List of titles and honours of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh has received numerous titles, decorations, and honorary appointments, both during and before his time as consort to Queen Elizabeth II. Each is listed below. Where two dates are shown, the first indicates the date of receiving the award or title and the second indicates the date of its loss, renunciation or when its use was discontinued.
Contents |
[edit] Royal and noble titles and styles
| Royal styles of The Duke of Edinburgh |
|
|---|---|
| Reference style | His Royal Highness |
| Spoken style | Your Royal Highness |
| Alternative style | Sir |
The Prince's style and title in full: His Royal Highness The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth, Baron Greenwich, Royal Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, Grand Master and First and Principal Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Member of the Order of Merit, Companion of the Order of Australia, Extra Companion of the Queen's Service Order, Royal Chief of the Order of Logohu, Canadian Forces Decoration, Lord of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, Privy Councillor of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, Personal Aide-de-Camp to Her Majesty.
- 10 June 1921 – 18 March 1947: His Highness Prince Philip of Denmark
- 10 June 1921 – 18 March 1947: His Royal Highness Prince Philip of Greece
- 18 March 1947 – 19 November 1947: Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten
- 19 November 1947 – 20 November 1947: His Royal Highness Sir Philip Mountbatten, KG
- 20 November 1947 – 22 February 1957: His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh
- 22 February 1957 – present: His Royal Highness The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Other Commonwealth realms
In the Commonwealth realms outside of the United Kingdom where Prince Philip is a member of the national royal family, no official title is accorded to him through law. Instead, he is addressed using his UK title as a courtesy title.
[edit] Debate on Philip's titles
On the popular, but erroneous, assumption that if Philip had the style of His Royal Highness he was automatically a British prince, media reports after his marriage to Princess Elizabeth referred to a Prince Philip, with or without reference to his ducal title. This may have been influenced by the fact that he had actually been a Prince of Greece and Denmark by birth, the use of which titles he had renounced by that time. Although the princely title was omitted in the British Regency Act 1953, and in Letters Patent of November 1953 appointing Counsellors of State, it had been included in Letters Patent of 22 October 1948 conferring princely rank on children from Philip's marriage to Elizabeth. King George VI, however, appeared to have been clear and intentional in having withheld the title of prince from his future son-in-law.[N 1]
On 3 February 1953, Member of Parliament John Diefenbaker expressed to the Canadian House of Commons his desire to see Philip bear a title that alluded to the Queen's pan-national position and put forward the suggestion of Prince of the Commonwealth.[2] In May of the following year, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Sir Winston Churchill received a written suggestion from the Queen that her husband be granted the title that Diefenbaker had mentioned, or some other suitable augmentation of his style. Churchill preferred the title Prince Consort, but the Foreign Secretary, Sir Anthony Eden, expressed a preference for Prince of the Realm. While the Commonwealth prime ministers were assembled in London, Churchill was requested by the Queen to informally solicit their opinions on the matter of the Queen's husband's title. Canadian Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent was the only one to express "misgivings," while Philip insisted to the Queen that he objected to any enhancement of his title. The Queen thereafter contacted Churchill and told him to drop the matter.[1] In 1955, the South African prime minister belatedly made it known that the South African Cabinet objected to the title Prince of the Commonwealth. When told, the Queen continued to express the wish that her husband's position be raised, but rejected the British Cabinet's recommendations of Prince Consort or Prince Royal. The British Cabinet then suggested simply His Royal Highness the Prince, but the Queen was advised that if she still preferred Prince of the Commonwealth, her personal secretary could write directly to the Commonwealth governors-general for their response, though warning that if their consent was not unanimous the proposal could not go forward.
