List of countries by date of transition to republican system of government
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This is a list of countries (mostly European or Asian) by date of their last transition from a monarchy to a republican form of government. There were two periods in recent history when most such transitions took place:
- during or within five years after World War I (1914–1923) – marked in green;
- during or within five years after World War II (1940–1950) – marked in pink.
Some of the countries on this list were part of larger, now extinct, states (such as the Russian Empire or Yugoslavia) when the transition to a republic took place. Countries where non-republican forms of government (such as a monarchy, theocracy etc.) persist are not included in this list. Some were also former Commonwealth realms. Countries marked in yellow have since ceased to be republics in favour of another form of government.
Contents |
[edit] List
| Country | Republic since | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| San Marino | 3 September 301 | San Marino was declared a republic, independent of the Roman Empire, by Saint Marinus of Rab. It is considered the "world's oldest republic". |
| Netherlands | 26 July 1581 | The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands declared its independence from King Philip II of Spain on 26 July 1581 with the Act of Abjuration, and became the Batavian Republic in 1795. The Kingdom of Holland was formed on 5 June 1806. |
| Switzerland | 24 October 1648 | Switzerland recognized as independent from the Holy Roman Empire by the Treaty of Westphalia |
| England | 19 May 1649 | The Commonwealth of England, later known as the Protectorate, was established on 19 May 1649 following the execution of King Charles I. At its height, it ruled over all the British Isles. The monarchy was restored on 29 May 1660. |
| United States of America | June 21, 1788 | Independence won from the British Empire on September 3, 1783; Republican Constitution adopted in 1788 |
| Argentina | July 9, 1816 | Independence won from the Spanish Empire. Republican governments established form 1811 onwards. Republican constitutions of 1819 and 1826 led to the definitive adoption of the 1853 text |
| Chile | February 12, 1818 | Independence declared from the Spanish Empire. Between 1810 and 1814 there were Republican governments although nominally remained loyal to the Spanish monarchy. In 1817 there was re-established the independentist government and established a republican system in different constitutional texts. |
| France | September 4, 1870 | Emperor Napoleon III deposed and French Third Republic proclaimed as a result of the Franco-Prussian War |
| Brazil | November 15, 1889 | Emperor Pedro II deposed by a military coup led by Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca, Republic proclaimed. |
| Philippines | July 1, 1902 | The Philippine Organic Act, enacted into law on July 1, 1902, established a Philippine legislature with a popularly elected lower house.[1] |
| Portugal | October 5, 1910 | King Manuel II deposed and Portuguese First Republic proclaimed as a result of the 1910 revolution |
| People's Republic of China | October 10, 1911 | Republic of China (ROC) proclaimed as a result of the Xinhai Revolution. The ROC was initially in control of China but later relocated to Taiwan. It is now commonly known as "Taiwan". The People's Republic of China was proclaimed on 1 October 1949 and is now in control of mainland China. It is commonly known as "China". |
| Republic of China (Taiwan) | ||
| Armenia | September 14, 1917 | Emperor Nicholas II of Russia abdicated as a result of the February Revolution and Russia was proclaimed a republic |
| Azerbaijan | ||
| Belarus | ||
| Estonia | ||
| Georgia | ||
| Kazakhstan | ||
| Kyrgyzstan | ||
| Latvia | ||
| Russia | ||
| Ukraine | ||
| Czech Republic | October 18, 1918 | Czechoslovak Republic proclaimed |
| Slovakia | ||
| Lithuania | November 2, 1918 | King Mindaugas II deposed and Republic of Lithuania proclaimed |
| Germany | November 9, 1918 | Emperor William II abdicated as a result of the German Revolution |
| Austria | November 12, 1918 | Republic of German Austria proclaimed following the dethronement of Emperor Charles |
| Poland | November 14, 1918 | Power transferred from the Regency Council to State Leader Józef Piłsudski |
| Finland | December 14, 1918 | King Frederic Charles renounced the throne |
| Turkmenistan | April 26, 1920 | Khan Abd Allah Khan deposed and Khorezm People's Soviet Republic proclaimed |
| Lebanon | July 23, 1920 | French Mandate of Syria established after the Battle of Maysalun |
| Syria | ||
| Tajikistan | October 8, 1920 | Emir Mohammed Alim Khan deposed and Bukharan People's Republic proclaimed |
| Uzbekistan | ||
| Turkey | October 29, 1923 | Republic of Turkey proclaimed as a result of the Turkish War of Independence |
| Mongolia | November 25, 1925 | Mongolian People's Republic proclaimed |
| Spain | 14 April 1931 | The First Spanish Republic was declared in 1873, but lasted less than two years. The Second Spanish Republic came to power on 14 April 1931 following the economic crisis caused by the 1929 Wall Street Crash. The Republic lost power after the Spanish Civil War. The dictator Francisco Franco then led Spain until his death on 20 November 1975 when the monarchy was restored. |
