List of University of Michigan alumni

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Academic unit key
Symbol Academic unit
ARCH Taubman College
BUS Ross School of Business
COE College of Engineering
DENT School of Dentistry
GFSPP Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy
HHRS Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies
LAW Law School
LSA College of LS&A
MED Medical School
SMTD School of Music, Theatre and Dance
PHARM School of Pharmacy
SOE School of Education
SNRE School of Natural Resources
SOAD School of Art & Design
SOI School of Information
SON School of Nursing
SOK School of Kinesiology
SOSW School of Social Work
SPH School of Public Health
MDNG Matriculated, did not graduate

There are more than 500,000 living alumni of the University of Michigan. Notable alumni include the "father" of the iPod, the founders of Sun Microsystems and Google, the father of information theory, the voice of Darth Vader, the 38th President of the United States, one of the first American serial killers, and the first American to walk in space.

Contents

Alumni [edit]

Nobel laureates [edit]

Activists [edit]

Aerospace [edit]

Art, architecture, design [edit]

See List of University of Michigan arts alumni

Arts and entertainment [edit]

See List of University of Michigan arts alumni

Astronauts [edit]

A campus plaza was named for McDivitt and White in 1965 to honor their accomplishments on the Gemini IV spacewalk. (At the time of its dedication, the plaza was near the engineering program's facilities, but the College of Engineering has since been moved. The campus plaza honoring them remains.) Two NASA spaceflights have been crewed entirely by University of Michigan degree-holders: Gemini IV by James McDivitt and Edward White in 1965 and Apollo 15 by Alfred Worden, David Scott and James Irwin (honorary degree) in 1971. The Apollo 15 astronauts left a 45-word plaque on the moon establishing its own chapter of the University of Michigan Alumni Association.[2]

Belles lettres [edit]

See List of University of Michigan arts alumni

Business [edit]

See List of University of Michigan business alumni

Churchill Scholarship or Marshall Scholarship [edit]

Churchill Scholarships are annual scholarships offered to graduates of participating universities in the United States and Australia, to pursue studies in engineering, mathematics, or other sciences for one year at Churchill College in the University of Cambridge.

2011-2012 David Montague, Pure Mathematics

2009-2010 Eszter Zavodszky, Medical Genetics

2007-2008 Lyric Chen, BA in Political Science and Economics from the University of Michigan, Marshall scholar in 2007.

2006-2007, Charles Crissman, Pure Mathematics

2005-2006 Christopher Hayward, Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics

2005-2006 Jacob Bourjaily graduated with honors degrees in Mathematics and Physics Marshall scholar 2005

1996-1997 Amy S. Faranski, Engineering

1993-1994, Ariel K. Smits Neis, Clinical Biochemistry

1990-1991, David J. Schwartz, Chemistry

1989-1990 Eric J. Hooper, Physics

1987-1988,Michael K. Rosen, Chemistry

1985-1986, Laird Bloom, Molecular Biology

1984-1985, Julia M. Carter, Chemistry

1979-1980, David W. Mead, Engineering, Chemical

Computers, engineering, and technology [edit]

Educators [edit]

Educators: university presidents [edit]

Fiction/non-fiction [edit]

See List of University of Michigan arts alumni.

Fictional Wolverines [edit]

Journalism/publishing/broadcasting [edit]

Law, government, and public policy [edit]

Main article: List of University of Michigan law and government alumni

MacArthur Foundation award winners [edit]

