List of Turkic dynasties and countries
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The following is an incomplete list of historical dynasties which were at some time Turkic or the country they ruled were Turkic-speaking and of modern countries with significant Turkic populations or with an official Turkic language. The Turkic peoples have established at least 116 states, khaganates, beyliks, empires, nomadic empires and sultanates in history up to today.[1]
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Current states [edit]
Independent states [edit]
Azerbaijan (1991) – 91.6% Azerbaijani, 0.29% Tatar.[2]
Kazakhstan (1991) – 63.1% Kazakh, 2.9% Uzbek, 1.4% Uyghur, 1.3% Tatar, 0.6% Turkish, 0.5% Azerbaijani, 0.1% Kyrgyz.[3]
Kyrgyzstan (1991) – 70.9% Kyrgyz, 14.3% Uzbeks, 0.9% Uyghur, 0.7% Turkish, 0.6% Kazakh, 0.6% Tatar, 0.3% Azerbaijani.[4]
Turkey (1923) - 75.03% Turkish, 1.1% Turkmen, 0.4% Uzbek, 1.9% Azerbaijani, 0.13% Tatar[5]
Turkmenistan (1995) – 75.6% Turkmen, 9.2% Uzbek, 2.0% Kazakh, 1.1% Turkish 0.7% Tatar[6]
Uzbekistan (1989) – 71.4% Uzbek, 4.1% Kazakh, 2.1% Karakalpak, 2.4% Tatar, 1% Crimean Tatar, 0.8% Kyrgyz, 0.6% Turkmen, 0.5% Turkish, 0.2% Azerbaijani, 0.2% Uyghur, 0.2% Bashkir.[7]
De facto state [edit]
This republic is recognized only by Turkey.
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus[8] (1983) – 67.54% Turkish Cypriot, 32.45% Turkish, and less than 1% Greek Cypriot remain living in the enclaved villages of Rizokarpaso and Pyla.
Federal subjects of Russia [edit]
- Turkic majority
- Turkic titular nation, but minority
Altai Republic (2010) – 34.5% Altay, 6.2% Kazakhs
Karachay-Cherkessia (2010) – 41.0% Karachay, 3.3% Nogai
Khakassia (2010) – 12.1% Khakas
Kabardino-Balkaria (2010) – 11.5% Balkar
Autonomous regions [edit]
Gagauzia in Moldova (2004) – 82.1% Gagauz.[9]
Crimea in Ukraine – 12% Crimean Tatar[10]
Xinjiang in China (2000) – 45.21% Uyghur, 6.74% Kazakh, 0.86% Kyrgyz, 0.066% Uzbek, 0.024% Chinese Tatar.[11]
Karakalpakstan in Uzbekistan – 36% Uzbek, 32% Karakalpak, 25% Kazakh.[citation needed]- Nakhchivan in Azerbaijan – 99 %[citation needed] Azerbaijani.
- Xunhua Salar Autonomous County in China (2000) – 61.14% Salar.[12]
Historical confederation of tribes and Turkic dynasties [edit]
- Xiongnu
- Dingling (丁零), Gaocha (高車/高车), Gaocha-Tiele (高車丁零/高车丁零), Tiele (鐵勒/铁勒), Chile (敕勒)
- Oguzes (烏古斯人)
- Toquz Oghuz (九姓乌护) -> Uyghur
- Uc-Oghuzes -> Karluks: Chigil, Tukhsi, Yagma
- Turkic Khaganate (552–744) (Göktürks)
- Xueyantuo
- Türgesh
- Uyghur Khaganate (744–840)
- Kimeks
- Kipchaks/Cumans[13][14]
- Oghuz (aka Uzes)
- Pechenegs (860-1091)
- Kyrgyz State (840–920)
- Kara-Khanid Khanate (840–1042)
- Anatolian beyliks
- Black Sheep Turcomans (1375–1468)
- White Sheep Turcomans (1378–1508)
Europe [edit]
- Avar Khaganate[15]
- Khazar Empire (6h–11th century)
- Great Bulgaria
- First Bulgarian Empire (Tengrist Turkic pre-Christianization; Slavic post-Christianization)
China [edit]
- Later Tang Dynasty in China (923–936, founded by Shato)[16][17][18]
- Later Jin Dynasty in China (936–947, founded by Shato)[16][17]
- Later Han Dynasty in China (947–951, founded by Shato)[17][19]
Arabian peninsula [edit]
- Tulunids (868–905; Arabic-speaking)
