List of enclaves and exclaves

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In political geography, an enclave is a piece of land which is totally surrounded by a foreign territory. An exclave is a piece of land which is politically attached to a larger piece but not physically contiguous with it because of surrounding foreign territory. Many entities are both enclaves and exclaves.

Contents

Enclaves which are also exclaves [edit]

National Level [edit]

Terrestrial [edit]

The British Sovereign Base Area of Dhekelia, shown here, separates parts of the Republic of Cyprus from the main body of government-controlled territory.

Maritime [edit]

Tabular Listing [edit]

See Indo-Bangladesh enclaves for similar tables of the Cooch-Behar enclaves.

See Baarle-Hertog and Baarle-Nassau for similar tables of the Dutch/Belgian enclaves.

Home Country & Name [3][4] Within Area (km2) Notes
Germany Büsingen am Hochrhein Switzerland Switzerland 7.62 German enclave within Canton of Schaffhausen, Switzerland; at its closest, less than 700 meters from Germany proper (to the east).
Germany Mützenich Belgium Belgium 12.117 An enclaved part of the German city of Monschau, west of Belgium's Vennbahn trackbed; at one place at the edge of the enclave, a German road crosses beneath a viaduct of the Belgian Vennbahn.
Germany Roetgener Wald Belgium Belgium 9.98 An enclave consisting of the western part of the German municipality of Lammersdorf and the southern part of Roetgen, including blended forested area (wald), west and south of Belgium's Vennbahn trackbed. From 1922 to 1958, the center portion (between Grenzweg and a boundary with three turning points west of the Schleebach creek) was Belgian territory. Because the road connecting the two outer German portions was German territory until 1949, the German land formed one enclave.
Germany Münsterbildchen Belgium Belgium 1.826 An enclaved part of the German city of Roetgen, west of Belgium's Vennbahn trackbed; the northernmost German enclave, mainly populated with industrial and warehouse businesses.
Germany Ruitzhof Belgium Belgium 0.937 An enclaved part of the German city of Monschau, west of Belgium's Vennbahn trackbed; the southernmost of the Vennbahn enclaves (Hemmeres had been southernmost until its 1949 annexation by Belgium).
Germany Rückschlag Belgium Belgium 0.016 An enclaved part of the German city of Monschau, west of Belgium's Vennbahn trackbed; the smallest German enclave, consisting of one inhabited house with a garden.
Spain Llívia France France 12.84 Spanish enclave within the French department of Pyrénées-Orientales; part of the town of Cerdanya, province of Girona, in Catalonia, Spain; separated from the rest of Spain by a corridor about 2 km wide, which includes the French communes of Ur and Bourg-Madame.
Italy Campione d'Italia Switzerland Switzerland 1.6 Italian enclave within the Swiss Canton of Ticino; a municipality of the Province of Como in the Lombardy region, separated from the rest of Italy by Lake Lugano and mountains; less than 1 km at the shortest distance from the rest of Italy, but the terrain requires a 14 km road journey to reach the nearest Italian town, Lanzo d'Intelvi.
Austria Jungholz Germany Germany 7.0 Austrian enclave within Germany, a small town in the Austrian district of Reutte, Tyrol, that is only accessible through Germany; it has a quadripoint connection on a mountaintop with the main boundary of Austria.
Bosnia and Herzegovina Sastavci Serbia Serbia 3.9584 Bosnia-Herzegovinian enclave south of the Lim River and west of the Serbian town of Priboj; part of village of Međurečje in the municipality of Rudo in Republika Srpska; distance to the home land of Bosnia-Herzegovina is 1130 meters.
Croatia Brezovica Žumberačka Slovenia Slovenia 0.0183 A Croatian enclave (45°41′22″N 15°18′12″E / 45.68944°N 15.30333°E / 45.68944; 15.30333) containing four dwellings surrounded by agricultural land near the Slovenian village of Brezovica pri Metliki, about 437 m long and 60 m wide; confirmed by both Croatian and Slovenian cadaster maps, although boundary lines slightly differ; administered as part of the Croatian town of Ozalj in Karlovac County, about 100 meters away at the closest point [5][6][7]
Cyprus Ormidhia United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia 1.694 Cypriot enclave within UK's Dhekelia Sovereign Base Area on Cyprus; a village in Larnaca District in south-eastern Cyprus, it is one of four exclaves surrounded by the United Kingdom's Akrotiri and Dhekelia, a British Overseas Territory administered as a Sovereign Base Area.