  • James Blinn (BS Physics) and Communications Science, (1970), MS Information and Control Engineering, (1972).
  • Caroline Walker Bynum (BA 1962) is an American Medieval scholar and MacArthur Fellow.
  • William A. Christian, (1986), 1971 alumnus. religious studies scholar.
  • Philip DeVries, (1988), 1962 alumnus who won as a biologist.
  • Shannon Dawdy 2010 fellowship winner and an assistant professor of anthropology at the University of Chicago, .
  • William H. Durham, (1983) (Ph.D.), 1973 alumnus, anthropologist.
  • Aaron Dworkin, (2005) M.A. 1998, Fellow and founder and president of Detroit-based Sphinx Organization, which strives to increase the number of African-Americans and Latinos having careers in classical music.
  • Todd Alan Gitlin (MA 1966), Political Science. Professor of journalism and social critic. 1988-1989 fellow.
  • Steven Goodman, (2005) A.B.D., Fellow is an adjunct research investigator in the U-M Museum of Zoology's bird division, and a conservation biologist in the Department of Zoology at Chicago's Field Museum of Natural History.
  • David Green, (2004) (MPH 1982), alumnus, Executive Director, Project Impact.
  • John Henry Holland, (1992), alumnus and professor of electrical engineering and computer science, College of Engineering; professor of psychology, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts.
  • Nancy A. Moran (Ph.D. 1982) is an American evolutionary biologist, Yale professor, and co-founder of the The Yale Microbial Diversity Institute.
  • Thylias Moss, (1996), PhD 1975, Fellow and professor of English.
  • Cecilia Muñoz, (1962), alumna 2000, Senior Vice President for the Office of Research, Advocacy and Legislation at the National Council of La Raza (NCLR), White House Director of Intergovernmental Affairs.
  • Richard Prum (Ph.D. 1989) is William Robertson Coe Professor of Ornithology, and Head Curator of Vertebrate Zoology at the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University.
  • Mary Tinetti (M.D.) is an American physician, and Gladys Phillips Crofoot Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology and Public Health at Yale University, and Director of the Yale Program on Aging.
  • Amos Tversky, (1984), (PhD. 1965) alumnus, psychologist.
  • Karen K. Uhlenbeck, (1983), alumna 1964, mathematician.
  • Henry Tutwiler Wright (B.A. 1964) is the Albert Clanton Spaulding Distinguished University Professor of Anthropology in the Department of Anthropology, and Curator of Near Eastern Archaeology in the Museum of Anthropology at the University of Michigan. 1993 MacArthur Fellows Program
  • George Zweig, (1981), 1959 alumnus, physicist.

Mathematics [edit]

