List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names

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The following is a partial list of adjectival forms of place names in English and their demonymic equivalents, which denote the people or the inhabitants of these places.

Note: Demonyms are given in plural forms. Singular forms simply remove the final 's' or, in the case of -ese endings, are the same as the plural forms. The ending -men has feminine equivalent -women (e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman). The French terminations -ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine; adding 'e' (-oise / aise) makes them singular feminine; 'es' (-oises / aises) makes them plural feminine. The Spanish termination "-o" usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by replacing the "-o" with "-a". The plural forms are usually "-os" and "-as" respectively.

Adjectives ending -ish can be used as collective demonyms (e.g. the English, the Cornish). So can those ending in -ch / -tch (e.g. the French, the Dutch) provided they are pronounced with a 'ch' sound (e.g., the adjective Czech does not qualify).

Where an adjective is a link, the link is to the language or dialect of the same name. (Reference: Ethnologue, Languages of the World)

Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things, sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words. (Sometimes, the use of one or more additional words is optional.) Notable examples are cheeses, cat breeds, dog breeds, and horse breeds. (See List of words derived from toponyms.)

Contents

Planets [edit]

Continents [edit]

Entries in italics are continental regions.

Edit this table
Name Adjective Demonym
Africa African Africans
Antarctica Antarctic Antarctican
America Americana Americansa
Asia Asian Asians
Middle East Middle Eastern Middle Easterners
Australasia Australasian Australasians
Australia Australian Australians
Eurasia Eurasian Eurasians
Europe European Europeans
North America North American North Americans
Central America Central American Central Americans
Oceania Oceanian Oceanians
South America South American South Americans

aUsually used to identify specifically the United States of America or its people. However, many Americans (from the continent) may find the word American offensive to use only for people from the USA.

Subcontinental regions [edit]

Countries and nations [edit]

States, Provinces, Regions and Territories [edit]

Australian states and territories [edit]

Edit this table
State/territory Adjective Demonym
  colloquial
Australian Capital Territory Canberran Canberrans  
New South Wales New South Welsh New South Welshmen "Waratahs", "Cockroaches"
Northern Territory Northern Territory Territorians "Top Enders"
Queensland Queensland Queenslanders "Banana Benders", "Cane Toads", "Maroons"
South Australia South Australian South Australians "Crow Eaters"
Tasmania Tasmanian Tasmanians "Apple Eaters", "Taswegians", "Tazzies"
Victoria Victorian Victorians "Vics", "Mexicans"
Western Australia Western Australian Western Australians "Sandgropers", "Westralians"

Canadian provinces and territories [edit]

Province Adjective Demonym
colloquial
Alberta Albertan Albertans
British Columbia British Columbian  ("B.C.") British Columbians "B.C.ers"
Manitoba Manitoban Manitobans
New Brunswick New Brunswick New Brunswickers
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundlanders, Labradorians "Newfies"
Northwest Territories Northwest Territorian   ("N.W.T.") Northwest Territorians "N.W.T.ers"
Nunavut Nunavut Nunavummiut (sing. Nunavummiuq)
Nova Scotia Nova Scotian Nova Scotians "Bluenosers"
Ontario Ontario Ontarians
Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island, P.E.I., Island Islanders
Quebec Quebec
French: Québécois (masc.), Québécoise (fem.)
Quebeckers, Quebecers
French: Québécois
Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Saskatchewanians "Saskatchewanites"
Yukon Yukon Yukoners "Sourdoughs"

Indian states and territories [edit]

State or territory Adjective Demonym
colloquial
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman,[1] Andamanese[1]
Nicobar, Nicobarese[1]
Andamanese
Nicobarese
Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradeshi Andhraits
Arunachal Pradesh Arunachali Arunachalis
Assam Assamese[1] Assamese
Bihar Bihari[1] Biharis
Chandigarh Chandigarhi Chandigarhis _
Chhattisgarh Chhattisgarhi Chhattisgarhis
Dadra and Nagar Haveli _ _
Daman and Diu Damanese
Diuese
Damanese
Diuese
Delhi Delhiite, Delhian Delhiites, Delhians
Goa Goanese,[1] Goan[1] Goanese, Goans
Gujarat Gujarati[1] Gujaratis
Haryana Haryanvi Haryanvis _
Himachal Pradesh Himachali Himachalis
Jammu and Kashmir Jammu
Kashmiri[1]
Jammuite
Kashimiris
_
Jharkhand Jharkhandi Jharkhandis
Karnataka Karnatakan, Canarese[1] (Kanarese)[1] Karnatakans, Canarese Cf. Carnatic
Kerala Keralite Keralites Malayalis
Lakshadweep (Laccadives) Laccadivian Laccadivians
Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradeshi Madhya Pradeshis
Maharashtra Maharashtrian[1] Maharashtrians Marathi
Manipur Manipuri[1] Manipuris
Meghalaya Meghalayan Meghalayans
Mizoram Mizo[1] Mizos
Nagaland Naga,[1] Nagalandese Nagas
Odisha Oriya[1] (Odia) [of the people]
Odishan [of the state]
Odissi[1]
Oriyas (Odias)
Odishans
_
Puducherry (formerly Pondicherry) Pondicherrian Pondicherrians _
Punjab Punjabi[1] Punjabis
Rajasthan Rajasthani[1] Rajasthanis
Sikkim Sikkimese[1] Sikkimese
Tamil Nadu Tamil,[1] Tamilese Tamils
Tripura Tripuri, Tripuran Tripuris, Tripurans _
Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradeshi Uttar Pradeshis _
Uttarakhand Uttarakhandi Uttarakhandi _
West Bengal (West) Bengali,[1] (West) Bengalese,[1] Bangla[1] (West) Bengalis _

