List of city name changes

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This is a list of cities and towns whose names were officially changed at one or more points in history. It does not include gradual changes in spelling that took place over long periods of time.

see also: Geographical renaming and Names of European cities in different languages.

[edit]  Afghanistan

[edit]  Algeria

[edit]  Angola

[edit]  Argentina

  • La Plata → Ciudad Eva Perón → La Plata

[edit]  Armenia

See List of renamed cities in Armenia

  • Akhta → Hrazdan
  • Alagyoz → Tsakhkahovit → Aragats (1950)
  • Artashat → Verin Ghamarlu → Artashat (1945)
  • Basarkechar → Vardenis (1945)
  • Dadakishlag → Akhundov → Punik
  • Davalou → Ararat (1935)
  • Dyuzkand → Akhuryan (1950)
  • Geryusi → Goris (1924)
  • Hamamlou → Spitak (1948)
  • Erivan → Yerevan (1936)
  • Jalaloghlou → Stepanavan (1930)
  • Kafan → Kapan (1990)
  • Karaklis → Kirovakan (1935) → Vanadzor (1993)
  • Krasnoselsk → Chambarak (1993)
  • Kumayri → Alexandropol (1840) → Gümrü → Leninakan (1924) → Gyumri (1990)
  • Kyavar → Novo-Bayazet/Nor Bayazet (1830) → Kamo (1959) → Gavar (1996)
  • Lusavan → Charentsavan (1967)
  • Nerkin Karanlough → Martuni (1926)
  • Sardarabad/Sardarapat → Hoktemberyan (1932) → Armavir (1992)
  • Soylan → Azizbekov (1956) → Vayk (1994)
  • Nubarashen → Sovetashen → Nubarashen
  • Uloukhanlou → Narimanlou → Zangibasar → Razdan → Masis
  • Vagharshapat → Echmiadzin (1941)
  • Vorontsovka → Kalinino (1937) → Tashir (1991)

[edit]  Australia

See also: Australian place names changed from German names

[edit]  Azerbaijan

See List of renamed cities in Azerbaijan

[edit]  Bangladesh

[edit]  Belarus

See List of renamed cities in Belarus

  • Mien'sk (Мѣньскъ) (historical ruthenian name) → Mińsk Litewski (polish name) → Minsk (Минск) (Russian name since 19th century as transcribed from Polish) → Minsk (Мінск)/Miensk (Менск) (informal)
  • Berestie (Берестье) (historical ruthenian name) → Brześć Litewski (polish name) → Brest-Litovsk (Брест-Литовск) (Russian name since 19th century as transcribed from Polish*) → Brest (Брест) (*) → Brest (Брэст)/Bierascie (Берасце) (informal)
  • Horodno (Городно) (historical ruthenian name) → Grodno (polish name) → Grodno (Гродно) (Russian name since 19th century as transcribed from Polish) → Hrodna (Гродна)/Harodnia (Гародня) (informal)
  • Novohorodok (Новогородокъ) (historical ruthenian name) → Nowogródek (polish name) → Novogrudok (Новогрудок) (Russian name since 19th century as transcribed from Polish) → Navahrudak (Навагрудак)/Navaharodak (Навагародак) (informal)/Navahradak (Наваградак) (informal)
  • Mery, Myory (Меры) (historical ruthenian name) → Miory (polish name) → Miory (Миоры) (Russian name since 19th century as transcribed from Polish) → Mijory (Міёры)/Miory (Мёры) (informal)

[edit]  Belgium

[edit]  Bosnia and Herzegovina

  • Bosanska Gradiška → Gradiška → Bosanska Gradiška
  • Drvar → Titov Drvar (1981) → Drvar (1991)
  • Hvoča → Foča → Srbinje → Foča