The matter appeared left until the publication on 8 February 1957 of an article by P. Wykeham-Bourne in the Evening Standard titled: "Well, is it correct to say Prince Philip?" A few days following, British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan reversed the advice of the Queen's previous ministers and formally recommended that the Queen reject The Prince in favour of Prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her other Realms and Territories. Later he changed this advice, although the Queen had already consented. Letters patent were issued on 22 February 1957 giving the Duke the style and titular dignity of a Prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (omitting the wording and Her other Realms and Territories). According to the announcement in the London Gazette, he should henceforth be known as His Royal Highness The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh,[3] with the capitalised definite article normally restricted to the children of monarchs.[1]
There was some media speculation in early 2007 that the title of Prince Consort might be conferred to mark the royal couple's 60th wedding anniversary in November that year; however, this did not occur. Currently, Philip is the first husband of the sovereign to bear a British peerage title since Prince George of Denmark, who was created Duke of Cumberland on his marriage to the future Queen Anne in 1683.
At the marriage of Philip's youngest son, Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, in 1999, it was announced that Edward would be created Duke of Edinburgh when the current creation of that dukedom merges into the Crown.[4][5] However, the enactment of this stated intention would ultimately depend upon the assent of the reigning monarch at that time.
[edit]
- 1940 – 1941: Midshipman, HMS Ramillies, HMS Valliant
- 1941 – 16 July 1942: Sub-Lieutenant, HMS Wallace
- 16 July 1942 – October 1942: Lieutenant, HMS Wallace
- October 1942 – 1950: First Lieutenant, HMS Wallace, HMS Whelp, HMS Chequers
- 1950 – 2 February 1952: Lieutenant Commander, HMS Chequers, HMS Magpie
- 1952 – 2 February 1952: Commander, HMS Magpie
- 15 January 1953 – : Admiral of the Fleet
- 10 June 2011 – : Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom
[edit] Commonwealth of Nations honours
[edit] Commonwealth realms
- Appointments
| Country | Date | Appointment | Post-nominal letters |
|---|---|---|---|
| 19 November 1947 – | Royal Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter[W 1] | KG[6] | |
| 1948 – 6 February 1952 | Personal Aide-de-Camp to His Majesty The King[W 2] | AdC(P) | |
| 4 November 1951 – | Lord of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council | PC | |
| 21 April 1952 – | Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle[W 3] | KT | |
| 22 May 1953 – | Grand Master and First and Principal Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire[W 4] | GBE | |
| 1957 – | Privy Councillor of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada | PC | |
| 10 June 1968 | Member of the Order of Merit[W 5] | OM | |
| 15 November 1981 | Extra Companion of the Queen's Service Order[W 6] | QSO | |
| 13 June 1988 – | Companion of the Order of Australia[W 7] | AC | |
| 2005 – | Royal Chief of the Order of Logohu | GCL[7] |
- Decorations and medals
| Country | Date | Decoration | Post-nominal letters |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1937 | King George VI Coronation Medal[W 8] | ||
| 1945 | 1939–1945 Star[W 8] | ||
| 1945 | Atlantic Star[W 8] | ||
| 1945 | Africa Star[W 8] | ||
| 1945 | Burma Star, with Pacific clasp[W 8] | ||
| 1945 | Italy Star[W 8] | ||
| 1945 | 1939-45 War Medal, with Mentioned in Despatches oak leaf[W 8] | ||
| 2 June 1953 | Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal[W 8] | ||
| 1977 | Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal[W 8] | ||
| 1982 | Canadian Forces Decoration, with Three Bars[W 8] | CD[8] | |
| 1990 | New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal[W 8] | ||