Malaysian states and territories [edit]

State / Territory Adjective Demonym
colloquial
Johor Johorean Johoreans Southerners
Kedah Kedahan Kedahans
Kelantan Kelantanese Kelantanese East Coasters
Kuala Lumpur KL-ite KL-ites Federal Territorians
Labuan Labuanese Labuanese
Malacca Malaccan Malaccans
Negeri Sembilan Negeri Sembilanese Negeri Sembilanese Negrians
Pahang Pahangian Pahangians
Penang Penangite Penangites Penang Islanders
Perak Perakian Perakians
Perlis Perlisian Perlisians
Putrajaya Putrajayan Putrajayans Federal Territorians
Sabah Sabahan Sabahans Borneoans
Sarawak Sarawakian Sarawakians Borneoans
Selangor Selangorean Selangoreans
Terengganu Terengganuan Terengganuans East Coasters
Peninsular Malaysia Peninsular Peninsularians
East Malaysia East Malaysian East Malaysians Borneoans

Mexican states [edit]

Federal entity Adjective Demonym
colloquial
Aguascalientes Hidrocalido/-a
Baja California Lower Californian Bajacaliforniano/-a
Baja California Sur South Lower Californian Sudcaliforniano/-a
Campeche Campechano/-a
Chiapas Chiapaneco/-a
Chihuahua Chihuahuense
Colima Colimense
Coahuila Coahuilense
Distrito Federal Defeño/-a "Chilango"
Durango Duranguense
Guerrero Guerrerense
Guanajuato Guanajuatense
Hidalgo Hidalguense
Jalisco Jalisciense
Michoacán Michoacano/-a
Morelos Morelense
Mexico Mexiquense
Nayarit Nayarita
Nuevo León Neoleones
Oaxaca Oaxaqueño/-a
Puebla Poblano/-a
Quintana Roo Quintanarroense
Querétaro Queretano/-a
Sinaloa Sinaloense
San Luis Potosí Potosino/-a
Sonora Sonorense
Tabasco Tabasqueño/-a
Tlaxcala Tlaxcalteca
Tamaulipas Tamaulipeco/-a
Veracruz Veracruzano/-a
Yucatán Yucateco/-a
Zacatecas Zacatecano/-a
  1. Capitalino is often used to be refered to the people the Mexico City, however, capitalino can be used to refer any people of each state capital. "Defeño" and "Chilango" are descripted in the Royal Spanish Academy

New Zealand regions [edit]

Edit this table
Region/Island Adjective Demonym
colloquial
Auckland Region Auckland Aucklanders "Jafas"
Bay of Plenty Region Bay of Plenty Bay of Plentiers
Canterbury Region Canterbury Cantabrians "Cantabs"
Gisborne Region East Coast, Gisborne East Coasters, Gisbornians
Hawke's Bay Region Hawke's Bay Hawke's Bayers
Manawatu-Wanganui Region Manawatu, Wanganui Manawatuans, Wanganuians
Marlborough Region Marlborough Marlburians
Nelson Region Nelsonian Nelsonians
Northland Region Northland Northlanders
Otago Region Otago Otagoites
Southland Region Southland Southlanders
Taranaki Region Taranaki Taranakians
Tasman Region Tasman Tasmanites
Waikato Region Waikato Waikatoans "Mooloos"
Wellington Region Wellington, Wellingtonian Wellingtonians
West Coast Region West Coast West Coasters
North Island North Island North Islanders
South Island South Island / Mainland South Islanders "Mainlanders"
Stewart Island Stewart Island Stewart Islanders


