List of Caliphs
| Caliph of the Faithful خليفة |
|
|---|---|
 Flag of Ottoman Empire (1299–1923) |
|
| Style | His Imperial Majesty[1] Protector of Islam Commander of the Faithful |
| Residence | Medina (first) Constantinople (last) |
| Term length | Life tenure |
| Inaugural holder | Abu Bakr |
| Formation | 8 June 632 |
| Final holder | Abdülmecid II |
| Abolished | 3 March 1924 |
| Succession | Electoral during Rashidun Caliphate, later hereditary (Succession to Muhammad) |
 |
This article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject. Please help improve the article with a good introductory style. (June 2011) |
This is a List of Caliphs. All years are according to the Common Era.
Contents |
[edit] Rashidun Caliphs (632–661)
Accepted by Sunni Muslims as the first four pious and rightly guided rulers.[2][3]
- Abu Bakr - 632–634
- Umar ibn al-Khattab - 634–644
- Uthman ibn Affan - 644–656
- Ali ibn Abi Talib - 656–661
- Hasan ibn Ali - 661-661
[edit] Umayyads Caliphs (661–750/1031)
[edit] Caliphs of Damascus (661–750)
- Muawiyah I - 661–680 (Founder of the Umayyad dynasty).
- Yazid I - 680–683
- Muawiyah II - 683–684
- Marwan I - 684–685
- Abd al-Malik - 685–705
- Al-Walid I - 705–715
- Sulayman - 715–717
- Umar II - 717–720 (Sometimes considered, honorifically as the fifth of the Rashidun).
- Yazid II - 720–724
- Hisham - 724–743
- Al-Walid II - 743–744
- Yazid III - 744
- Ibrahim - 744
- Marwan II - 744–750
[edit] Emirs of Córdoba (756–929)
- Abd ar-Rahman I - 756–788
- Hisham I - 788–796
- al-Hakam I - 796–822
- Abd ar-Rahman II - 822–852
- Muhammad I - 852–886
- al-Mundhir - 886–888
- Abdallah ibn Muhammad - 888–912
- Abd-ar-Rahman III - 912–929 (Declared himself Caliph)
[edit] Caliphs of Córdoba (929–1031)
(Not universally accepted; actual authority confined to Spain and parts of Morocco)[5][6]
- Abd-ar-Rahman III - 929–961
- Al-Hakam II - 961–976
- Hisham II al-Hakam - 976–1009
- Muhammad II - 1009
- Sulayman ibn al-Hakam - 1009–1010
- Hisham II al-Hakam, restored - 1010–1013
- Sulayman ibn al-Hakam, restored - 1013–1016
- Abd ar-Rahman IV - 1021–1022
- Abd ar-Rahman V - 1022–1023
- Muhammad III - 1023–1024
- Hisham III - 1027–1031
[edit] Abbasid Caliphs (750–1258/1517)
[edit] Caliphs of Baghdad (750–1258)
(Not accepted by the Muslim dominions in the Iberian peninsula and parts of North Africa).[7][8]
- As-Saffah - 750–754 (Founder of the Abbasid dynasty).
- Al-Mansur - 754–775
- Al-Mahdi - 775–785
- Al-Hadi - 785–786
- Harun al-Rashid - 786–809
- Al-Amin - 809–813
- Al-Ma'mun - 813–833
- Al-Mu'tasim - 833–842
- Al-Wathiq - 842–847
- Al-Mutawakkil - 847–861
- Al-Muntasir - 861–862
- Al-Musta'in - 862–866
- Al-Mu'tazz - 866–869
- Al-Muhtadi - 869–870
- Al-Mu'tamid - 870–892
- Al-Mu'tadid - 892–902
- Al-Muktafi - 902–908
- Al-Muqtadir - 908–932
- Al-Qahir - 932–934
- Ar-Radi - 934–940
- Al-Muttaqi - 940–944
- Al-Mustakfi - 944–946
- Al-Muti - 946–974
- At-Ta'i - 974–991
- Al-Qadir - 991–1031
- Al-Qa'im - 1031–1075
- Al-Muqtadi - 1075–1094
- Al-Mustazhir - 1094–1118
- Al-Mustarshid - 1118–1135
- Ar-Rashid - 1135–1136
- Al-Muqtafi - 1136–1160
- Al-Mustanjid - 1160–1170
- Al-Mustadi - 1170–1180
- An-Nasir - 1180–1225
- Az-Zahir - 1225–1226
- Al-Mustansir - 1226–1242
- Al-Musta'sim - 1242–1258 (last Abbasid Caliph at Baghdad)
(During the latter period of Abbasid rule, Muslim rulers began using other titles, such as Sultan).