| 2002 | Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal[W 8] | ||
| 2005 | Commemorative Medal for the Centennial of Saskatchewan | ||
| 2007 | Royal Victorian Chain[W 9] | ||
| 2012 | Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal[W 8] |
[edit] Other Commonwealth countries
- Appointments
| Country | Date | Appointment | Post-nominal letters |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1963 – | Member First Class of the Order of the Brilliant Star | ||
| 13 March 1972 – | Member Second Class of the Order of the Distinguished Leader | ||
| 1972 – | Honorary Member of the Darjah Utama Temasek | DUT(1) | |
| 1972 – | Member First Class of the Esteemed Royal Family Order |
- Decorations
| Country | Date | Decoration | Post-nominal letters |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 | Sultan of Brunei Silver Jubilee Medal | ||
| 1992 | Malta George Cross Fiftieth Anniversary Medal[W 8] |
[edit] Foreign honours
- Appointments
- Decorations
| Country | Date | Decoration | Post-nominal letters |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1945 | Greek War Cross[W 8] | ||
| 1945 | Croix de Guerre with Palm[W 8] | ||
| 1964 | Decoration of the Republic, First Class | ||
| 1966 | Decoration for Service to the Republic of Austria, Grand Star |
[edit] Wear of orders, decorations and medals
Awards worn regularly by Prince Philip are noted in the above tables and are worn in accordance with customary British conventions applicable to the occasion, the location and to the form of dress worn. Awards not specifically noted are worn by Prince Philip on appropriate occasions relating to the country that made the award, again in accordance with UK conventions. The current ribbons worn by Prince Philip are as follows:[W 10]
Notes on wear
- ^ The insignia of a Knight of the Order of the Garter are regularly worn by Prince Philip on occasions when orders and decorations are worn, other than in Scotland where he wears the insignia of a Knight of the Order of the Thistle in preference when wearing a form of dress in which full-size or miniature medals are worn with only one breast star. Not worn when ribbons alone are worn.
- ^ The insignia of an ADC to King George VI are worn by Prince Philip on the epaulettes when wearing UK military uniforms
- ^ The insignia of a Knight of the Order of the Thistle are regularly worn by Prince Philip on occasions when orders and decorations are worn, other than when wearing a form of dress in which full-size or miniature medals are worn with less than two breast stars (when he wears the insignia of the Order of the Garter in preference). In Scotland, if only one breast star is worn, he wears the insignia for the Order of the Thistle in lieu of the Order of the Garter. Not worn when ribbons alone are worn.
- ^ The insignia of a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire are regularly worn by Prince Philip on all occasions when orders and decorations are worn, other than when wearing a dress in which full size medals are worn with less than three breast stars.
- ^ The insignia of a Member of the Order of Merit are regularly worn by Prince Philip on all occasions when orders and decorations are worn.
- ^ The insignia of the Queen's Service Order is usually worn by Prince Philip on occasions when decorations are worn. There are some occasions when he wears other decorations but not the insignia of the QSO in the United Kingdom.
- ^ The insignia of a Companion of the Order of Australia are normally only worn by Prince Philip in miniature with evening dress or when ribbons are worn alone.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p These awards are those that Prince Philip regularly wears on occasions when decorations and medals are worn.
- ^ The Royal Victorian Chain is worn by Prince Philip on all occasions customary for it to be worn.
- ^ Displayed as they would be worn on a uniform shirt. Note an oakleaf is worn on the ribbon of the War Medal and a Palm leaf is worn on the ribbon of the French Croix de Guerre.