Cyprus Xylotymbou United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia 0.947 Cypriot enclave within UK's Dhekelia Sovereign Base Area on Cyprus; a small town in the Larnaca District in south-eastern Cyprus, it is one of four exclaves surrounded by the United Kingdom's Akrotiri and Dhekelia, a British Overseas Territory administered as a Sovereign Base Area.
Cyprus "Electricity Authority of Cyprus" Refugee Settlement United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia ~0.28 Cypriot enclave within UK's Dhekelia Sovereign Base, on the island of Cyprus, north of Dhekelia Power Station from which it is separated by a British road; the closest point between the two exclaves is 21 meters.
Cyprus Dhekelia Power Station United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia ~0.161 Cypriot enclave partially bordering the coast, it is within the UK's Dhekelia Sovereign Base Area on Cyprus; surrounded by UK waters to the south and UK land elsewhere; the power station is owned by the Electricity Authority of Cyprus (EAC); no permanent population.
Russia San'kovo-Medvezh'e Belarus Belarus 4.54 Russian enclave within Belarus with two abandoned villages, unpopulated due to contamination from the 1986 explosion at the Chernobyl power plant in Ukraine.
Armenia Artchvašen (Bashkend) Azerbaijan Azerbaijan ~40 Armenian enclave within Azerbaijan, an exclave of Armenia's Gegharkunik province and controlled by Azerbaijan since the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1992.
Azerbaijan Yukhari Askipara Armenia Armenia ~37 Azeri enclave within Armenia (west of the town of Qazax); a destroyed Azeri village in the Qazakh Rayon of Azerbaijan that has been controlled by Armenia since the Nagorno-Karabakh War in May, 1992.
Azerbaijan Barkhudarli Armenia Armenia ~22 Azeri enclave within Armenia (west-southwest of the town of Qazax); a village in the Qazakh Rayon of Azerbaijan that has been controlled by Armenia since the Nagorno-Karabakh War in May, 1992.
Azerbaijan Karki Armenia Armenia ~10 Azeri enclave within the Ararat Province of Armenia, north of Azerbaijan's exclave of Nakhchivan; a part of the Sadarak Rayon of Azerbaijan that has been occupied by Armenia since the Nagorno-Karabakh War in May, 1992.
Azerbaijan "Yaradullu" (north and south) Armenia Armenia 0.12 and 0.06 These two tiny, Azeri farmland enclaves are located just across the border in Armenia from the Azeri village of Yaradullu.[6][7] They are 750 m and 1500 m southwest of the municipality of Tatli, on the west bank of the Akhum River, and measure approximately 300x400 m and 300x200 m. The northern enclave is about 55 m from Yaradullu at the closest point; Armenia has likely annexed them unilaterally.
Tajikistan Vorukh Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan ~96.7 Tajik enclave within Kyrgyzstan located south of the mountain Ak-Tash; population is 95% Tajik and the rest Kyrgyz.
Tajikistan Sarvan (also Sarvaksoi, Sarvaki-bolo) Uzbekistan Uzbekistan 8.4 Tajik enclave within Uzbekistan, located in the Fergana and Isfara valleys region where Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan meet.
Tajikistan "Kairagach" Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan ~0.88 Tajik enclave within Kyrgyzstan, located near the railway station of Kairagach, next to the Kyrgyz-Tajik border in the Leilek District; also referred to as "Western Qalacha" due to its proximity to the Tajik town of Qalacha; apparently there is no named settlement.
Uzbekistan Sokh Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan ~234 Large Uzbek enclave within Kyrgyzstan; population is 99% Tajik and the rest Kyrgyz, with almost no ethnic Uzbeks.
Uzbekistan Shakhimardan Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan ~38.2 Uzbek enclave within Kyrgyzstan, located close to the Alay Mountains in a narrow fertile valley where the rivers Ak-Suu and Kara-Suu meet to form the rapid Shakhimardan-sai.[6][7][8]
Uzbekistan Chon-Kara or Qalacha (the 2 Uzbek villages in the enclave) Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan ~3 A tiny Uzbek enclave within Kyrgyzstan lying on the Sokh River, immediately north of Sokh; measures about 3 km long by 1 km wide, with the Uzbek villages of Chon-Kara (or Chongara 40°15′04″N 71°02′16″E / 40.25111°N 71.03778°E / 40.25111; 71.03778) and Qalacha (40°14′11″N 71°02′13″E / 40.23639°N 71.03694°E / 40.23639; 71.03694) at either end; the Kyrgyz village of Chong-Kara (or Chon-Qora 40°15′37″N 71°00′41″E / 40.26028°N 71.01139°E / 40.26028; 71.01139) lies 2 km northwest.[6][7][8] [Note: The Kyrgyz Cyrillic alphabet contains three characters not present in the Uzbek alphabet. One of these characters is romanized from Kyrgyz as the digraph "ng," which is not present in romanized Uzbek words.][9]