[edit]  Brazil

[edit]  Brunei

[edit]  Bulgaria

  • Agatopolis → Ahtabolu → Ahtopol
  • Ratiaria → Archar
  • Scaptopara → Cuma-i Bala (Yukarı Cuma) → Gorna Dzhumaya → Blagoevgrad
  • Orhanie → Botevgrad
  • Scaphida → Pyrgos → Burgaz → Burgas
  • Hadzhioglu Pazardzhik → Tolbuhin → Dobrich
  • Diranava → Dryanovo
  • Dupniche → Marek → Stanke Dimitrov → Dupnitsa
  • Nevrokop → Gotse Delchev
  • Ortaköy → Ivailovgrad
  • Pautalia → Velbazhd → Köstendil → Kyustendil
  • Golyama Kutlovitsa → Kutlofça → Ferdinand → Mihailovgrad → Montana
  • Mesembria → Misivri→ Nesebar
  • Tatar Pazardzhik → Pazardzhik
  • Plevne → Pleven
  • Kendros (Kendrisos/Kendrisia) → Odryssa → Eumolpia → Philipopolis → Trimontium → Ulpia → Flavia → Julia → Paldin/Ploudin → Poulpoudeva → Filibe → Plovdiv
  • Ruschuk (Rusčuk) → Rousse
  • Kolarovgrad → Şumnu → Shumen
  • Durostorum → Dorostol → Drastar → Silistre → Silistra
  • Bashmakli → Ahiçelebi → Smolyan
  • Serdica → Sredets → Triaditsa → Sofya →Sofia
  • Apolonia → Sozopolis → Süzebolu→ Sozopol
  • Beroe → Vereya (Beroya) → Ulpia Augusta Trajana → Irinopolis → Boruy → Vereya → Eski Zağra → Zheleznik → Stara Zagora
  • Eski Dzhumaia (Eski Cuma) → Targovishte
  • Vassiliko → Tsarevo → Michurin → Tsarevo
  • Odesos → Varna → Stalin → Varna
  • Tarnovgrad → Tarnovo → Tırnova → Tarnovo → Veliko Tarnovo
  • Bononia → Bdin → Vidin
  • Vratitsa → Ivraca→ Vratsa

[edit]  Canada

[edit] British Columbia

  • Fort George → Prince George
  • Fort Camosun → Fort Victoria → Victoria
  • Westbank → West Kelowna
  • Wu'muthkweyum → Vancouver
  • ch’átlich → Sechelt

[edit] Manitoba

[edit] New Brunswick

[edit] Nunavut

[edit] Ontario

[edit] Prince Edward Island

[edit] Québec

[edit] Saskatchewan

[edit]  Chad

[edit]  People's Republic of China

†Name change in English due to replacement of outdated romanization methods such as the Chinese Postal Map Romanization method with the Pinyin method. Chinese name unchanged.

[edit]  Colombia

  • Bacatá → Santa Fe de Bacatá → Bogotá → Santa Fe de Bogotá → Bogotá
  • Obando → Puerto Inírida → Inirida
  • Patriarca San José → Cúcuta → San José de Cucúta → Cúcuta
  • Valle de Upar → Ciudad de los Santos Reyes de Valledupar → Valle Dupar → Valledupar
  • Nuestra Señora Santa María de los Remedios del Cabo de la Vela → Nuestra Señora de los Remedios del Río de la Hacha → Riohacha
  • Barbudo → Santiago de Sompayón → Tamalameque → Santiago de Sompayón Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de El Banco → El Banco
  • San Jerónimo de Buenavista → Pereira
  • Apiay → Villavicencio
  • Pueblo Viejo →San Francisco de Quibdó → Quibdó
  • San Bonifacio de Ibagué del valle de las Lanzas → Ibagué
  • Villaviciosa de la Concepción de la Provincia de Hatunllacta → Villaviciosa de la Concepción de San Juan de los Pastos → San Juan de Pasto
  • San Antonio → Leticia
  • Santa Cruz de Pizarro → Santa Cruz de San José → Sitionuevo → Sitio Nuevo
  • Villa Holguín→ Armenia

[edit]  Democratic Republic of the Congo

A number of places became cities under a Belgian colonial name, or rather two: in Dutch and French (the Belgian official languages), but were later renamed, such as:

[edit]  Croatia

[edit]  Czech Republic

[edit]  Denmark

Ārōs → Århus → Aarhus (2011)

[edit] Greenland

  • Friedrichstal → Frederiksdal → Narsarmijit (Narsaq Kujalleq)
  • Godthåb → Nuuk
  • Lichtenau → Alluitsoq
  • Lichtenfels → Akunnat
  • Neu-Herrnhut → Ny Herrnhut → Noorlit → Nuuk