[edit] Honorary military positions
1954 – : Field Marshal of the Australian Army[10]
1959 – : Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Australian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers[10]
1963 – : Colonel-in-Chief of the Australian Army Cadets[10]
1954 – : Marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force[10]
1954 – : Admiral of the Fleet of the Royal Australian Navy[10]
1953 – : Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Canadian Army Cadets[10]
1953 – : Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Canadian Regiment[10]
1967 – : Colonel-in-Chief of the Seaforth Highlanders of Canada[10]
1967 – : Colonel-in-Chief of the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada[10]
1967 – : Colonel-in-Chief of the Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa[10]
1978 – : Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment)[10]
2011 – : General of the Canadian Army[11]
1953 – : Air Commodore-in-Chief of the Royal Canadian Air Cadets[10]
2011 – : General of the Royal Canadian Air Force[11]
1953 – : Admiral of the Royal Canadian Sea Cadets[10]
2011 – : Admiral of the Royal Canadian Navy[11]
1954 – 1964: Colonel-in-Chief of the Hawke's Bay Regiment
1954 – 1964: Colonel-in-Chief of the Otago and Southland Regiment
1970 – : Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal New Zealand Electrical and Mechanical Engineers[10]
1977 – : Field Marshal of the New Zealand Army[10]
1977 – : Marshal of the Royal New Zealand Air Force[10]
1958 – : Admiral of the Fleet of the Royal New Zealand Navy[10]
1964 – : Honorary Colonel of the Trinidad and Tobago Regiment[10]
2011 – : Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom
1953 – : Admiral of the Fleet of the Royal Navy[10]
1952 – 1992: Admiral of the Sea Cadet Corps[10]
1953 – : Captain-General of the Corps of Royal Marines[10]
1953 – : Field Marshal of the British Army[10]
1952 – : Colonel-in-Chief Army Cadet Force[10]
1953 – 1958: Colonel-in-Chief of the 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars
1953 – 1959: Colonel-in-Chief of the Wiltshire Regiment
1953 – 1961: Colonel-in-Chief of the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders
1953 – 1957: Honorary Colonel of the Leicestershire Yeomanry
1953 – : Honorary Colonel of the University of Edinburgh and Heriot-Watt University Officers' Training Corps[10]
1953 – 1974: Colonel of the Welsh Guards[10]
1957 – : Honorary Colonel of the Leicestershire and Derbyshire Yeomanry
1957 – : Member Honourable Artillery Company[10]
1958 – 1993: Colonel-in-Chief of the Queen's Royal Irish Hussars[10]
1959 – 1994: Colonel-in-Chief of the Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment[10]
1961 – 1994: Colonel-in-Chief of the Queen's Own Highlanders (Seaforth and Camerons)[10]
1969 – : Colonel-in-Chief of the Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers[10]
1975 – : Colonel of the Grenadier Guards[10]
1977 – : Colonel-in-Chief of the Intelligence Corps[10]
1993 – 2002: Deputy Colonel-in-Chief of the Queen's Royal Hussars
1994 – 2007 Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment
1994 – 2006: Colonel-in-Chief of the Highlanders (Seaforth, Gordons and Camerons)
2002 – : Colonel-in-Chief of the Queen's Royal Hussars
2006 – : Royal Colonel of the Highlanders, 4th Battalion, The Royal Regiment of Scotland
2007 – : Colonel-in-Chief of the Rifles
1953 – : Marshal of the Royal Air Force[10]
1952 – : Air Commodore-in-Chief of the Air Training Corps[10]
1953 – 1957: Honorary Air Commodore of the No. 601 (County of London) Squadron
1977 – : Honorary Air Commodore of RAF Kinloss[10]
1983 – : Air-Commodore of the University Air Squadron[10]
[edit] Non-national titles and honours
[edit] Citizenship
1962: Montevideo
1966: Chicago
[edit] Freedom of the City
- Commonwealth realms
1948: London
1948: Greenwich
1948: Edinburgh- 1949: Belfast
1954: Cardiff
1955: Glasgow
1956: Melbourne
1964: Bridgetown
- Foreign
1961: Dar es Salaam
1963: Nairobi
1964: Guadalajara
1964: Acapulco
1966: Los Angeles
[edit] Member and fellowships
| Country | Date | Organisation | Position |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1951 – | Royal Society | Honorary Fellow (FRS) | |
| 1952 – | Royal College of Physicians | Honorary Fellow | |
| 1952 – | Institution of Civil Engineers | Honorary Member[12] | |
| 1957 – | Royal Society of Canada | Honorary Fellow (FRSC) | |
| 1958 – | Institution of Structural Engineers | Honorary Fellow (FIStructE)[13] | |
| 1962 – | Australian Academy of Science | Honorary Fellow (FAA) | |
| 1963 – | Energy Institute | Permanent Fellow | |
| 1963 – | Royal Zoological Society of Scotland | Honorary Fellow | |
| 1969 – | Australian Institute of Building | Honorary Member | |
| 2002 – | Massey College | Honorary Fellow[14] | |
| n/a | Vancouver Racquets Club | Honorary Member | |