Uzbekistan Jani-Ayil (also Dzhangail) Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan < 1 A tiny Uzbek enclave within Kyrgyzstan, located northwest of the Shakhimardan enclave within a kilometer of the Uzbek main border; does not appear to have an official Uzbek place name; the Kyrgyz towns of Jani-Ayil (40°10′56″N 71°41′28″E / 40.18222°N 71.69111°E / 40.18222; 71.69111) and Kalmion (40°12′44″N 71°37′58″E / 40.21222°N 71.63278°E / 40.21222; 71.63278) lie outside opposite edges of the Uzbek enclave.[6][7][8]
Oman Madha United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates ~75 Omani enclave within the Emirate of Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates, halfway between the Omani fragment on the Musandam Peninsula and the rest of Oman; forms part of Oman's Musandam Governorate.
United Arab Emirates Nahwa Oman Oman ~5.2 United Arab Emirates' counter-enclave surrounded by the Omani exclave, Madha; reported to consist of around forty houses, it is part of the Emirate of Sharjah in the UAE home land.
Maritime Enclaves
Malawi Likoma Island Mozambique Mozambique 130.0 (incl a territorial water area) Lacustrine enclave, including some smaller islets, belonging to the Likoma District of Malawi; surrounded by Mozambique's territorial waters in Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa for Mozambique) and only about 5 kilometers from the shores of Lake Nyasa on the Mozambique side; combined dry land area of Likoma Is. and the smaller Chizumulu Is. is 18 km².
Malawi Chizumulu Island (incl Lundu Is., Papia Is., Ngkyvo Is.) Mozambique Mozambique 101.4 (incl 2-mile territorial water area) Lacustrine enclave, including some smaller islets, belonging to the Likoma District of Malawi; surrounded by Mozambique's territorial waters in Lake Malawi; the mainland on the Malawian side is 46 kilometers from Chizumulu.
Uruguay Filomena Islands (5) Argentina Argentina ~23 Five adjacent Uruguayan islands (Isla Filomena Grande, Isla Filomena Chica, Isla Palma Chica, Isla Bassi, Isla Tres Cruces) are enclaves within the Río Uruguay, being surrounded by waters of the Province of Entre Rios in Argentina; uninhabited and administratively part of the Department of Río Negro, they form part of the Esteros de Farrapos National Park.
Argentina Isla Apipé (4) Paraguay Paraguay ~320 Four adjacent Argentine islands (Isla Apipé Grande, Isla Apipé Chico, Isla Los Patos and Isla San Martín) are enclaves within channels of the Río Paraná, 39 km east of Isla Entre Rios, surrounded by territorial inland waters of Paraguay; Corrientes Province in Argentina occupies the southern bank of the river; Isla Apipé Grande appears to be the biggest true enclave in the world with an area of about 276 km²; areas of the other islands are 23.8, 11.8 and 3.7 km², respectively.
Argentina Isla Entre Ríos Paraguay Paraguay ~36 An Argentine island enclave in the Río Paraná, 39 km west of Isla Apipé, surrounded by the territorial inland waters of Paraguay; uninhabited.
Argentina Isla Martín García Uruguay Uruguay ~2.0 An Argentine island enclave in the Río de la Plata, surrounded by Uruguayan territorial waters on the Uruguayan side of the border; Martín García was designated as a nature reserve under the jurisdiction of Argentina in 1973.
United Nations High Seas Russia Russia  ? An enclave (52°41′19″N 71°37′58″E / 52.68861°N 71.63278°E / 52.68861; 71.63278) consisting of international waters entirely surrounded by the waters of Russia's EEZ in the Sea of Okhotsk; lies between the territorial zones of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Island (termed the "Peanut Hole")
United Nations High Seas Japan Japan  ? An enclave (26°19′1″N 135°52′4″E / 26.31694°N 135.86778°E / 26.31694; 135.86778) consisting of international waters entirely surrounded by the waters of Japan's EEZ; it lies between the territorial zones of Honshu, Shikoku, the Bonin Islands, Okino-tori-shima and Okinawa Island
United Nations High Seas New Zealand New Zealand  ? A small enclave (44°18′31″S 178°12′26″E / 44.30861°S 178.20722°E / -44.30861; 178.20722) consisting of international waters entirely surrounded by the waters of New Zealand's EEZ; it lies between the territorial zones of the Chatham Islands, North Island and the Bounty Islands
United Nations High Seas New Zealand New Zealand  ? A larger enclave (49°32′24″S 173°6′0″E / 49.54000°S 173.10000°E / -49.54000; 173.10000) consisting of international waters entirely surrounded by the waters of New Zealand's EEZ; it lies between the territorial zones of Campbell Island, South Island and the Antipodes Islands