[edit]  Dominican Republic

[edit]  Egypt

Many cities had Ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Latin names

  • Syene → Aswan
  • Iunyt, Ta-senet → Latopolis → Laton → Lato → Esna

[edit]  Equatorial Guinea

  • Port Clarence → Santa Isabel → Malabo

[edit]  Estonia

See List of renamed cities in Estonia

  • Kuressaare → Kingissepa (1952) → Kuressaare (1988)
  • Reval/Revel → Tallinna (1918) → Tallinn (early 1920s)
  • Dorpat/Derpt → Jurjev (1893) → Tartu (1918)

[edit]  Finland

  • Mustasaari/Mussor → Wasa → Nikolaistad/Nikolainkaupunki → Vasa/Vaasa

[edit]  France

Most cities had an ancient name, usually in Latin, often of older Celtic origin

[edit]  Gambia

[edit]  Germany

see also List of cities and towns in East Prussia for towns now in Poland, Russia or Lithuania

[edit]  Georgia

See List of renamed cities in Georgia

  • Aghbulakhi → Tetritsq'aro (1940)
  • Baghdati → Maiakovski (1940) → Baghdati (1990)
  • Barmaksizi → Tsalka (1932)
  • Bashkicheti → Dmanisi (1947)
  • Altunkale → Bogdanovka (1829) → Ninotsminda (1991)
  • Dioscurias → Savastapolis → Tskhumi → Sohumkale → Sukhumi
  • Elisabethtal → Asureti (1943)
  • Gegechkori → Martvili (1990)
  • Jugeli → Zestafoni (1921)
  • Karaiazi → Gardabani (1947)
  • Khashuri → Mikhailovo (1872) → Khashuri (1918) → Stalinisi (1931) → Khashuri (1934)
  • Chörük-Qamarli → Katarinenfeld (1817) → Lüksemburgi (1921) → Bolnisi (1943)
  • Kazbegi → Stepantsminda (2006)
  • Leningori → Akhalgori (1991)
  • Makharadze → Ozurgeti (1990)
  • Orjonikidze → Kharagauli (1990)
  • Sarvan → Borchalo (1929) → Marneuli (1947)
  • Senaki → Mikha-Tskhakaia (1935) → Tskhakaia (1976) → Senaki (1989)
  • Shulavery → Shahumiani (1925) → Shulaveri (1991)
  • Trialeti → Molotovo (1940) → Trialeti (1957)
  • Tsarskiye Kolodtsy → Tsiteli-Tskaro (1921) → Dedoplis Tskaro (1991)
  • Tskhinvali → Staliniri (1934) → Tskhinvali (1961)
  • Tsulukidze → Khoni (1990)

[edit]  Greece

See also: Former toponyms of Greek places and list compiled by the Institute for Neohellenic Research

[edit]  Guyana

  • Wismar-MacKenzie-Christianburg → Linden

[edit]  Hong Kong

[edit]  Hungary

[edit]  India

See List of renamed Indian public places

[edit]  Indonesia

[edit]  Iran

[edit]  Ireland

[edit]  Israel

[edit]  Italy

See also: Prontuario dei nomi locali dell'Alto Adige

From history, most Italian cities have Latin names, some have Greek or Etruscan names.

[edit]  Japan

[edit]  Jordan

  • Philadelphia → Amman

[edit]  Kazakhstan

See List of renamed cities in Kazakhstan

[edit]  Kenya

[edit]  North Korea

[edit]  South Korea

[edit]  Kyrgyzstan

See List of renamed cities in Kyrgyzstan

  • Rybachye → Ysyk-Kel (1989) → Balykchy (1992)
  • Karakol → Przhevalsk (1889) → Karakol (1921) → Przhevalsk (1939) → Karakol (1991)
  • Pishpek → Frunze (1926) → Bishkek (1991)

[edit]  Latvia

See List of renamed cities in Latvia

  • Stučka → Aizkraukle
  • Dünaburg → Borisoglebsk → (1656) → Dünaburg (1667) → Dvinsk (1893) → Daugavpils (1920)
  • Libau → Libava → Liepāja (1917)
  • Birži → Madona (1920)
  • Windau → Ventspils (parallel use until 1920s)
  • Wenden → Cēsis (parallel use until 1920s)
  • Schrunden → Skrunda (parallel use until 1920s)
  • Stukmaņi → Pļaviņas (parallel use until 1920s)
  • Sasmaka → Valdemārpils (1926)
  • Haynasch → Ainaži (1917)
  • Marienburg → Alūksne (~1750)
  • Vecauce → Auce (1924)
  • Mitau → Mītava → Jelgava (~1860)
  • Wolmar → Valmiera (parallel use until 1920s)