[edit] Caliphs of Cairo (1261–1517)
(The Cairo Abbasids were largely ceremonial Caliphs under the patronage of the Mamluk Sultanate)[9][10]
- Al-Mustansir II - 1261–1262
- Al-Hakim I - 1262–1302
- Al-Mustakfi I - 1302–1340
- Al-Hakim II - 1341–1352
- Al-Mu'tadid I - 1352–1362
- Al-Mutawakkil I - 1362–1383
- Al-Wathiq II - 1383–1386
- Al-Mu'tasim - 1386–1389
- Al-Mutawakkil I (restored) - 1389–1406
- Al-Musta'in - 1406–1414
- Al-Mu'tadid II - 1414–1441
- Al-Mustakfi II - 1441–1451
- Al-Qa'im - 1451–1455
- Al-Mustanjid - 1455–1479
- Al-Mutawakkil II - 1479–1497
- Al-Mustamsik - 1497–1508
- Al-Mutawakkil III - 1508–1517 (surrendered the title to Selim I, below)
[edit] Other Caliphates (910–1269)
[edit] Fatimid Caliphs (910–1171)
(The Fatimids belonged to the Ismaili branch of Shia Islam and hence are not recognized by the majority of Sunnis, whether subjects in their dominions, or from neighboring states).[11][12]
- Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah - 910–934 (Founder of the Fatimid dynasty).
- Muhammad al-Qa'im Bi-Amrillah - 934–946
- Ismail al-Mansur - 946–953
- Al-Muizz Lideenillah - 953–975 (Egypt is conquered during his reign).
- Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah - 975–996
- Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah - 996–1021
- Ali az-Zahir - 1021–1036
- Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah - 1036–1094
- Al-Musta'li - 1094–1101 (Quarrels over his succession led to the Nizari split).
- Al-Amir - 1101–1130 (The Fatimid rulers of Egypt after him are not recognized as Imams by Mustaali Taiyabi Ismailis).
- al-Hafiz - 1130–1149
- al-Zafir - 1149–1154
- Al-Faiz - 1154–1160
- Al-Azid - 1160–1171
[edit] Almohad Caliphs (1145–1269)
(Not widely accepted, actual dominions were parts of North Africa and Iberia)[13][14]
- Abd al-Mu'min - 1145–1163
- Abu Yaqub Yusuf I - 1163–1184
- Yaqub al-Mansur - 1184–1199
- Muhammad an-Nasir - 1199–1213
- Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II - 1213–1224
- Abd al-Wahid I - 1224
- Abdallah al-Adil 1224–1227
- Yahya - 1227–1235
- Idris I - 1227–1232
- Abdul-Wahid II - 1232–1242
- Ali - 1242–1248
- Umar - 1248–1266
- Idris II - 1266–1269
[edit] Caliphs under the Ottoman Empire (1451–1922)
Originally the secular, conquering dynasty was just entitled Sultan, soon it started accumulating titles assumed from subjected peoples.[15][16]
- Mehmed (Muhammed) II (the Conqueror of Constantinople) - 1451–1481 (actively used numerous titles such as of Caliph and Caesar)
- Bayezid II - 1481–1512
- Selim I - 1512–1520 (induced al-Mutawakkil III to formally surrender the Caliphate after defeating the Mamluk Sultanate in 1517; actively used the title)
- Suleiman the Magnificent - 1520–1566
- Selim II - 1566–1574
- Murad III - 1574–1595
- Mehmed (Muhammed) III - 1595–1603
- Ahmed I - 1603–1617
- Mustafa I - 1617–1618
- Osman II - 1618–1622
- Mustafa I, restored - 1622–1623
- Murad IV - 1623–1640
- Ibrahim I - 1640–1648
- Mehmed (Muhammed) IV - 1648–1687
- Suleiman II - 1687–1691
- Ahmed II - 1691–1695
- Mustafa II - 1695–1703
- Ahmed III - 1703–1730
- Mahmud I - 1730–1754
- Osman III - 1754–1757
- Mustafa III - 1757–1774
- Abdul Hamid I - 1774–1789
- Selim III - 1789–1807
- Mustafa IV - 1807–1808
- Mahmud II - 1808–1839
- Abdülmecid I - 1839–1861
- Abdülaziz - 1861–1876
- Murad V - 1876
- Abdul Hamid II - 1876–1909 (actively used title of Caliph)
From 1908 onwards the Ottoman Sultan was considered the equivalent of a constitutional monarch without executive powers, with the Parliament consisting of chosen representatives.