Subnational enclaves which are also exclaves [edit]

Many of the administrative divisions of the Principality of Liechtenstein have exclaves, some of which are enclaves.

Enclaves which are not exclaves [edit]

Lesotho (shown in green) is completely surrounded by South Africa.

National Level [edit]

Some enclaves are sovereign states, completely surrounded by another one, and therefore not exclaves. Three such sovereign countries exist:

Subnational enclaves which are not exclaves [edit]

Exclaves which are not enclaves [edit]

National Level [edit]

To be a true exclave, it must be necessary, in order to go from the exclave to the main region, for one to travel across land (water for maritime exclave) through a different region (e.g., of another country).

  • Azerbaijan: The exclave of Nakhichivan is bounded by Armenia, Iran, and Turkey.
  • Honduras: The larger and more westerly of two areas of juridical condominium (that are shared with El Salvador and Nicaragua in the Gulf of Fonseca), comprises about 20 sq nm of actually detached internal waters of Honduras; this area abuts about 160 sq nm of territorial seas of Honduras in the adjacent Pacific Ocean, just beyond the closing line of the gulf.[clarification needed]
  • High Seas: There are 15 exclaves upon the high seas that consist of areas of international waters that are surrounded by the 200-nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zones of various countries. Four are also enclaves (see above), and 11 are exclaves only. These 11 exclaves exist because, in their particular cases, the EEZs of several neighboring countries border on each other in a way that encloses an area of international waters, such that one cannot travel to the enclosed region except by passing through the waters of one of these EEZs. These 11 exclaves are created by the EEZs of the following countries:

Subnational exclaves which are not enclaves [edit]

St. Martin Parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana, shown here, is divided into two non-contiguous areas separated by Iberia Parish.
South Hackensack, New Jersey is divided into three non-contiguous areas.
Darby Township, Pennsylvania is divided into two non-contiguous areas.
Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan is divided into three non-contiguous areas.

Pene-enclaves/exclaves and inaccessible districts [edit]

Pene-enclaves and pene-exclaves are regions that are not contiguous with the main land region, that are not entirely surrounded by either alien land or alien territorial waters, and that have land access only through a second country (or the equivalent level of subnational governmental district). Hence, they are enclaves or exclaves for practical purposes, without meeting the strict definition.

Inaccessible districts are regions that are contiguous with the main land region but that are only easily accessible by going through a second country.

National Level [edit]

  • The Finnish municipality of Tornio has one pene-enclave unreachable directly by land from Finnish territory, although connected to the rest of the city by a pair of bridges. The neighbouring Swedish municipality of Haparanda has two similar pene-enclaves unreachable directly from Swedish territory.
  • Märket is a small 3.3-hectare (8.2-acre) uninhabited island in the Baltic Sea, which has been divided between the two nations since the Treaty of Fredrikshamn of 1809. The unusual border consists of eight line segments and takes the form of an inverted 'S', with the island's lighthouse connected to the rest of Finland only by a short stretch of land.

