Autoimmune disease

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Autoimmune diseases
Classification and external resources
ICD-9	279.4
OMIM	109100
DiseasesDB	28805
MedlinePlus	000816
MeSH	D001327

Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. In other words, the body really attacks its own cells. This may be restricted to certain organs (e.g. in thyroiditis) or involve a particular tissue in different places (e.g. Goodpasture's disease which may affect the basement membrane in both the lung and the kidney). The treatment of autoimmune diseases is typically with immunosuppression—medication which decreases the immune response.

Contents 1 Occurrence and onset 2 Autoimmune diseases 3 Development of therapies 4 References 5 External links 6 See also

[edit] Occurrence and onset

Hormone levels have been shown to affect the severity of some autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis.^[1] Other causes may include the presence of fetal cells in the maternal bloodstream, i.e. microchimerism,^[2] and infections with some viruses and bacteria.^[3]

[edit] Autoimmune diseases

It is possible to classify autoimmune diseases by corresponding type of hypersensitivity: type II, type III, or type IV. (No type of autoimmune disease mimics type I hypersensitivity.)^[4]

Name	Accepted/ suspected	Hypersensitivity	Autoantibody
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)	Accepted[5]
Addison's disease	Accepted[5]
Alopecia areata	Accepted[5]
Ankylosing spondylitis	Doubtful[5]
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS)	Accepted[5]
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia	Accepted[6]	II
Autoimmune hepatitis	Accepted[5]		Anti-Smooth Muscle Actin
Autoimmune inner ear disease	Suspected[7]
Bullous pemphigoid	Accepted[6]	II	Anti-Bullous Pemphigoid Antigen 1 and 2 (Hemidesmosome antigens)
Coeliac disease	Accepted[8][9][10]	IV??	Anti-transglutaminase
Chagas disease	Suspected[11]
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	Suspected[12][13]
Crohns Disease (one of two types of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease "IBD")	Accepted[5]	IV
Dermatomyositis	Accepted[14]
Diabetes mellitus type 1	Accepted[5]	IV
Endometriosis	Suspected[15]
Goodpasture's syndrome	Accepted[5]	II	Anti-Basement Membrane Collagen Type IV Protein
Graves' disease	Accepted[5]	II
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)	Accepted[5]	IV	Anti-ganglioside
Hashimoto's disease	Accepted[5]	IV
Hidradenitis suppurativa	Suspected[16]
Kawasaki disease	Suspected
IgA nephropathy	Suspected
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura	Accepted[5]	II
Interstitial cystitis	Suspected[17]
Lupus erythematosus	Accepted[5]	III
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease	Accepted[5]
Morphea	Suspected[18]
Multiple sclerosis (MS)	Accepted[5]	IV	Anti-Myelin Basic Protein
Myasthenia gravis	Accepted[5]	II
Narcolepsy	Accepted.[19]
Neuromyotonia	Suspected[20]
Pemphigus vulgaris	Accepted[5]	II	Anti-Desmogein 3
Pernicious anaemia	Accepted[21]	II
Psoriasis	Suspected[22]
Psoriatic Arthritis	Suspected[23]
Polymyositis	Accepted[14]
Primary biliary cirrhosis	Accepted[24]		Anti-p62, Anti-sp100, Anti-Mitochondrial(M2)
Rheumatoid arthritis	Accepted[5]	III	Rheumatoid factor
Schizophrenia	Suspected[25][26][27]
Scleroderma	Suspected[18]		Anti-topoisomerase
Sjögren's syndrome	Accepted[5]
Stiff person syndrome	Suspected
Temporal arteritis (also known as "giant cell arteritis")	Accepted[5]	IV
Ulcerative Colitis (one of two types of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease "IBD")	Accepted[5]	IV
Vasculitis	Accepted[6]	III
Vitiligo	Suspected[28][29]
Wegener's granulomatosis	Accepted[30]		Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic(cANCA)

[edit] Development of therapies

In both autoimmune and inflammatory diseases the condition arises through aberrant reactions of the human adaptive or innate immune systems. In autoimmunity, the patient’s immune system is activated against the body's own proteins. In inflammatory diseases, it is the overreaction of the immune system, and its subsequent downstream signaling (TNF, IFN, etc), which causes problems.

A substantial minority of the population suffers from these diseases, which are often chronic, debilitating, and life-threatening. There are more than eighty illnesses caused by autoimmunity.^{[citation needed]} It has been estimated that autoimmune diseases are among the ten leading causes of death among women in all age groups up to 65 years.^[31]

Currently, a considerable amount of research is being conducted into treatment of these conditions. According to a report from Frost & Sullivan, the total alliance payouts in the autoimmune/inflammation segment from 1997 to 2002 totaled $489.8 million, where Eli Lilly, Suntory, Procter & Gamble, Encysive, and Novartis together account for 98.6 percent of alliance payouts.^[32]

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Auto-immune disorders at the Open Directory Project
• Links to pictures of Autoimmune Diseases (Hardin MD) at University of Iowa

[edit] See also

• Systemic autoimmune diseases

v • d • e Immune disorders: Lymphoid immunodeficiency (D80-D85, 279) Primary Antibody/humoral (B) Hypogammaglobulinemia X-linked agammaglobulinemia · Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy Dysgammaglobulinemia IgA deficiency · IgG deficiency · IgM deficiency · Hyper IgM syndrome (2, 3, 4, 5) · Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome Other Common variable immunodeficiency · ICF syndrome Cell-mediated (T) thymic hypoplasia: hypoparathyroid (Di George's syndrome) · euparathyroid (Nezelof syndrome, Ataxia telangiectasia) peripheral: Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency · Hyper IgM syndrome (1) Severe combined (B+T) x-linked: X-SCID autosomal: Adenosine deaminase deficiency · Omenn syndrome · ZAP70 deficiency · Bare lymphocyte syndrome Acquired AIDS See also lymphoid malignancy, lymphatic disease

v • d • e Immune disorders: hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases Type I/allergy/atopy (IgE) Foreign Atopic dermatitis · Allergic urticaria · Hay fever · Allergic asthma · Anaphylaxis · Food allergy (Milk, Egg, Peanut, Tree nut, Seafood, Soy, Wheat) Autoimmune none Type II/ADCC (IgM, IgG) Foreign Pernicious anemia · Hemolytic disease of the newborn · Penicillin allergy Autoimmune Cytotoxic Autoimmune hemolytic anemia · Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura  · Bullous pemphigoid  · Pemphigus vulgaris · Rheumatic fever · Goodpasture's syndrome "Type 5"/receptor Graves' disease · Myasthenia gravis Type III (Immune complex) Foreign Henoch-Schönlein purpura · Hypersensitivity vasculitis · Reactive arthritis · Rheumatoid arthritis · Farmer's lung · Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis · Serum sickness · Arthus reaction Autoimmune Systemic lupus erythematosus · Subacute bacterial endocarditis Type IV/cell-mediated (T-cells) Foreign Contact dermatitis · Mantoux test Autoimmune Diabetes mellitus type 1 · Hashimoto's thyroiditis · Guillain-Barré syndrome  · Multiple sclerosis  · Coeliac disease · Giant cell arteritis GVHD Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease Unknown/ multiple Foreign Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis) · Transplant rejection · Latex allergy (I+IV) Autoimmune Sjögren's syndrome · Autoimmune hepatitis · Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS1, APS2) · Autoimmune adrenalitis