| Moldova | August 2, 1940 | Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic proclaimed following the annexation of Romanian Moldavia by the Soviet Union |
| Iceland | June 17, 1944 | Republic of Iceland established after a referendum |
| Democratic People's Republic of Korea | August 15, 1945 | Korea liberated from Japan and People's Republic of Korea established, divided into DPRK and RK a month later |
| Republic of Korea | ||
| Indonesia | August 17, 1945 | Republic of Indonesia proclaimed triggering the Indonesian National Revolution |
| Vietnam | August 25, 1945 | Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated and Democratic Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | November 29, 1945 | Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia proclaimed while King Peter II was in exile |
| Croatia | ||
| Macedonia | ||
| Montenegro | ||
| Serbia | ||
| Slovenia | ||
| Albania | November 28,1912 | Proclaimed "The Independent and Sovreign state of Albania" from Vlora.Albania became independent from the Ottoman Empire. |
| Hungary | February 1, 1946 | Second Hungarian Republic proclaimed |
| Italy | June 12, 1946 | King Umberto II renounced the throne and Italian Republic was established after a referendum |
| Bulgaria | September 15, 1946 | Tsar Simeon II deposed and People's Republic of Bulgaria proclaimed after a referendum |
| Romania | December 30, 1947 | King Michael abdicated and Romanian People's Republic was proclaimed |
| Myanmar (Burma) | January 4, 1948 | Burmese independence declared |
| Israel | May 14, 1948 | State of Israel proclaimed |
| Ireland | April 18, 1949 | Republic of Ireland Act came into force |
| Republic of India | January 26, 1950 | Constitution of India came into effect |
| Bangladesh | March 23, 1956 | Constitution of Pakistan came into effect and Governor General Iskander Mirza became President |
| Pakistan | ||
| Iraq | July 14, 1958 | King Faisal II deposed and killed, and Republic of Iraq proclaimed in a military coup d'état |
| Cyprus | August 16, 1960 | Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus adopted |
| Yemen | September 27, 1962 | King Muhammad al-Badr deposed and Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) proclaimed |
| Singapore | August 9, 1965 | Ousted from the Federation of Malaysia |
| Maldives | November 11, 1968 | Sultan Muhammad Fareed Didi deposed and Maldivian Second Republic established after a referendum |
| Libya | September 1, 1969 | King Idris I deposed by Muammar Gaddafi's coup d'état |
| Guyana | February 23, 1970 | Co-operative Republic of Guyana proclaimed |
| Kampuchea (Cambodia) | March 18, 1970 | The Khmer Republic (later known as Democratic Kampuchea and the People's Republic of Kampuchea) was declared in 1970 when Prince Norodom Sihanouk was deposed. The monarchy was restored in 1993. |
| Gambia | April 24, 1970 | Republic proclaimed following constitutional referendum |
| Sierra Leone | April 19, 1971 | Republican constitution adopted |
| Sri Lanka | May 22, 1972 | Sri Lankan constitution adopted |
| Afghanistan | July 17, 1973 | King Mohammed Zahir Shah abdicated after Mohammed Daoud Khan's coup d'état |
| Greece | December 8, 1974 | Final abolition of monarchy; referendum |
| Malta | December 13, 1974 | Republic of Malta proclaimed |
| Laos | December 2, 1975 | King Savang Vatthana abdicated as a result of a communist revolution |
| Iran | February 11, 1979 | Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi deposed and Islamic Republic of Iran (a theocratic republic) proclaimed as a result of the Iranian Revolution |
| Fiji | October 6, 1987 | Fiji Republic proclaimed as a result of the coup d'état of Sitiveni Rabuka |
| Mauritius | March 12, 1992 | Republic of Mauritius proclaimed as a result of the constitution changes |
| Nepal | May 28, 2008 | Monarchy abolished and replaced with secular federal republic |
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
- ^ Some historians consider the Tejeros Convention on March 27, 1897, which established an elected insurgent revolutionary government, as the establishment of a national Republican system of government;
Some historians (e.g., Agoncillo 1990, pp. 177–179) describe a proclamation of a Republican government by Philippine revolutionaries on November 2, 1897, and consider that to have been the establishment of a national Republican system of government;
Some historians (e.g., Zaide 1994, pp. 263–277, in Chapter 20, "First Republic in Asia") consider the First Philippine Republic, a short-lived revolutionary insurgent government which established itself on September 15, 1898 and which styled itself as a national government as having been a national Republic.
[edit] References
- Agoncillo, Teodoro (1990) [1960], History of the Filipino People (Eighth ed.), R.P. Garcia Publishing Company, ISBN 971-1024-15-2
- Zaide, Sonia M. (1994), "Chapter 20. First Republic in Asia", The Philippines: A Unique Nation, All-Nations Publishing Co., pp. 263–277, ISBN 971-642-071-4
