998 Federal government has not ratified
total countries: 1 members: 1
observers: 0		 I: 1
II: 1		 1 -%: 1
0%: 0
+%: 0

[edit] No position expressed yet

As of 2011 no position is expressed by the following states:

[edit] References

  1. ^ "Kyoto Protocol Status of Ratification (pdf)" (PDF). http://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/application/pdf/kpstats.pdf. Retrieved 12 October 2006. 
  2. ^ "Status of Ratification". UNFCCC's Kyoto Protocol Background. http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/background/status_of_ratification/items/2613.php. Retrieved 28 October 2010. 
  3. ^ As per Kyoto protocol annex B
  4. ^ a b Cyprus and Malta become EU members after the signature of the Kyoto protocol, but have not yet changed their status to become annex I/II/B states and thus have no commitment for emissions reduction. However, as EU members they are obliged to participate in the EU ETS
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y The EU15 has a total aggregate figure −8% for reduction; emissions will be pooled among member states through internal EU reduction assignments mentioned in the brackets (thus increases in some member states are compensated by bigger reductions in others). The 12 member states that entered the union later – in 2004 and 2007 retain their individual Kyoto targets ranging from none for non-annex Cyprus and Malta to −8%. [1]
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h increase allowed
  7. ^ The EU member states are also members of the UNFCCC on their own, in addition to their common representation trough the EU.
  8. ^ Full text of the Kyoto Protocol, Article 25(4)
  9. ^ a b c d e Neither reduction required, nor increase allowed – emissions should stay at their 1990 level.
  10. ^ a b c d e f For some reason despite being annex-I states some countries' emissions are not calculated into the total percentage for entry into force of the Kyoto protocol.
  11. ^ "Canada to pull out of Kyoto protocol". Reuters. 12 December 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/12/us-kyoto-withdrawal-idUSTRE7BB1X420111212. 
  12. ^ The states in free association with New Zealand, the Cook Islands and Niue have their own separate memberships in the UNFCCC.
  13. ^ a b Annex I countries that were not parties to the UNFCCC at the time of signing of the Kyoto protocol have no reduction targets assigned.
  14. ^ Turkey was removed from the annex II list in 2001 at its request its economy to be recognised as a transition one
  15. ^ (Turkish)Ntvmsnbc.com "Kyoto’dan sonra Türkiye’yi neler bekliyor? (English translation:What's after Kyoto protocol for Turkey?)" (Turkish)Ntvmsnbc.com "Türkiye, Kyoto protokolüne katılıyor (English translation:Turkey joins to Kyoto protocol)" (Turkish)Ntvmsnbc.com "Şimdi KYOTO zamanı (English translation:It's time for Kyoto)"
  16. ^ Bianet Turkey Will Sign The Kyoto Protocol
  17. ^ Turkish Weekly Turkey's Participation in Kyoto Protocol Published in Official Gazette
  18. ^ Kazakhstan has declared that it wants to become annex I state after its ratification of the protocol, but its reduction target under annex B is not yet determined.
  19. ^ At the time of signing of the Kyoto protocol Kazakhstan was not annex I state, that's why its emissions are not calculated in the figure for the ratification.
  20. ^ To be determined after Kazakhstan becomes annex I state
  21. ^ Xinhua Kazakhstan's parliament approves Kyoto protocol
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