- Ikhshidid dynasty (935–969; Arabic-speaking)
- Rasulids (1228–1455; Arabic-speaking)
- Bahri dynasty of Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) (1250–1382; Arabic-speaking)
Indian subcontinent [edit]
- Mamluk dynasty (1206–90; Persian-speaking)
- Khilji dynasty (1290-1320; Persian-speaking, Turko-Afghan)
- Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1413; Persian-speaking)
- Qutb Shahi dynasty (1518-1687; Persian-speaking)
- Mughal Empire (Built and ruled by the Baburid dynasty of Turkicized Mongol origin, with the adoption of the Persian culture and language).[20][21][22][23][24]
Direct Turkic dynasties [edit]
Main article: Turco-Mongol
- Keraits[25]
- Naimans[26]
- Öngüts[27]
- Chagatai Khanate (Qara'unas)
- Golden Horde (aka Kipchak Khanate) (1227–1502)[28] (Turkic nomadic confederation, originally ruled by a Mongol elite)[29]
- Ottoman Empire (1299-1922)
- Sufids (1361–1379) (aka Kingdom of Khwarizm)
- Astrakhan Khanate (1430s–1554)
- Siberia Khanate (1430s–1576)
- Kazan Khanate (1438–1552)
- Crimean Khanate (1441–1783)
- Kazakh Khanate (1456–1847)
- Qasim Khanate (15th–17th centuries)
- Jagoldai (15th–17th century)
Persianate or Turko-Persian states [edit]
Main article: Persianate society
Main article: Turko-Persian tradition
Some Turko-Persian states were founded in Greater Iran.[30]
- Ghaznavid Empire (962–1187) (ruled by a thoroughly Persianized family of Turkic mamluk origin)[31][32]
- Great Seljuk Empire (1073–1307) (ruled by a predominantly Persian-speaking clan[33] of originally Oghuz Turkic descent. The majority of the population was Iranian.[31][34][35][36])
- Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm (1077–1307)
- Khwarezmian Empire (ruled by a family of Turkic mamluk origin.)[37]
- Timurid dynasty (1370–1506) (Persianized dynasty of Turko-Mongol origin)
- Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)
- Qajar dynasty (1781–1925) (A Persianized dynasty[38] of originally Turkic Oghuz descent[39] which ruled Persia).
Former and defunct Turkic governments [edit]
- Provisional Government of Western Thrace (1913)
Crimean People's Republic (1917–1918)- Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus (1918–1919)
- Republic of Aras (1918–1919)
Azerbaijan People's Government (1945–1946)- Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920)
Turkestan ASSR (1918–1924)
Bukhara People's Soviet Republic (1920–1924)
Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1924)
Azerbaijan SSR (1920–1991)
People's Republic of Tannu Tuva (1921–1944)
Uzbek SSR (1924–1991)
Turkmen SSR (1924–1991)
First East Turkestan Republic (1933–1934)
Kazakh SSR (1936–1991)
Kyrgyz SSR (1936–1991)
Hatay State (1938–1939)
East Turkistan Republic (1944–1949)
See also [edit]
- Turkic peoples
- Turkic languages
- Timeline of the Turks (500–1300)
- Nomadic empire
- Historic states represented in Turkish presidential seal
Notes [edit]
- ^ Çeçen, Anıl. Tarihte Türk Devletleri (in Turkish). Milliyet Kültür Yayınevi. p. 5.
- ^ Demographics of Azerbaijan.
- ^ Demographics of Kazakhstan.
- ^ Demographics of Kyrgyzstan
- ^ KONDA Research and Consultancy, Social Structure Survey 2006
- ^ Demographics of Turkmenistan
- ^ Demographics of Uzbekistan
- ^ Recognized only by Turkey, see Cyprus dispute.