Subnational pene-enclaves/exclaves and inaccessible districts [edit]

Historic enclaves/exclaves [edit]

National Level [edit]

  • Altona was a Danish exclave within Germany from 1640 to 1864.
  • Bhutan - Tarchen, Cherkip Gompa, Dho, Dungmar, Gesur, Gezon, Itse Gompa, Khochar, Nyanri, Ringung, Sanmar and Zuthulphuk were exclaves of Bhutan within Tibet from the 1640s until 1959.[23]
  • Bophuthatswana was a bantustan or "black homeland" that was granted nominal independence by apartheid South Africa from 1977 until being re-absorbed in April 1994, but it remained unrecognized internationally. It consisted of a scattered patchwork of individual enclaves, five that were true enclaves within South Africa and one that bordered Botswana.
  • Cheikh Saïd is a rocky peninsula in present-day Yemen between the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea. Although as late as 1970, the Petit Larousse described it as having been a "French colony from 1868 to 1936," France never claimed formal jurisdiction or sovereignty over it.
  • within China -
  • Forbidden City - The last emperor of the Qing Dynasty of China, Emperor Henry Puyi, acceded to the throne in 1909. In 1911, revolution broke out, and the Qing army was defeated. According to the treaty signed between the Qing court and the government of the newly formed Republic of China (ROC), Puyi preserved the emperor title and along with other rights, maintained certain government organs in the Forbidden City, mainly for management of the Forbidden City, other palaces, imperial families, etc. The Dragon Flag of the Qing Dynasty remained hoisted inside the Forbidden City. In 1924, the 1911 treaty was revised unilaterally by the ROC government, abolishing Puyi's title of Emperor, his right to live in the Forbidden City and other related arrangements.
  • Unlike Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula and the New Territories that were added later comprised a pene-exclave of Great Britain from 1860 until 1997.
  • Kowloon Walled City was a counter-enclave belonging to China on the Kowloon Peninsula of Hong Kong from 1898 to 1993. The question of jurisdiction led to a hands-off approach by Chinese and British authorities over the years until the quality of life became intolerable. A mutual decision to demolish the 2.6 hectares of structures was announced in 1987 and completed in 1994.
  • Kwang-Chou-Wan was a pene-exclave of France on the south coast of China from 1898, upon its lease to France by Qing China, until its return by France in 1946; its territory included the islands in the bay and land on both banks of the Maxie River, covering 1300 km² of land.
  • Kwantung was a pene-exclave of Russia and later Japan in the southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria that existed from 1898 to 1945 and included the ports of Port Arthur (or Ryojun) and Dal'niy (or Dairen), the latter founded in 1899. It was leased to Russia from 1898 until 1905, when Japan replaced Russia as leaseholder. After World War II, the Soviet Union occupied the territory in 1945, jointly administering it with the Chinese before turning it over to the People's Republic of China in 1955.
  • Macao was a pene-exclave of Portugal on the coast of the South China Sea from 1557 until 1999.
  • Qingdao, with an area of 552 km², was a pene-exclave of Germany (also known as the Kiautschou Bay concession), and later Japan, from 1898 to 1922, adjacent to Jiaozhou Bay on the southern coast of the Shandong Peninsula in East China. The village of Qingdao became the German colony of Tsingtau. In 1914, with the outbreak of World War I, the Republic of China canceled the lease with Germany. Japan then occupied the city and province until December, 1922, when it reverted to Chinese rule.
  • Shanghai was the location of British (from 1846) and American (from 1848) Concessions (later Shanghai International Settlement from 1863 - 1943) and the Shanghai French Concession from 1849 - 1946. Unlike the British sovereign colonies of Hong Kong Island and Wei-hai-wei, these foreign concessions always remained Chinese sovereign territory.
  • Wei-hai-wei was a pene-exclave of Great Britain that bordered the Yellow Sea in eastern Shandong province of China. The city was a British colony, known also as the Weihai Garrison and sometimes as Port Edward, from 1898 to 1 October 1930, when it was returned to China. Its current name is Weihai.
  • East Prussia (1919 – 1939), a German pene-exclave during the Weimar Republic, was separated from Germany after World War I, when Poland regained access to the Baltic Sea (Polish corridor). The territory of East Prussia (essentially the old Duchy of Prussia) is now divided into Kaliningrad Oblast in Russia, the Warmian-Masurian Voivodship in Poland, and Klaipėda County in Lithuania.
  • Hemmeres, (1922 – 1949), surrounded by Belgian territory, was the sixth and southernmost of the Vennbahn enclaves created in 1922; it contained five households.[24] The railway suffered severe damage during World War II and was not rebuilt. It ceased being an enclave when Belgium annexed the entirety in 1949. Hemmeres was reintegrated into West Germany on August 28, 1958, by an agreement with Belgium.
