List of countries by system of government
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This is a list of countries categorized by system of government.
Contents
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[edit] Alphabetical list of countries
| Name | Constitutional form | Head of state | Basis of executive legitimacy |
|---|---|---|---|
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| n/a | n/a | n/a No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| n/a | n/a | n/a No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions | |
| Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence | |
| Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature | |
| Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Notes on color-code
- orange - parliamentary republics
- green - presidential republics, executive presidency linked to a parliament
- yellow - presidential republics, semi-presidential system
- blue - presidential republics, full presidential system
- red - parliamentary constitutional monarchies in which the monarch does not personally exercise power
- magenta - constitutional monarchies in which the monarch personally exercises power, often (but not always) alongside a weak parliament
- purple - absolute monarchies
- brown - republics where the dominant role of a single party is codified in the constitution
- beige - states where constitutional provisions for government have been suspended
- grey - countries which do not fit any of the above systems
Note that several states constitutionally deemed to be multiparty republics are broadly described by outsiders as authoritarian states. This chart aims to represent de jure form of government, not de facto degree of democracy. Those more interested in a version reflecting such judgements may be interested in seeing the map below from Freedom House.
[edit] Systems of Governance
[edit] Presidential / Separated republics
These are systems in which a president is the active head of the executive branch of government and is elected and remains in office independently of the legislature. The following list includes democratic and non-democratic states:
[edit] Full presidential systems
In full presidential systems, the president is both head of state and head of government. There is generally no prime minister, although if one exists he or she serves purely at the pleasure of the president.
[edit] Semi-presidential systems
In semi-presidential systems, there is usually both a president and a prime minister. In such systems, the President has genuine executive authority, unlike in a parliamentary republic, but some of the role of a head of government is exercised by the prime minister, who is also leader of the legislature.
[edit] Parliamentary republics
A parliamentary republic is a system in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. The president's degree of executive power may range from being reasonably significant (eg. Poland) to little or none at all (eg. Ireland). Where the president holds little executive power, their function is primarily that of a symbolic figurehead.