Contrasting and categorization of emotions
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The contrasting and categorisation of emotions describes how emotions are thought to relate to each other. Various recent proposals of such groupings are described in the following sections.
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[edit] Contrasting Basic Emotions
The following table[1] identifies and contrasts the fundamental emotions according to a set of definite criteria. The three key criteria used include: 1) mental experiences that have a strongly motivating subjective quality like pleasure or pain; 2) mental experiences that are in response to some event or object that is either real or imagined; 3) mental experiences that motivate particular kinds of behaviour. The combination of these attributes distinguish the emotions from sensations, feelings and moods.
| KIND OF EMOTION | POSITIVE EMOTIONS | NEGATIVE EMOTIONS |
|---|---|---|
| EMOTIONS RELATED TO OBJECT PROPERTIES | Interest, curiosity | Alarm, panic |
| Attraction, desire, admiration | Aversion, disgust, revulsion | |
| Surprise, amusement | Indifference, familiarity, habituation | |
| FUTURE APPRAISAL EMOTIONS | Hope | Fear |
| EVENT RELATED EMOTIONS | Gratitude, thankfulness | Anger, rage |
| Joy, elation, triumph, jubilation | Sorrow, grief | |
| SELF APPRAISAL EMOTIONS | Pride in achievement, selfconfidence, sociability | Embarrassment, shame guilt, remorse |
| SOCIAL EMOTIONS | Generosity | Avarice, greed, miserliness, envy, jealousy |
| Sympathy | Cruelty | |
| CATHECTED EMOTIONS | Love | Hate |
[edit] Emotion Annotation and Representation Language
The Emotion Annotation and Representation Language (EARL) proposed by the Human-Machine Interaction Network on Emotion (HUMAINE) classifies 48 emotions.[2]
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[edit] Parrott's emotions by groups
A tree-structured list of emotions was described in Parrott (2001).[3][4]
[edit] Plutchik's wheel of emotions
Robert Plutchik created a wheel of emotions in 1980 which consisted of 8 basic emotions and 8 advanced emotions each composed of 2 basic ones.[5]
| Basic emotion | Basic opposite |
|---|---|
| Joy | Sadness |
| Trust | Disgust |
| Fear | Anger |
| Surprise | Anticipation |
| Sadness | Joy |
| Disgust | Trust |
| Anger | Fear |
| Anticipation | Surprise |
| Human Feelings (The results of Emotions) | Feelings | Opposite |
|---|---|---|
| Optimism | Anticipation + Joy | Disappointment |
| Love | Joy + Trust | Remorse |
| Submission | Trust + Fear | Contempt |
| Awe | Fear + Surprise | Aggression |
| Disappointment | Surprise + Sadness | Optimism |
| Remorse | Sadness + Disgust | Love |
| Contempt | Disgust + Anger | Submission |
| Aggression | Anger + Anticipation | Awe |
[edit] See also
- List of virtues
- Affect (psychology)
- Emotion classification
- Emotional mood
- Emotion and memory
- Empathy
- Basic emotions
[edit] References
- ^ "Robinson, D. L. (2009). Brain function, mental experience and personality. The Netherlands Journal of Psychology, 64, 152-167". http://mind-and-brain.com/publications/byDate.htm.
- ^ "HUMAINE Emotion Annotation and Representation Language". http://emotion-research.net/projects/humaine/earl. Retrieved June 30, 2006.
- ^ Changing Minds: Basic emotions
- ^ Parrott, W. (2001), Emotions in Social Psychology, Psychology Press, Philadelphia.
- ^ Plutchik, R. "The Nature of Emotions". American Scientist. http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20010716082847/http://americanscientist.org/articles/01articles/Plutchik.html. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
[edit] External links
- http://www.emotionalcompetency.com/recognizing.htm That page presents lists from Ekman, Lazarus, Ortony et al., and Goleman.
- http://www.personalityresearch.org/basicemotions.html A table of basic emotions according to a variety of authors.
- http://joi.nu/h1 Chart of 121 emotions (with 3D characteristic).
- http://www.derose.net/steve/resources/emotionwords/ewords.html An organized list of over 800 English emotion words, maintained by Steven DeRose.