| n/a | Canadian Medical Association | Honorary Member | |
| n/a | British Railway Modellers of North America | Honorary Member | |
| n/a | College of Family Physicians Canada | Honorary Member | |
| n/a | Engineering Institute of Canada | Honorary Member | |
| n/a | Loyal Canadian Prince Club | Honorary Member | |
| n/a | Porcupine Rod and Gun Club | Honorary Life Member | |
| n/a | Royal College of Surgeons of England | Honorary Fellow (FRCS) | |
| n/a | King's Lynn Rotary Club | Honorary Member | |
| n/a | Zoological Society of London | Honorary Fellow | |
| n/a | Toronto Press Club | Honorary Member | |
| n/a | Toronto Club | Honorary Life Member | |
| n/a | Royal Montreal Curling Club | Honorary Life Member | |
| n/a | University Club of Montreal | Honorary Member | |
| n/a | Fondation de la Faune du Québec | Honorary Member | |
| n/a | South Saskatchewan Wildlife Association | Honorary Life Member | |
| n/a | Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh | Honorary Fellow | |
| n/a | Institute of Marine Engineering, Science & Technology | Honorary Fellow | |
| n/a | Royal Association of British Dairy Farmers | Honorary Life Member | |
| n/a | Naval and Military Club London | Life President |
[edit] Scholastic
- Chancellor, visitor, governor, and fellowships
| Country | Date | School | Position |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1952 – 2011[15] | University of Edinburgh | Chancellor | |
| 1953 – | University College, University of Oxford | Honorary Fellow | |
| 1953 – | Charterhouse School | Royal Governor | |
| 1954 – | King's College London | Life Governor | |
| 1955 – | Upper Canada College | Visitor | |
| 1957 – 2004 | University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology | Visitor | |
| 1957 – | English-Speaking Union | President | |
| 1959 – | Churchill College, University of Cambridge | Visitor | |
| 1967 – 1990 | University of Salford | Chancellor | |
| 1976 – 2011[16] | University of Cambridge | Chancellor | |
| 1976 – | Corpus Christi College, University of Cambridge | Visitor |
- Degrees
| Country | Date | School | Degree |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1949 | University of Wales | Doctor of Laws (LLD) | |
| 1951 | University of London | Doctor of Laws (LLD) | |
| 1951 | Durham University | Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) | |
| 1957 | Reading University | Doctor of Science (DSc) | |
| 1959 | University of Malta | Doctor of Laws (LLD) | |
| 1959 | University of Delhi | Doctor of Science (DSc) | |
| 1962 | University of Lima | Doctor of Engineering (DEng) | |
| 1964 | University of Oxford | Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) | |
| 1966 | University of California | Doctor of Laws (LLD) | |
| 1967 | University of Salford | Doctor of Science (DSc) | |
| 1967 | University of Southampton | Doctor of Science (DSc) | |
| 1969 | University of Victoria | Doctor of Science (DSc) | |
| 1983 | University of Western Ontario | Doctor of Laws (LLD) | |
| 1984 | University of Jordan | Doctor of Laws (LLD) |
[edit] Honorific eponyms
-
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
[edit] Awards
: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award
United Kingdom: Prince Philip Designers Prize
United Kingdom: Prince Philip Medal
[edit] Geographic locations
[edit] Structures
[edit] Buildings
[edit] Highways, roads, and bridges
Newfoundland and Labrador: Prince Philip Drive, St. John's
Norfolk Island: Prince Philip Drive
[edit] See also
- Duke of Edinburgh
- List of titles and honours of Queen Elizabeth II
- List of titles and honours of Charles, Prince of Wales
- List of titles and honours of King George VI
- List of titles and honours of Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
- List of titles and honours of Mary of Teck
- List of titles and honours of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
- List of titles and honours of Queen Victoria
- List of titles and honours of King George III
[edit] Notes
- ^ "Home Office, Whitehall. S.W.1. 28 February 1955. "My dear George {Coldstream, Clerk of the Crown in Chancery}, We were speaking the other day about the designation of the Duke of Edinburgh. In 1948 the General Register Office consulted us about the way in which the birth of Prince Charles was to be registered. They sent over a suggested entry, in column 4 of which (name and surname of father) they had inserted: 'His Royal Highness Prince Philip'. I consulted {Sir Alan} Lascelles {principal private secretary to the King} on this and he laid my letter before The King, together with the draft entry, I have in my possession the entry, as amended by The King in his own hand. The King amended column 4, name and surname of father, to read: 'His Royal Highness Philip, Duke of Edinburgh'. Austin Strutt {assistant under-secretary of State}"[1]
- ^ Abolished after the abolition of the Greek monarchy in 1974.