Philippine provinces [edit]

Province Adjective Demonym
colloquial
Abra Abrenian Abreño/-a
Agusan del Norte North Agusanian Agusanon
Agusan del Sur South Agusanian Agusanon
Aklan Aklan, Aklanon, Aklanese Aklanon Akeanon
Albay Albay, Albayan, Albayano Albayano/-a
Antique Antiquenian, Antiqueño Antiqueño/-a
Apayao Apayao, Apayaonian Apayao
Aurora Auroran Auroran
Basilan Basilan, Basileño, Basilanese Basileño/-a
Bataan Bataan, Bataanese, Bataeño Bataeño/-a
Batanes Batanic, Ivatan, Ivatanic Ivatan
Batangas Batangan, Batangueño Batangueño/-a
Benguet Benguet, Benguetian Benguet Igorot
Biliran Biliran, Biliranian Biliranon
Bohol Boholan, Boholano Boholano/-a Bol-anon
Bukidnon Bukidnon Bukidnon
Bulacan Bulacan, Bulaqueño, Bulacanese Bulaqueño/-a
Cagayan Cagayan, Cagayano, Cagayanese Cagayano/-a
Camarines Norte North Camarinean, Camarinense Camarinense
Camarines Sur South Camarinean, Camarinense Camarinense
Camiguin Camiguin Camiguinon
Capiz Capizian, Capizeño Capizeño/-a Capiznon
Catanduanes Catanduanean, Catandueño Catandueño/-a
Cavite Cavitenian, Caviteño Caviteño/-a
Cebu Cebu, Cebuan, Cebuano Cebuano/-a Sugbuanon
Compostela Valley Compostelan, Comvaleño, Comval Comvaleño/-a
Cotabato Cotabato, Cotabatan, Cotabateño Cotabateño/-a
Davao del Norte North Davao, Davaoeño Davaoeño/-a
Davao del Sur South Davao, Davaoeño Davaoeño/-a
Davao Oriental Eastern Davao, Davaoeño Davaoeño/-a
Dinagat Islands Dinagat, Dinagatan Dinagatnon
Eastern Samar Eastern Samarian, Samareño Eastern Samareño/-a Samarnon
Guimaras Guimarasian Guimarasnon
Ifugao Ifugao Ifugao Igorot
Ilocos Norte North Ilocos, Ilocan, Ilocano Ilocano/-a
Ilocos Sur South Ilocos, Ilocan, Ilocano Ilocano/-a
Iloilo Iloilo, Iloiloan, Ilonggo Ilonggo/-a
Isabela Isabelan Isabeleño/-a
Kalinga Kalingan Kalinga
La Union La Unionian, La Ueño La Ueño/-a
Laguna Lagunian, Laguneño, Lagunense Laguneño/-a
Lanao del Norte North Lanao Lanaonon
Lanao del Sur South Lanao, Maranao Maranao
Leyte Leytenian Leyteño/-a
Maguindanao Maguindanaoan Maguindanao Maguindanaon
Marinduque Marinduquenian, Marinduqueño Marinduqueño/-a
Masbate Masbatenian, Masbateño Masbateño/-a
Metro Manila Manilan, Manileño Manileño/-a
Misamis Occidental West Misamis Occidental Misamisnon
Misamis Oriental East Misamis Oriental Misamisnon
Mountain Province Mountain Provincial Bontoc Igorot
Negros Occidental West Negros, Negrense Occidental Negrense
Negros Oriental East Negros, Negrense Oriental Negrense
Northern Samar North Samarian, Samareño Norte Samareño/-a Nortehanon
Nueva Ecija Nueva Ecijan, Novo Ecijano Novo Ecijano/-a
Nueva Vizcaya Nueva Vizcayan, Novo Vizcayano Novo Vizcayano/-a
Occidental Mindoro West Mindorenian, Mindoreño Occidental Mindoreño/-a
Oriental Mindoro East Mindorenian, Mindoreño Oriental Mindoreño/-a
Palawan Palawan, Palaweño Palaweño/-a
Pampanga Pampangan, Pampangueño Pampangueño/-a Kapampangan
Pangasinan Pangasinan, Pangasinense Pangasinense Pangalatok1
Quezon Quezonian Quezonian/Tayabense
Quirino Quirinian Quirinian
Rizal Rizalian, Rizaleño Rizaleño/-a
Romblon Romblonian Romblomanon
Samar West Samarian, Samareño Samareño/-a Samarnon
Sarangani Sarangan Sarangan
Siquijor Siquijorian Siquijornon
Sorsogon Sorsogonian, Sorsogueño Sorsogueño/-a Sorsoganon
South Cotabato South Cotabatan, South Cotabateño South Cotabateño/-a
Southern Leyte Southern Leytenian Southern Leyteño/-a
Sultan Kudarat Sultan Kudaratenian, Sultan Kudarateño Sultan Kudarateño/-a
Sulu Sulu, Suluan, Suluano Suluano/-a
Surigao del Norte North Surigaoan Surigaonon
Surigao del Sur South Surigaoan Surigaonon
Tarlac Tarlaquenian, Tarlaqueño Tarlaqueño/-a
Tawi-Tawi Tawi-Tawian Tawi-Tawian
Zambales Zambalean, Zambaleño Zambaleño/-a Sambal
Zamboanga del Norte North Zamboangan, Zamboangueño Norte Zamboangueño/-a
Zamboanga del Sur South Zamboangan, Zamboangueño Zamboangueño/-a Chavacano
Zamboanga Sibugay Sibugay Sibugaynon/Zamboangueño/-a
  1. Considered derogatory.