  • Ralph H. Abraham (b. July 4, 1936, Burlington, Vermont) is an American mathematician.
  • Kenneth Ira Appel (Ph.D.) is a mathematician who in 1976, with colleague Wolfgang Haken at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, solved one of the most famous problems in mathematics, the four-color theorem.
  • Edward G. Begle (MA 1936) was a mathematician best known for his role as the director of the School Mathematics Study Group (SMSG), the primary group credited for developing what came to be known as The New Math.
  • Marjorie Lee Brown, (Ph.D. 1949/1950), arguably the first African-American woman to earn a doctorate in mathematics.
  • Harry C. Carver (B.S. 1915) (December 4, 1890 – January 30, 1977) was an American mathematician and academic, primarily associated with the University of Michigan. He was a major influence in the development of mathematical statistics as an academic discipline.
  • Edgar F. Codd (Ph.D. 1965). A mathematician and computer scientist who laid the theoretical foundation for relational databases. Dr. Codd's idea, based on mathematical set theory, was to store data in cross-referenced tables, allowing the information to be presented in multiple permutations. To his frustration, I.B.M. largely ignored his work, as the company was investing heavily at the time in commercializing a different type of database system. I.B.M. was beaten to the market by Lawrence J. Ellison of Oracle. In 1981, he received the Turing Award.
  • Brian Conrey, (Ph.D. 1980) is an American mathematician and the executive director of the American Institute of Mathematics.
  • Stephen A. Cook (A.B. 1961). He received the Turing Award in 1982. Cook formalised the notion of NP-completeness in a famous 1971 paper "The Complexity of Theorem Proving Procedures", which also contained Cook's theorem, a proof that the boolean satisfiability problem is NP-complete. The paper left open theoretical computer science's greatest unsolved question – whether complexity classes P and NP are equivalent.
  • George Dantzig (M.A. Math 1937), father of linear programming. At UM, studied under T.H. Hildebrandt, R.L. Wilder, and G.Y. Rainer.
  • Carl de Boor (Ph.D. Mathematics 1966), best known for pioneering work on splines, received National Medal of Science, 2003. He won the John Von Neumann Prize from the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics in 1996.
  • Dorothy Elizabeth Denning (the daughter of C. Lowell and Helen Watson Robling on August 12, 1945) is an American information security researcher. She has published four books and 140 articles. At Georgetown University, she was the Patricia and Patrick Callahan Family Professor of computer science and director of the Georgetown Institute of Information Assurance. She is now a professor in the Department of Defense Analysis at the Naval Postgraduate School.
  • Sister Mary Celine Fasenmyer (Ph.D. 1946) a mathematician noted for her work on hypergeometric functions and linear algebra. After getting her Ph.D., Sister Celine published two papers which expanded on her doctorate work. These papers would be further elaborated by Doron Zeilberger and Herbert Wilf into "WZ theory", which allowed computerized proof of many combinatorial identities. After publishing these two papers, she returned to Mercyhurst to teach and did not engage in further research.
  • Walter Feit (P.h. D. 1955), winner of the 7th Cole Prize in 1965, and famous for proving the Feit–Thompson theorem. Seventh award, 1965: To Walter Feit and John G. Thompson for their joint paper, Solvability of groups of odd order, Pacific Journal of Mathematics, volume 13 (1963), pp. 775–1029.
  • David Gale (MA 1947) was a distinguished American mathematician and economist.
  • Frederick Gehring, (AB 1946) the T. H. Hildebrandt Distinguished University Professor Emeritus of Mathematics, received one of the highest distinctions in his field from the American Mathematical Society (AMS) January 13, 2006. Gehring was the recipient of the 2006 AMS Leroy P. Steele Prize for Lifetime Achievement, an annual award that honors those who have made outstanding contributions to research in mathematics. The prize was awarded at the Joint Mathematics Meetings in San Antonio. Taught at Michigan from 1955 until his retirement in 1996. He was invited three times to address the International Congress of Mathematicians and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1989. In 1997, the Frederick and Lois Gehring Chair in Mathematics was endowed.
  • Seymour Ginsburg (Ph.D. 1952) (1927–2004) was a pioneer of automata theory, formal language theory, and database theory, in particular; and computer science, in general. His work was influential in distinguishing theoretical Computer Science from the disciplines of Mathematics and Electrical Engineering.
  • Thomas N.E. Greville (Ph.D. 1933) was an American mathematician, specializing in statistical analysis, particularly as it concerned the experimental investigation of psi.
  • Earle Raymond Hedrick (A.B. 1896) was an American mathematician and a vice-president of the University of California.
  • Theophil Henry Hildebrandt, or T.H. Hildebrandt. He spent the major portion of his professional career at the University of Michigan, where he went as an instructor of mathematics in 1909. He served as chairman of the department from 1934 until his retirement in 1957. Professor Hildebrandt received the second Chauvenet Prize of the Mathematical Association of America in 1929.
  • Meyer Jerison (Ph.D. 1950) (November 28, 1922 – March 13, 1995) was an American mathematician known for his work in functional analysis and rings, and especially for collaborating with Leonard Gillman on one of the standard texts in the field: Rings of Continuous Functions.
  • Donald John Lewis (PhD 1950) better known as D.J. Lewis, is an American mathematician specializing in number theory. He chaired the Department of Mathematics at the University of Michigan (1984–1994), and served as director of the Division of Mathematical Sciences at the National Science Foundation (NSF).
  • James Raymond Munkres is a Professor Emeritus of mathematics at MIT and the author of a classic textbook, Topology.
  • Ralph S. Phillips (Ph.D.) (23 June 1913 – 23 November 1998) was an American mathematician and academic known for his contributions to functional analysis, scattering theory, and servomechanisms.
  • Kenneth H. Rosen (B.A.) is a notable author and mathematician.
  • Leonard Jimmie Savage (B.S. 1938, Ph.D. 1941). Savage's book The Foundations of Statistics (1954) "...is perhaps his greatest achievement...". As recounted in Fortune's Formula, Savage rediscovered Bachelier and introduced his theories to Paul Samuelson, who corrected Bachelier and used his thesis on randomness to advance derivative pricing theory.
  • Joel Shapiro (Ph.D) Joel H. Shapiro is a US mathematician, and one of the leading experts in the field of composition operators.
  • Isadore M. Singer, (B.A. 1944), winner of the Abel Prize, the "Nobel of mathematics", and the Bôcher Memorial Prize
  • Stephen Smale (B.S. 1952, M.S. 1953, Ph.D. 1957), Fields Medal Winner. Winner of the 2007 Wolf Prize in mathematics. Smale's other honors include the 1965 Veblen Prize for Geometry, awarded every five years by the American Mathematical Society; in 1988, the Chauvenet Prize by the Mathematical Association of America; and in 1989, the Von Neumann Award by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
  • George W. Snedecor (MA 1913) was an American mathematician and statistician.
  • Edwin Henry Spanier (PhD 1947) was an American mathematician at the University of California at Berkeley, working in algebraic topology.
  • Frank Spitzer (BA, PhD), a mathematician who made fundamental contributions to probability theory, including the theory of random walks, fluctuation theory, percolation theory, and especially the theory of interacting particle systems. SHis first academic appointments were at the California Institute of Technology (1953–1958), but most of his academic career was spent at Cornell University, with leaves at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and the Mittag-Leffler Institute in Sweden.
  • Norman Steenrod (A.B. 1932), algebraic topologist and author of The Topology of Fiber Bundles. Believed to have coined the phrase abstract nonsense used in category theory.
  • Clarence F. Stephens (Ph.D.) was the ninth African American to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics. He is credited with inspiring students and faculty at SUNY Potsdam to form the most successful United States undergraduate mathematics degree programs in the past century.
  • Karen Uhlenbeck, (B.S. 1964), professor at the University of Texas at Austin, where she holds the Sid W. Richardson Foundation Regents' Chair in Mathematics. She is one of the world's foremost researchers on non-linear differential equations and their geometric properties and has made a commitment to young women mathematicians, and has received a MacArthur Fellowship and a National Medal of Science, was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and was the first woman mathematician elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
  • Robert Simpson Woodward (A.B. 1872). Professor of mechanics and mathematical physics at Columbia (1899–1904). President of the American Mathematical Society from 1899 to 1900. In 1904 became President of the newly formed Carnegie Institution.