- ^ Gagauzia
- ^ According to the constitution of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, as published in Russian by its Verkhovna Rada, Russian and Crimean Tatar languages enjoy a "protected" (Russian – обеспечивается ... защита) status; every citizen is entitled, at his request (Russian ходатайство), to receive government documents, such as "Passport, Birth certificate and others" in Crimean Tatar. Конституция Автономной Республики Крым
- ^ Xinjiang
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xunhua_Salar_Autonomous_County Xunhua Salar Autonomous County
- ^ Encyclopedia of European peoples, Vol.1, Ed. Carl Waldman, Catherine Mason, (Infobase Publishing Inc., 2006), 475; "The Kipchaks were a loose tribal confederation of Turkics...".
- ^ Vásáry, István, Cumans and Tatars: Oriental military in the pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 6; "..two Turkic confederacies, the Kipchaks and the Cumans, had merged by the twelfth century.".
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=I-RTt0Q6AcYC&pg=PA116&dq=avars+turkic&hl=en&ei=QOfGTpHnOYrCtAaH6835Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=avars%20turkic&f=false
- ^ a b Grousset, p.127
- ^ a b c Paludan, pp.121
- ^ Zizhi Tongjian, Vol. 260.
- ^ Grousset, p.130
- ^ Thackston 1996
- ^ Findley 2005
- ^ Saunders 1970, p.177
- ^ "The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Tamarind Empire)". Ucalgary.ca. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
- ^ "The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire)". Ucalgary.ca. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
- ^ Saunders, p.211
- ^ Saunders, p.97
- ^ Saunders, p.52
- ^ Boris Grekov and Alexander Yakubovski, "The Golden Horde and its Downfall"
- ^ Golden Horde was also known as the Kipchak Khanate. It was established and initially ruled by the Chinggissid Mongols officering a predominantly Turkic army of Kipchak-Kumans, Bulgars, and Oghuz over a predominantly Turkic population. Grousset, R., The Empire of the Steppes, 1970, p.393, Rutgers University Press
- ^ Lewis, Bernard. "Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire", p29. Published 1963, University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1060-0.
- ^ a b M.A. Amir-Moezzi, "Shahrbanu", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK): "... here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."
- ^ Muhammad Qāsim Hindū Šāh Astarābādī Firištah, "History Of The Mohamedan Power In India", Chapter I, "Sultān Mahmūd-e Ghaznavī", p.27: "... "Sabuktegin, the son of Jūkān, the son of Kuzil-Hukum, the son of Kuzil-Arslan, the son of Fīrūz, the son of Yezdijird, king of Persia. ..."
- ^ Jonathan Dewald, "Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World", Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24
- ^ K.A. Luther, "Alp Arslān" in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK): "... Saljuq activity must always be viewed both in terms of the wishes of the sultan and his Khorasanian, Sunni advisors, especially Nezām-al-molk ..."
- ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, (LINK): "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."
- ^ O.Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK)
- ^ M. Ismail Marcinkowski, Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey, with a foreword by Professor Clifford Edmund Bosworth, member of the British Academy, Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003, ISBN 9971-77-488-7.
- ^ Abbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896, I.B.Tauris, pp 2–3
- ^ Richard N. Frye and Lewis V. Thomas. The United States and Turkey and Iran, Harvard University Press, 1951, p. 217
Further reading [edit]
- Cotterell, A., The Imperial Capitals of China: A Dynastic History of the Celestial Empire, 2008, The Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-59020-007-0
- Findley, C.V., The Turks in World History, 2005, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517726-6
- Forbes Manz, B., The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane, 2002, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63384-2
- Grousset, R., The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, 1991, Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9
- Hupchick, D.P., The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism, 2002, Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6417-3
- Lewis, Bernard. "Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire", 1963, University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1060-0.
- Nicole, D., PhD., Attila and the Huns, 1990, Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-034-X
- Paludan, A., Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-By-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China, 1998, Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3
- Saunders, J.J., The History of the Mongol Conquests, 2001, Routledge & Kegan Ltd. ISBN 978-0-8122-1766-7
- Thackston, W.M., The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor, 2002, Modern Library. ISBN 978-0-375-76137-9
- Vásáry, I., Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365, 2005, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83756-9
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