[edit]  Lebanon

[edit]  Lithuania

See also List of cities and towns in East Prussia See List of renamed cities in Lithuania

  • Georgenburg → Jurbarkas
  • Memel → Klaipėda (1923)
  • Pašešupys → Starapolė (1736) → Marijampolė (1758) → Kapsukas (1956) → Marijampolė (1989)
  • Šilokarčema → Šilutė (1923)
  • Vilkmergė → Ukmergė (1920s)
  • Medininkai → Varniai (16th century)
  • Sniečkus → Visaginas (1992)
  • Duoliebaičiai → Władysławów/Vladislavovas (1639) → Naumiestis → Kudirkos Naumiestis (1934)
  • Zarasai → Novoalexandrovsk (1836) → Ežerėnai (1919) → Zarasai (1929)
  • Mažeikiai → Muravyov (1899) → Mažeikiai (1918)

[edit]  Libya

[edit]  Madagascar

[edit]  Malaysia

[edit]  Mexico

[edit]  Moldova

See List of renamed cities in Moldova

Villages

  • Alexandru Ioan Cuza → (1940 ?) Suvorovo → (1990s) Alexandru Ioan Cuza
  • Chişcăreni → (1960 ?) Lazo → (1990) Chişcăreni

[edit]  Montenegro

  • Berane → Ivangrad (1949) → Berane (1992)
  • Birziminium → Ribnica → Podgorica (1326) → Titograd (1946) → Podgorica (1992)

[edit]  Morocco

[edit]  Mozambique

  • Lourenço Marques → Maputo (1976)

[edit]  Myanmar

[edit]  Namibia

[edit]  Netherlands

  • Coriovallum → Heerlen
  • Noviomagus Batavorum (or Batavodurum) → Nimwegen → Nijmegen
  • Traiectum → Traiectum ad Mosam → Maastricht
  • Traiectum → Ultra Traiectum → Utrecht

[edit]  Norway

  • Oslo → Christiania → Kristiania →Oslo
  • Kaupangen → Nidaros → Trondhjem → Nidaros → Trondheim
  • Fredrikshald → Halden

[edit]  Pakistan

[edit]  Paraguay

[edit]  Poland

see also List of cities and towns in East Prussia
  • 1 Cities in western side that have been changed when Poland got independence from Austria-Hungary in 1918
  • 2 Former German cities during 1918-1939, and became a city in Nazi Germany, and became a Polish city after 1942.

[edit]  Portugal

[edit]  Romania

[edit]  Russia

see also List of cities and towns in East Prussia

See List of renamed cities and towns in Russia

[edit]  Serbia

  • Horreum Margi → Ravno → Ćuprija
  • Veliki Bečkerek → Bečkerek → Petrovgrad → Zrenjanin
  • Jagodina → Svetozarevo → Jagodina
  • Kraljevo → Rankovićevo → Kraljevo
  • Naissus → Niš
  • Singidunum → Singidon → Beograd
  • Taurunum → Zemun
  • Sirmium → Sremska Mitrovica
  • Užice → Titovo Užice (1946) → Užice (1992)
  • Vrbas → Titov Vrbas (1983) → Vrbas (1992)
  • Zanes → Pontes → Novi Grad → Fetislam → Kladovo
  • Zaslon → Šabac

[edit]  Singapore

[edit]  Slovakia

  • Kaschau → Kassa Košice
  • Pressburg, Pozsony → Bratislava
  • Besztercebánya → Banská Bystrica

[edit]  Slovenia

[edit]  South Africa

This section of the article article can be greatly expanded with material from the corresponding page in Afrikaans Wikipedia

Although many name changes have taken place officially since 1994, the previous names are still common in use, especially by the white communities (* means that all or some road signs still print the former name). This list doesn't include unofficially or proposed name changes such as Pretoria to Tshwane.

[edit] Pre 1994

[edit] Post 1994

[edit]  Spain

[edit]  Swaziland

[edit]  Switzerland

[edit]  Syria

  • Aleppo حلب الشهباء → Beroea → Aleppo (It was known halep during Turkish rule. Present name is Halab)
  • Emesa → Humus → Homs
  • Hamath → Hama
  • Laodicea → Lazkiye → Latakia
  • Palmyra → Tadmor

[edit]  Taiwan (Republic of China)

†Name change in English due to replacement of outdated romanization methods with the Pinyin Romanization Method. Chinese name unchanged.