Medicine [edit]

Newsmakers [edit]

  • Bill Ayers (B.A. 1968), co-founder of the radical Weathermen
  • Rick Bayless (doctoral student, linguistics) is an American chef who specializes in traditional Mexican cuisine with modern interpretations. He is, perhaps, best known for his PBS series Mexico: One Plate at a Time.
  • Benjamin Bolger (BA 1994), highlighted in the news as holding what is said to be the largest number of graduate degrees held by a living person.
  • Mamah Borthwick (BA 1892), mistress of architect Frank Lloyd Wright who was murdered at his studio, Taliesin.
  • Napoleon Chagnon (Ph.D.)is an American anthropologist and professor of anthropology
  • Rima Fakih (BA) winner of the 2010 Miss USA title.
  • Geoffrey Fieger (BA, MA) is an American attorney based in Southfield, Michigan
  • Janet Guthrie (COE: B.Sc physics 1960), “...was among the five racing legends inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame...” in 2006. She was the first woman to race in the Indianapolis 500 auto race. Guthrie is still is the only woman to ever lead a Nextel Cup race and her sixth-place finish at Bristol in 1977 remains the best by a woman in NASCAR's modern era. She was top rookie in five different races in 1977 including the Daytona 500 and at Talladega. She finished ninth at Talladega. She was the top rookie in the Indianapolis 500 in 1978. Her fifth place at Milwaukee in 1979 was the best by a woman until Danica Patrick finished fourth at Indy last year. Her Autobiography Janet Guthrie: A Life at Full Throttle, was released in 2005 and hailed by Sports Illustrated as "...one of the best sports books ever..." . Guthrie’s helmet and driver's suit are in the Smithsonian Institution, and she was one of the first athletes named to the Women's Sports Hall of Fame.
  • Robert Groves (PhD 1975), in 2009, Presidential nominee to head taking of national census. Nomination stalled by Republican opposition to use of "sampling" methodology, which Groves has already stated would not be used.
  • Alireza Jafarzadeh the well-known whistle-blower of Iran's nuclear weapons program when he exposed in August 2002 the nuclear sites in Natanz and Arak, and triggered the inspection of the Iranian nuclear sites by the UN for the first time; author of The Iran Threat: President Ahmadinejad and the Coming Nuclear Crisis (Palgrave MacMillan: 2008)
  • Carol Jantsch (BFA 2006) the sole female tuba player on staff with a major U.S. orchestra — and is believed to be the first in history. At 21, she's the youngest member of the Philadelphia Orchestra. Several months before her appointment in 2006, Jantsch was a senior at the University of Michigan, about to graduate and playing on the school's Ultimate Frisbee team during a season that took it to ninth in the nation.
  • Morris Ketchum Jessup (March 2, 1900[6] – April 20, 1959), had a Master of Science Degree in astronomy and, though employed for most of his life as an automobile-parts salesman and a photographer, is probably best remembered for his pioneering ufological writings and his role in "uncovering" the so-called "Philadelphia Experiment".
  • Lion Kim winner of the 2010 U.S. Amateur Public Links and participant in the 2011 Masters Tournament
  • Jeff Masters, (BS AOS 1982, MS 1983, PhD 1997) Founding member of The Weather Underground
  • Jerry Newport (B.A. Mathematics) (born August 19, 1948) is an author with Asperger syndrome whose life was the basis for the 2005 feature-length movie Mozart and the Whale. Named "Most Versatile Calculator" in the 2010 World Calculation Cup.
  • Tony Ridder (LS&A: B.A. 1962) CEO of Knight Ridder 1995-2006
  • Jane Scott (3 May 1919 - 4 July 2011) was an influential rock critic for The Plain Dealer in Cleveland, Ohio. During her career she covered every major rock concert in Cleveland and was on a first name basis with many stars. Until her retirement from the newspaper in April 2002 she was known as "The World’s Oldest Rock Critic." She was also influential in bringing the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame to Cleveland.[7]
  • Robert Shiller (B.A. 1967) Economist: Author of Irrational Exuberance
  • Michael Sekora (B.S. 1977), founder and director of Project Socrates, the intelligence community's classified program that was tasked with using all source intelligence to determine the underlying cause of America's economic decline and then utilize this understanding to develop the required solutions.[8][9]
  • Jerome Singleton (COE: IEOR) (born July 7, 1986) is a Paralympic athlete from the United States competing mainly in category T44 (single below knee amputation) sprint events.
  • Jerald F. ter Horst, (BA 1947), briefly, President Ford's press secretary.