- Mehmed (Muhammed) V - 1909–1918
- Mehmed (Muhammed) VI - 1918–1922
[edit] Caliph under the Republic of Turkey (1922–1924)
- Abdülmecid II - 1922–1924 (ceremonial Caliph under the patronage of the Republic of Turkey and its President Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk))
The Office of the Caliphate was transferred to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey which dissolved the office on March 3, 1924, in keeping with the policies of secularism that were adopted in the early years of the Republic of Turkey. The current pretender to the Imperial House of Osman is Bayezid Osman.
After the dissolution of the Office of the Caliphate, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey founded the Presidency of Religious Affairs as the new highest Islamic religious authority in the country.
[edit] Ahmadiyya Caliphate (1908 - Present)
The members of the community believe that the Ahmadiyya Caliphate is the continuation of the Islamic Caliphate, first being the Rashidun (rightly guided) Caliphate (of Righteous Caliphs). This is believed to have been suspended with Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad and re-established with the appearance of Ghulam Ahmad whom Ahmadis believe was the Promised Messiah and Mahdi.
- Khalifatul Masih I Hakeem Noor-ud-Din – 1908 - 1914
- Khalifatul Masih II Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad – 1914 - 1965
- Khalifatul Masih III Mirza Nasir Ahmad – 1965 - 1982
- Khalifatul Masih IV Mirza Tahir Ahmad – 1982 – 2003
- Khalifatul Masih V Mirza Masroor Ahmad – 2003 - Present
[edit] Sharifian Caliphate (1924)
A last attempt at restoring the caliphal office and style with ecumenical recognition was made by al-Husayn ibn `Ali al-Hashimi, King of Hejaz and Sharif of Mecca, who assumed both on 11 March 1924 and held them until 3 October 1924, when he passed the kingship to his son `Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Hashimi, who did not adopt the caliphal office and style.[17]
[edit] See also
- Caliph
- Caliphate
- Emir
- History of Islam
- Khilafah (Caliphate)
- Muhammad
- Shah
- Sheikh ul-Islam
- Shi'a Islam
- Succession to Muhammad
- Sultan
- Sunni Islam
[edit] References
- ^ Bence-Jones, Mark (1980). "The Turkish Monarchy". In Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh (snippet view). Burke's Royal Families of the World. Volume II: Africa & the Middle East. London: Burke's Peerage. p. 236. ISBN 9780850110296. OCLC 18496936. http://books.google.com/books?id=bnsUAQAAIAAJ&q=Khalif+Imperial+Majesty. Retrieved 2010-07-14. "Though his position as a Caliph with no power beholden to a republican and secularist regime was full of anomaly, Abdülmecid II was styled "Imperial Majesty" and surrounded by a considerable degree of regal pomp"
- ^ a b Lane-Poole 2004, p. 9
- ^ Bosworth 2004, p. 1
- ^ Bosworth 2004, p. 4
- ^ Lane-Poole 2004, p. 21
- ^ Bosworth 2004, p. 11
- ^ Lane-Poole 2004, pp. 12–13
- ^ Bosworth 2004, pp. 6–7
- ^ Bosworth 2004, p. 7
- ^ Houtsma & Wensinck 1993, p. 3
- ^ Lane-Poole 2004, p. 71
- ^ Bosworth 2004, p. 63
- ^ Lane-Poole 2004, p. 47
- ^ Bosworth 2004, p. 39
- ^ Lane-Poole 2004, p. 195
- ^ Bosworth 2004, pp. 239–240
- ^ Bosworth 2004, p. 118
[edit] Bibliography
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004) [First published 1996]. The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. New Edinburgh Islamic Surveys (2nd ed.). Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748621378. OCLC 56639413. http://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&printsec=frontcover.
- Houtsma, M. Th.; Wensinck, A. J. (1993) (Reprint). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936. Volume IX. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 9789004097964.
- Lane-Poole, Stanley (1894). The Mohammedan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions. Westminster: Archibald Constable and Company. OCLC 1199708. http://www.archive.org/details/mohammedandynas00lanegoog.