U.S. states [edit]

Regions in Greco-Roman antiquity [edit]

Regions tracing their origins (or otherwise referenced) in Greco-Roman antiquity [in cases where ancient regions are extant, this table is limited to cases where the present-day regional names retain their original/ancient form].

(References: Herodotus' "Histories"; Thucydides' "Peloponnesian War"; Pausanias' "Description of Greece"; Lemprière's Bibliotheca Classica; Leverett's 1838 edition of the "Lexicon of the Latin Language"; Freeman's "The History of Sicily..."; et al.)

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Name Adjective Demonym
colloquial
Acarnania Acarnanian Acarnanians
Achaea Achaean Achaeans
Aegina Aeginetan Aeginetans
Aethaea Aethaean Aethaeans
Aetolia Aetolian Aetolians
Andalusia Andalusian Andalusians
Apulia Apulian Apulians
Aquitania Aquitanian Aquitanians
Arcadia Arcadian Arcadians
Argos Argive Argives
Arretium Arretine Arretines
Athens Athenian Athenians
Bactria, Bactriana Bactrian Bactrians
Bavaria Bavarian Bavarians
Boeotia Boeotian, Beotian Boeotians, Beotians
Boiohaemum Boius Boii
Bosporus, Bosphorus Bosporan, Bosphoran Bosporans, Bosphorans
Bruttium (Bruttus ?), Bruttian Brutti, Bruttians
Byzantium Byzantine Byzantines
Calabria Calabrian Calabrians
Campania Campanian Campanians
Cantabria Cantabrian Cantabrians
Caria Carian Carians
Carthage Carthaginian Carthaginians
Carystus Carystian Carystians
Catalonia Catalan, Catalonian Catalans, Catalonians
Cephalonia Cephalonian Cephalonians
Chalcis Chalcidian Chalcidians
Chios Chian Chians
Colchis Colchian Colchians
Colossae Colossian Colossians
Consentia Consentian Consentians
Corcyra Corcyrean Corcyreans
Corsica Corsican Corsicans
Crete Cretan Cretans
Croton Crotonian Crotonians
Cyclades Cycladian Cycladians
Cyprus Cypriot, Cypriote Cypriots, Cypriotes
Cyrenaica Cyrenaic Cyrenaics
Cyrene Cyrenian Cyrenians
Dacia Dacian Dacians
Dalmatia Dalmatian Dalmatians
Delos Delian Delians
Dodecanese Dodecanesian Dodecanesians
Edonia Edonian Edonians
Egesta Egestan Egestans
Eleusina or Eleusis Eleusian, Eleusinian Eleusians, Eleusinians
Elis or Eleia Elian Elians
Ephesus Ephesian Ephesians
Epidamnus or Epidamnos Epidamnian Epidamnians
Epidaurus Epidaurian Epidaurians
Epirus Epirote Epirotes
Eretria Eretrian Eretrians
Etruria Etruscan Etruscans
Euboea Euboean Euboeans
Galatia Galatian Galatians
Gallaecia Gallaecus Gallaeci
Gallia or Gaul Gaulish Gauls
Germania Germanian, Germanus Germanians, Germani
Iberia Iberian Iberians
Illyria Illyrian Illyrians
Ionia Ionian Ionians
Kalymnos Kalymnian Kalymnians
Kaulonia Kaulonian Kaulonians
Knossos Knossian Knossians
Lakedaimon/ia or Lakedaemon/ia Lakedaimonian or Lakedaemonian Lakedaimonians or Lakedaemonians
Larissa Larissan Larissans
Latium Latin Latins
Leontini, Leontium Leontinian Leontinians
Lesbos Lesbian Lesbians
Locris Locrian Locrians
Lucania Lucanian Lucanians
Lydia Lydian Lydians
Macedonia Macedonian Macedonians
Maeonia Maeonian Maeonians
Mantineia Mantinean Mantineans
Marathon Marathonian Marathonians
Media Median Medes, Medians
Megara Megaran Megarans
Melite Melitian Melitians
Melos Melian Melians
Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Mesopotamians
Messenia Messenian Messenians
Miletus Milesian Milesians
Mithymna or Methymna Methymnian Methymnians
Moravia Moravian Moravians
Mycenae Mycenaean Mycenaeans
Mytilene Mytilenean Mytileneans
Naupactus or Nafpaktos Naupactian Naupactians
Naxos Naxian Naxians
Nisyros Nisyrian Nisyrians
Oea Oean Oeans
Olympia Olympian Olympians
Oiniades, Oiniadai Oiniadan Oiniadans
Orkney Islands Orcadian Orcadians
Paeonia or Paionia Paeonian Paeonians
Pamphylia Pamphylian Pamphylians
Paros Parian Parians
Patmos Patmian Patmians
Peloponnese Peloponnesian Peloponnesians
Pergamum Pergamian Pergamians
Persia Persian Persians
Philippi Philippian Philippians
Phlius Phliasian Phliasians
Phocis Phocian Phocians
Phoenicia Phoenician Phoenicians
Phrygia Phrygian Phrygians
Pisidia Pisidian Pisidians
Pontus Pontian Pontians
Pylos Pylosian Pylosians
Rhegion Rhegian, Rhegine Rhegians, Rhegines
Rhodes Rhodian Rhodians
Rhithymna, Rhithymnia, Rithymna Rhithymnian Rhithymnians
Rome Roman Romans
Sabinium Sabine Sabines
Salamis Salaminian Salaminians
Samnium Samnite Samnites
Samos Samian Samians
Sardinia Sardinian, Sardi Sardinians, Sardi
Sardis Sardianus, Sardian Sardiani, Sardians
Sarmatia Sarmatian, Sarmata, or Sauromata Sarmatians, Sarmatae, or Sauromatae
Scythia Scytha, Scythian Scythae, Scythians
Serrae, Serrhae Serrean Serreans
Sicily Sicilian Sicilians
Sicyon Sicyonese Sicyonese
Sidon, or Saïda Sidonian Sidonians
Silesia Silesian Silesians
Skopelos Skopelitan Skopelitans
Sparta Spartan Spartans
Suebia Suebius Suebi
Symi Symian Symians
Syracuse Syracusan Syracusans
Taras, Tarentum Tarentine, Tarentumian Tarentines, Tarentumians
Tegea Tegean Tegeans
Tenedos Tenedian Tenedians
Tenedos Tenedian Tenedians
Thasos Thasian Thasians
Thebes Theban Thebans
Thespis Thespian Thespians
Thessaly Thessalian Thessalians
Thrace Thracian Thracians
Thria Thriasian Thriasians
Thuria Thuriat Thuriats
Thurii Thurian Thurians
Trichonos Trichonian Trichonians
Troezen Troezenian Troezenians
Troy Trojan Trojans
Umbria Umbrian Umbrians
Xanthi Xanthian Xanthians
Zakynthos Zakyntian Zakyntians


Other former nations and regions [edit]

Ancient civilizations, former colonies, renamed countries and regions, annexations, secessions, etc. (other than Greco-Roman, which see above).

Fictional regions [edit]

Edit this table
Name Adjective Demonym
Atlantis Atlant(e)ans
Aloria Alorn Alorns
Attilan Inhumans
Blefuscu Blefuscudian Blefuscudians
Brobdingnag Brobdingnagian Brobdingnagians
Laputa Laputan Laputans
Lilliput Lilliputian Lilliputians
Cardassia Prime Cardassian Cardassians
Bajor Bajoran Bajorans, Bajora
Ferenginar Ferengi Ferengi
Gallifrey Gallifreyan Gallifreyans, Time Lords
Genosha Genoshan Genoshans
Latveria Latverian Latverians
Luggnagg Struldbrugs
Narnia Narnian Narnian
Oz Ozian Ozian
Qo'noS Klingon Klingons
Remus Reman Remans
Rohan Rohirric Rohirrim
Romulus Romulan Romulans
Skaro Skaroene, Skarosian Skarosians, Daleks
Sontar Sontaran Sontarans
Utopia Utopian Utopians
Vulcan Vulcan, Vulcanian Vulcans

Cities [edit]

See also [edit]

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989.

External links [edit]