Infamous Newsmakers [edit]

  • François Duvalier, (Public Health, 1944–45) repressive dictator, excommunication from the Catholic Church, estimates of those killed by Duvalier's regime are as high as 30,000.
  • Theodore Kaczynski (PhD 1967) better known as the Unabomber, had been one of U-M's most promising mathematicians. He earned his Ph.D. by solving, in less than a year, a math problem that his advisor Piranian had been unable to solve. Kaczynski's specialty was a branch of complex analysis known as geometric function theory. In 1967, his dissertation, entitled "Boundary Functions," recognized as the school's best in math that year. At Michigan he held a National Science Foundation fellowship, and published two articles related to his dissertation in mathematical journals. He later abandoned his promising mathematics career to engage in a mail bombing campaign.
  • Jack Kevorkian, (MED: MD (Pathology) 1952), guilty of second-degree homicide after committing euthanasia by administering a lethal injection to Thomas Youk, Kevorkian spent eight years in prison. You Don’t Know Jack,” HBO’s biopic on Kevorkian starred Al Pacino. It later picked up 16 Emmy nominations in 15 categories, including outstanding made-for-TV movie. Pacino won an Emmy for his portrayal, as well as a Golden Globe and a Screen Actors Guild Award.
  • Nathan F. Leopold, (Transfer) Jr. homosexual thrill killer of Leopold and Loeb, transferred from Michigan in 1922 to the University of Chicago, before killing 14-year-old murdering Robert "Bobby" Franks.
  • Richard A. Loeb, (B.A. 1923) thrill killer of Leopold and Loeb, was the youngest graduate in the University of Michigan's history, murdered 14-year-old Robert "Bobby" Franks.
  • Herman Webster Mudgett, (MED: MD 1884) a/k/a H.H. Holmes, 19th-century serial killer, one of the first documented American serial killers, confessed to 27 murders, of which nine were confirmed, his actual body count could be as high as 250. He took an unknown number of his victims from the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, which was less than 2 miles away from his "World's Fair" hotel. Holmes's story was novelized by Erik Larson in his 2003 non-fiction book The Devil in the White City.[10]

Not-for-profit [edit]