[edit]  Tajikistan

See List of renamed cities in Tajikistan

  • Dushanbe → Stalinabad (1929) → Dushanbe (1961)
  • Khodjend → Leninabad (1939) → Khujand (1991)
  • Kurgan-Tyube → Qurghonteppa
  • Sovietabad → Ghafurov (1978)
  • Ura-Tyube → Istaravshan (2001)
  • Yangi-Bazar → Orjonikidzeabad (1936) → Qofarnihon (1992) → Vahdat (2003)

[edit]  Tanzania

[edit]  Thailand

[edit]  Turkey

Many cities were founded by the Ancient Anatolians, Ionians and Greeks or their contemporaries, and renamed as Latinized by the Romans, and later again by Muslim Turks ( in most cases Turkified speech)

[edit] European (Eastern Thrace)

[edit] Anatolia (Asia Minor)

[edit]  Turkmenistan

See List of renamed cities in Turkmenistan

[edit]  Ukraine

See List of renamed cities in Ukraine

Crimea
  • Aluston → Lusta → Aluşta → Alushta (1784)
  • Ermeni Bazar → Armyanskiy Bazar (1736) → Armyansk (1921)
  • Karasubazar → Bilohirsk (1944)
  • Aqmeçit → Chornomorske (1944)
  • Canköy → Dzhankoy (1784)
  • Kerkinitis → Kezlev (7th century) → Gözleve → Yevpatoria (1784)
  • Theodosia → Ardabda → Kafas → Caffa → Kefe (1475) → Feodosiya (1784)
  • Sarabuz → Hvardiyske (1944)
  • Inkerman → Belokamensk (1976) → Inkerman (1991)
  • Panticapaeum → Bosporus → Korchev → Vosporo/Cerchio → Kerch
  • İslâm Terek → Kirovske (1944)
  • Kurman-Kumelĉi → Krasnohvardiyske (1944)
  • Qızıltaş → Krasnokamianka (1945)
  • Aşağı Otuz → Prymorye (1945) → Kurortne (1978)
  • Albat → Kuybysheve (1945)
  • Yedi Quyu → Sem Kolodezey (1784) → Lenine (1957)
  • Seyitler → Nyzhniohirsk (1944)
  • Büyük Onlar → Oktiabrske (1945)
  • Kaygador → Provalnoe → Dvoyakornoe → Bubnovka → Ordjonikidze (1937)
  • Yañı Küçükköy → Parkove
  • Or Qapı → Perekop (1736)
  • Curçı → Pervomaiske (1944)
  • Aşağı Kikineiz → Ponyzivka
  • Bazarçıq → Poshtove (1945)
  • Hafuz → Yuzhnaya Tochka (1938) → Primosrky (1952)
  • Aqşeyh → Rozdolne (1944)
  • Saq → Saky (1784)
  • Aqyar → Sevastopol (1826; also: Sebastopol)
  • Otuz → Shchebetovka (1944)
  • Aqmescit → Simferopol (1784)
  • Dolossı → Sovietske
  • İçki → Sovietsky (1944)
  • Eski Qırım → Staryi Krym (1783)
  • Sudaq → Sudak (1784)
Zaporizhia
Luhansk
  • Yuryevka → Alchevsk (1903) → Voroshylovsk (1931) → Voroshylovsk/Alchevsk (1957) → Komunarsk (1961) → Alchevsk (1991)
  • Izium → Almaznaya (1878) → Almazna (1977)
  • Bokovo-Antratsyt → Antratsyt (1962)
  • Yekaterinovka → Artem (1923) → Artemivsk (1938)
  • Gorskoye → Hirske (1938)
  • Golubyevskiy Rudnik → Kirovsk (1962)
  • Sorokino → Krasnodon (1938)
  • Kryndachiovka → Krasnyi Luch (1920)
  • Lugansk → Voroshylovhrad (1935) → Luhansk (1958) → Voroshylovhrad (1970) → Luhansk (1990)
  • Aleksandrovka → Petro-Maryevka (1865) → Pervomaisk (1920)
  • Kadiyevka → Sergo (1937) → Kadiivka (1940) → Stakhanov (1978)
Odessa
  • Ophiusa → Asperon → Moncastro → Akkerman (1503) → Cetatea Albă (1918) → Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky (1944)
  • Buh Khutirs → Illichivsk (1952)
  • Birzula → Kotovsk (1935)
  • Hacibey → Odessa (1794)
Mykolaiv
  • Fedorivka → Fiodorovka (1776) → Novaya Odessa (1832) → Nova Odesa (1989)
  • Kara Kerman → Özi → Ochakov (1792) → Ochakiv (1989)
  • Orlyk → Orlovsky sconce (1743) → Yekaterinsky sconce (1770) → Olviopol (1781) → Pervomaisk (1919)
  • Kostiantynivka-2 → Yuzhnoukrainsk (1987)
Donetsk
Dnipropetrovsk
Kharkiv
  • Konstantingrad → Krasnohrad (1922)
  • Lykhachove → Pervomaiskyi (1952)
  • Zmiiv → Zmeyev (1656) → Hotvald (1976) → Zmiiv (1990)
Lviv
  • Lviv → Lwów (1356) → Lemberg (1772) → Lwów (1918) → Lviv (1939)
  • Żółkiew (until 1939) → Zhovkva → Nesterov (1951) → Zhovkva (1992)
Volyn
  • Lutsk → Luchesk (1427) → Łuck (1569) → Lutsk (1795) → Mikhailogorod (1850) → Luck (1915) → Łuck (1919) → Lutsk (1939)
Khmelnytsky
Ivano-Frankivsk
Ternopil
Uzhhorod
  • Ungvar (1248) → Užhorod (1919) → Ungvar (1938) → Uzhhorod (1944)
Kirovohrad
  • Yelizavetgrad (1784) → Zinovyevsk (1924) → Kirovo (1934) → Kirovohrad (1939)
Kherson
  • Chapli → Askania (1828) → Askania Nova (1835)
  • Oleshky → Alioshki (1802) → Tsiurupynsk (1928)
  • Ali-Agok → Skadovskoye (1894) → Skadovsk (1933)
  • Holy → Golaya Pristan (1786) → Hola Prystan (1923)
  • Geniczi → Genichesk (1784) → Henichesk (1923)