  • Jestetten is a German town in the district of Waldshut in Baden-Württemberg that was inaccessible except by traveling through Switzerland, until a connecting road was constructed.
  • Roetgener Wald - From 1922 to 1958, the center portion of this Vennbahn enclave (between Grenzweg and a boundary with three turning points west of the Schleebach creek) was Belgian territory.[25] Because the road connecting the two outer German portions (Highways 258/399) was German territory until 1949, the German land formed one enclave. The intersecting north-south road from Fringhaus to Konzen (now Highway B258, which has no connection to the rest of the Belgian road network[26]) was also part of the strangely shaped enclave. In 1949 Belgium annexed these roads, thus separating the enclave into two enclaves for the next nine years. In 1958 Belgium ceded the center section of territory to West Germany, in addition to returning the adjacent east-west connecting road. [27] This created one larger enclave in its present-day form.
  • Losheim in Hellenthal municipality, including Prüme Straße (Highway 265) to its west, was annexed by Belgium in 1949.[27] Apparently excluded from annexation were two narrow strips of land (approximately 2000 m and 200 m in length) west of the highway and east of the pre-annexation Belgian border. These two enclaves of German land were dis-enclaved in 1958 upon Belgium's return of the Losheim territory.
  • Verenahof was a German exclave within Switzerland until 1967, when it was re-attached to Germany by treaty through a land swap of a total of just under 1.06 km² in equal shares.[28]
  • West Berlin, upon the division of Berlin after World War II and before the reunification of Germany in 1990, was de facto a West German exclave within East Germany. Twelve small West Berlin land areas, such as Steinstücken, were in turn separated from the main body of West Berlin, some by only a few meters. In addition, there were several small areas of East Berlin that were surrounded by West Berlin. All of Berlin was ruled "de jure" by the four Allied powers; this meant that West Berlin could not send voting members to the German Parliament and that its citizens were exempt from conscription.
West Berlin exclaves:
East Berlin exclaves:[29]
  • Eiskeller (E) (1949 - 1990) dis-enclaved at re-unification
  • Eiskeller (N) (1949 - 1990) dis-enclaved at re-unification
  • Eiskeller (S) (1949 - 1990) dis-enclaved at re-unification
  • West-Staaken - de jure part of Soviet sector but de facto administered by Spandau Borough in the British sector; seized by East Germany in 1951 and made an exclave of East Berlin's Borough of Mitte, which it remained officially until being incorporated in 1961 by the neighboring town of Falkensee in non-Berlin East Germany.
  • Gwadar was an Omani pene-exclave on the Arabian Sea coast of present-day Pakistan from 1784 until 1958.
  • Ifni was a pene-exclave of Spain on the Atlantic coast of Morocco from 1859 to 1969.
  • within India -
  • Dadra and Nagar Haveli were enclaves inland from the Arabian Sea coast covering an area of 487 km². After invasion by pro-Indian Union forces in 1954, they achieved de facto independence from Portugal. They and three Portuguese pene-exclaves, the city of Goa and the two small coastal exclaves of Daman and Diu, comprised the last remnants of Portuguese India, which existed from 1505 until military conquest by India on 19 December 1961. (A 1956 map also shows a counter-enclave within Nagar Haveli belonging to Bombay.)
  • French India - Pondicherry and the other exclaves of Karaikal, Mahé and Yanaon were absorbed into India de facto in 1954 and de jure in 1962 after the Algerian War. In 1761 the British captured all of them from the French (and also Chandannagar), but the Treaty of Paris (1763) returned them to France. Those possessions passed again to British control before finally being handed over to the French in 1816/1817 under the 1814 Treaty of Paris. Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahé and Yanaon came to be administered as the Union Territory of Puducherry in 1963. These are now sub-national exclaves within India.
  • Pondicherry, was the site of a trading center set up by the French East India Company in 1674, which eventually became the chief French settlement in India, after passing several times between Dutch, British and French control. It comprised 12 non-contiguous parts: three pene-exclaves on the Bay of Bengal and nine nearby true enclaves. Inside the main Pondicherry exclave was a small counter-enclave belonging to India straddling the Chunnambar River.
  • Mahé (or Mayyazhi), a small (9 km²) town, was a pene-exclave on the Malabar Coast of the Arabian Sea from 1721. Mahé was composed of three non-contiguous parts, including Mahé town and Naluthara, one of two true enclaves nearby.
  • Yanaon (or Yanam), a 30 km² pene-exclave in the delta of Godavari River, nine kilometers from the Coromandel Coast and Bay of Bengal. It was a Dutch colony before French overtook it in 1723 and made it a French colony.