  • John Melville Burgess (BA 1930, MA 1931, Hon DHum 1963), diocesan bishop of Massachusetts and the first African American to head an Episcopal diocese.[11]
  • Larry Brilliant(SPH: MPH 1977) (Economic Development and Health Planning). Head of Google Foundation (holds assets of $1Bn). A co-founder of The Well, In 1979, he founded the Seva Foundation, which has given away more than $100 million. CEO of SoftNet Systems Inc., a global broadband Internet services company in San Francisco that at its peak had more than 500 employees and $600 million capitalization.
  • Mark Malloch Brown, MA. Chef de Cabinet (no.2 rank in the United Nations system), and Deputy Secretary-General.
  • Stephen Goldsmith (LAW: JD) - Marion County district attorney for 12 years and later two-term mayor of Indianapolis (1992–1999). Appointed to a senior fellow at the Milken Institute (a nonprofit, independent economic think tank) in 2006. His work in Indianapolis has been cited as a national model.
  • Lisa Hamilton (LAW: JD), named, in 2007, as the president of The UPS Foundation, UPS (NYSE:UPS). Hamilton has been with UPS for 10 years and before her current post, served as The UPS Foundation's program director.
  • Bill Ivey, (BA 1966) the chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts 1998–2001, credited with restoring the agency's credibility with Congress. Ivey, who was appointed by President Clinton. As the NEA's seventh chairman, he spearheaded the development of a five-year strategic plan that targeted support to arts education, services for young people, cultural heritage preservation, community partnerships and expanded access.
  • Bob King (B.A. 1968) President of the UAW
  • Rajiv Shah (AB), former director of agricultural development for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, nominated in 2009 as chief scientist at the United States Department of Agriculture and under secretary of agriculture for research, education and economics. Currently the Administrator for the United States Agency for International Development.
  • Michael J. Smith, (BUS: MBA ) (COE: BSE), and CFA was named chief investment officer of the $2.5Bn Charles Stewart Mott Foundation in 2006. He is past president of the Financial Analysts Society of Detroit.
  • Sterling Speirn(LAW: JD) - President and CEO Kellogg Foundation (assets of $7.3 billion).
  • Stacey Davis Stewart (BUS: MBA 1987) - President and CEO of Fannie Mae Foundation
  • Jack Vaughn, United States Peace Corps Director.
  • John George Vlazny, (M.A. 1967) a Roman Catholic prelate and currently the Metropolitan Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Portland
  • Mark Weisbrot (Ph. D) (born 1954, Chicago) is an American economist and co-director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research in Washington, D.C. He received his Ph.D. in economics from the University of Michigan. He is co-author, with Dean Baker, of "Social Security: The Phony Crisis" (University of Chicago Press, 2000).

Pulitzer Prize winners [edit]

Rhodes Scholars [edit]

Science [edit]

Sports [edit]

See List of University of Michigan sporting alumni

References [edit]

  1. ^ Kauffman, Bill (2008-05-19) When the Left Was Right, The American Conservative
  2. ^ http://www.michigandaily.com/content/michigan-myth-does-universitys-alumni-association-have-chapter-moon
  3. ^ Bench & Bar of Michigan: Nineteen Hundred Eighteen. Retrieved May 21, 2011. 
  4. ^ "Alabama State University Faculty Roster Form: Qualifications of Full-Time and Part-Time Faculty". Alabama State University. 22 February 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2011. 
  5. ^ Hevesi, Dennis. "Clara Claiborne Park, 86, Dies; Wrote About Autistic Child", The New York Times, July 12, 2010. Accessed July 13, 2010.
  6. ^ Ronald Story, ed., The Encyclopedia of Extraterrestrial Encounters, (New York: New American Library, 2001), s.v. "Morris K. Jessup," pp. 276. Others have March 20, 1900.
  7. ^ Schwensen, D: "The Beatles in Cleveland", page 53. North Shore Publishing, 2007.
  8. ^ Sanders, Joshua (September 14, 2010). "Spurring America's Economic Renaissance". Economy in Crisis. Retrieved 31 January 2011. 
  9. ^ Wicker, Tom (May 24, 1990). "IN THE NATION; The High-Tech Future". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 January 2011. 
  10. ^ http://www.randomhouse.com/crown/devilinthewhitecity/home.html
  11. ^ "History of the Diocese". Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts. Retrieved 12 February 2013. 
  12. ^ "Biography of Zhu Guangya". China Vitae. Retrieved 27 December 2010. 

NOTE: The University of Michigan Alumni Directory is no longer printed, as of 2004. To find more recent information on an alumnus, you must log into the Alumni Association website to search their online directory.

External links [edit]

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