[edit] References
- ^ a b c Velde, François. "Title of Prince: HRH Philip Duke of Edinburgh". Royal styles and titles: Files from the UK National Archives. http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/LCO_6_3677.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-05.
- ^ Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Gary (2002). Fifty Years the Queen. Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 12. ISBN 1-55002-360-8. http://books.google.com/?id=w8l5reK7NjoC&printsec=frontcover&q=.
- ^ "The Royal Family > Members of the Royal Family > HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh > Honours". Buckingham Palace. http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page5558.asp. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
- ^ "The Earl of Wessex at 40". Royal Insight Magazine (London: Buckingham Palace) (March 2004). March 2004. http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/page3025.asp. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
- ^ "The Royal Family > Members of the Royal Family > TRH The Earl and Countess of Wessex > Background". Buckingham Palace. http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/page5561.asp. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
- ^ "St George's Chapel > History > Orders of Chivalry". St George's Chapel. http://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/about-st-georges/royal-connection/orders-of-chivalry.html. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
- ^ (Press release). Office of the Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea. http://www.pm.gov.pg/pmsoffice/pmsoffice.nsf/pages/F3CFAEF64578191F4A2570C8001F18F3?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
- ^ "Mailbox". Royal Insight Magazine (London: Buckingham Palace) (July 2005). July 2005. http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/page4289.asp. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
- ^ Johnson, Alice (2010-11-26). "Khalifa, Queen Elizabeth II exchange orders". gulfnews.com. http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/government/khalifa-queen-elizabeth-ii-exchange-orders-1.718759.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Heald, Tim (1991) The Duke: A Portrait of Prince Philip, London: Hodder and Stoughton, ISBN 0-340-54607-7, pp. 264–267
- ^ a b c Office of the Prime Minister of Canada (10 June 2011). "PM announces the appointment of His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh to the highest ranks of the Canadian Armed Forces". Queen's Printer for Canada. http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?category=1&featureId=6&pageId=26&id=4162. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ^ Watson, Garth (1988). The Civils. Thomas Telford. pp. p85. ISBN 0-727-70392-7.
- ^ Thomas, Rob. "History of the Institution of Structural Engineers". Institution of Structural Engineers. http://www.istructe.org/Documents/History%20of%20the%20Institution%20of%20Structural%20Engineers.pdf. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
- ^ "Queen meets soldiers, Duke plays Cupid". CTV News. 10 October 2002. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/scfcn/CTVNews/20021010/queen_ontario_tour_021010/CTVNewsAt11/. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
- ^ University of Edinburgh. "News and Events". http://www.ed.ac.uk/news/all-news/chancellor-040411. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
- ^ "University of Cambridge > University Offices > Chancellorship of the University". University of Cambridge. 19 July 2011. http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/dp/2011051901. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
[edit] External links
- Heraldica archive of correspondence regarding the Duke of Edinburgh's title