  • Karikal was a small coastal pene-exclave on the Bay of Bengal acquired by France in 1739 from the regime of Raja Pratap Singh of Tanjore. By 1760 it included 81 villages around Karaikal town.
  • Chandannagar was a small true enclave established as a French colony in 1673, located on the right bank of the Hooghly River 30 kilometers north of Kolkata. Bengal was then a province of the Mughal Empire. The British returned the city in 1816, along with a 7.8 km² nearby enclave. In May, 1950, with French approval, India assumed de facto control, with the de jure transfer in June, 1952. In 1955 it was integrated into West Bengal state.
  • Trincomalee was in present-day Sri Lanka (then a part of India) located on the Indian Ocean east coast of the island. By September, 1782, it was occupied by the French after the Battle of Trincomalee with the British, only to be ceded back to the British in 1783.
  • Pogiriai (Pogiry) was a Lithuanian exclave of 1.7 km² that was ceded to Belarus in 1996.
  • Saint Pierre and Miquelon, a French territorial collectivity, was completely surrounded by the territorial waters of Canada from 1763 until 1992, when an EEZ corridor 10.5 NM (19.4 km) wide was created, stretching 200 NM (370 km) south to open sea.
  • Schirgiswalde - In accordance with terms of the 1635 Peace Treaty of Prague, Austria transferred land (Ober- and Niederlausitz) to Saxony. However, because of religious affiliation with Austria, Schirgiswalde and five other towns (Güntersdorf, Gerlachsheim, Winkel, Taubentränke and Neuleutersdorf) within the transferred land remained with Austria, becoming Austrian enclaves within Saxony. 174 years later, to address problems as states began to consolidate, the 1809 Peace Treaty of Vienna mandated the transfer of these six enclaves from Austria to Saxony. However, the transfer did not occur until 1845 because of the need to correct mistakes in the names of the villages stated in the treaty and subsequent neglect. During that time, Schirgiswalde was de facto independent until economic reasons compelled the final transfer of the enclaves, thus extinguishing them.[24]
  • Sweden - The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 granted certain possessions of the Holy Roman Empire to the Swedish Empire (extant 1611 - 1721) to be held as fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire:
  • Bremen-Verden - states of the Holy Roman Empire bordering the North Sea; in "personal union with Sweden" until 1712, when they fell under Danish occupation in wartime.
  • Swedish Pomerania - a state on the Baltic coast in present-day Germany and Poland; a small part was ceded to Prussia following war in 1720 and the entirety in 1815 during the Congress of Vienna.
  • town of Wismar - town in northern Germany on the Baltic Sea; transferred to Germany in 1903 when Sweden renounced its claim.
  • Syria was a pene-exclave of the United Arab Republic from 1958 - 1961 (if one considers Egypt as the UAR main land), bordering the Mediterranean Sea, Turkey, Iraq, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan.
  • Transkei was a bantustan or "black homeland" that was granted nominal independence by apartheid South Africa from 1976 until being re-absorbed in April 1994, but it remained unrecognized internationally. It had two exclaves within South Africa that were true enclaves.
  • Turkey - The tomb of Suleyman Shah (b. ca. 1178 – d. 1236) was located in or near Qal'at Ja'bar in modern-day Syria; in accordance with the 1921 Treaty of Ankara, the tomb "shall remain, with its appurtenances, the property of Turkey, who may appoint guardians for it and may hoist the Turkish flag there." The treaty is silent regarding sovereignty of the 6.3 hectares of land on which the tomb rests. The tomb was relocated in 1973 prior to the creation of Lake Assad.
  • United States -
  • The Val d'Aran is a valley in the Pyrenees mountains and a comarca in northwestern Catalonia, northern Spain. Most of it comprises the only part of Catalonia that is on the northern side of the Pyrenees. The Val d'Aran used to be without direct access to the south side of the mountains, until the Vielha tunnel was opened in 1948.
  • Venda was a bantustan or "black homeland" that was granted nominal independence by apartheid South Africa from 1979 until being re-absorbed in April 1994, but it remained unrecognized internationally. It was an enclave that was not an exclave, bordering only South Africa and separated narrowly from Zimbabwe by the Madimbo corridor to the north. Venda itself also had a small exclave that was a true enclave in South Africa.
  • Walvis Bay was a South African pene-exclave bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and Namibia, before being incorporated with Namibia in 1994, four years after that country's independence.
  • Zadar (Zara) was a 104 km² pene-exclave of Italy, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia, from 1920 to 1944 (de facto due to abandonment by the Italian civilian administration) or 1947 (de jure under treaty).
  • Various other historical foreign concessions
  • Innumerable medieval enclaves within Europe