[edit]  United Kingdom

[edit] England

[edit] Scotland

[edit]  United States

[edit]  Uzbekistan

See List of renamed cities in Uzbekistan

  • Karmine → Navoiy (1958)
  • Rishdan → Kuybishevo → Rishtan (1977)
  • Leninsk → Asaka (1938)
  • Maracanda → Samarqand
  • Novy Margelan → Skobelev (1910) → Farg'ona (1924)
  • Qarabagish → Sovetobod (1972) → Xonobod

[edit]  Venezuela

[edit]  Vietnam

  • Tourane → Đà Nẵng (Da Nang)
  • Tống Bình → Long Đỗ → Đại La → Thăng Long → Đông Đô → Đông Kinh → Bắc Thành → Thăng Long → Hà Nội (Hanoi)
  • Hai Pho → Faifo → Hội An (Hoi An)
  • Prey Nokor → Gia Ðịnh → Saigon → Thành Phố Hồ Chí Minh (Ho Chi Minh City)
  • Phu Xuan → Huế (Huế)
  • Ke Van → Ke Vinh → Vinh Giang → Vinh Doanh → Vinh Thi → Vinh

[edit]  Zimbabwe (all 1982)

[edit] Sources and references

(incomplete)

  1. ^ a b c d (Unknown) Town name changes in Mpumalanga, News24, October 2009, http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/More-name-changes-20091019, retrieved 14 August 2010 
  2. ^ www.sa-venues.com - Bottom paragraph states that the town was renamed in 2004.
  3. ^ Road signs still point to the town as 'Makhado' despite the name being officially reverted
  4. ^ http://www.sabcnews.co.za/portal/site/SABCNews/menuitem.5c4f8fe7ee929f602ea12ea1674daeb9/?vgnextoid=c1ef6134bbc54210VgnVCM10000077d4ea9bRCRD&vgnextfmt=default
  5. ^ "Official South African Geographical Names System". South African Department of Arts and Culture. 2002-06-14. http://sagns.dac.gov.za/PlaceNameSearch.aspx. Retrieved 2012-01-11. 
  6. ^ Signs are mixed, some say Bela-Bela, some say Warmbaths
  7. ^ http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=52&pg=703
  8. ^ http://www.ballarat.com/history.htm
  9. ^ http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/20name.htm

[edit] See also

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