Subnational historic enclaves/exclaves [edit]

  • The former municipality of Hinterhermsdorf in Saxony was an exclave of the town of Sebnitz, being separated from it by the municipality of Kirnitzschtal, until Kirnitzschtal also became a part of Sebnitz..
  • Königsberg, located in the Lower Franconia region of present-day Bavaria, Germany, was an enclave within Bavaria, along with two small nearby enclaves, belonging to the Ernestine Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (which after 1825 also had five exclaves in Thuringia). In 1918 the post-monarchy duchy was split into two states, making Königsberg an exclave of the Free State of Saxe-Coburg. In 1920, the residents of that state voted to merge with the Free State of Bavaria, thus eliminating the three Bavarian enclaves.
  • Innumerable medieval enclaves

Temporary enclaves or exclaves [edit]

Sometimes land is ceded temporarily to another country as a form of legal fiction.

  • Suite 212 at Claridges Hotel in London was ceded by the United Kingdom to Yugoslavia on June 17, 1945 to allow Crown Prince Alexander, whose parents were in exile, to be born on Yugoslav soil.[43]
  • Camp Zeist, a former United States Air Force base in the Netherlands, was, in 2000, temporarily declared sovereign territory of the United Kingdom, in order to allow the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial to take place.
  • In 1943, the maternity ward at the Ottawa Civic Hospital in Canada was temporarily extraterritorial so that Princess Juliana's daughter Princess Margriet would only have Dutch (by parents' nationality) and not dual nationality, because of having been born on Canadian soil. Dual nationality would have excluded her from the royal succession.
  • In 1979, at Sender Zehlendorf, East Germany, an area of 300 meters in radius around a radio tower construction site was made an exclave of the Soviet Union. After a Soviet fighter plane had earlier collided with a radio transmission mast at the facility, causing it to collapse, the Soviet Union agreed to rebuild the mast. So that the stricter German safety regulations would not slow the construction progress, the area was declared a Soviet exclave for the duration of the work.[44]

Potential exclaves pending international resolution [edit]

The maritime borders in the Gulf of Piran, according to the Drnovšek-Račan agreement, would grant the disputed area to Slovenia and provide a corridor to international waters.
  • Hans Island - possible pene-exclave with land border between Canada and Denmark (on behalf of Greenland): Negotiations in 2012 between Canada and Denmark, not yet finalized, call for either a condominium or splitting the disputed island's sovereignty in half. If the island were to be split by a boundary, it would create both Canada's and Denmark's second land border. [45]
  • Palanca Marshes - potential Vennbahn-type enclave of Moldova surrounded by Ukraine: Under a 2001 treaty between the two nations, Moldova is to transfer to Ukraine not only the asphalt (as it has already done), but also the real property under 7.7 kilometers of road (which is a portion of the 300 km road between Odessa and Reni), and to clarify the sovereignty of that land, which under that treaty is to be transferred to Ukraine.[46]
  • Croatian maritime exclave within Adriatic Sea waters of Italy and Slovenia: The Drnovšek-Račan agreement of 20 July 2001 defined the entire border between the countries, including the maritime border.[47] According to this agreement, Croatia would get approximately one third of the Gulf of Piran and a maritime border with Italy, while Slovenia would get a corridor to international waters. This solution included a Croatian maritime exclave. However, such a solution could run afoul of the Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, which prohibits sovereignty over parts of the sea unconnected to land.[48][49] Article 4 states, "... the sea areas lying within the lines must be sufficiently closely linked to the land domain to be subject to the regime of internal waters," and "... baselines may not be applied by a State in such a manner as to cut off from the high seas the territorial sea of another State."[48]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ "The Diagrametic Sketch Map of Cooch Behar Showing Enclaves (Chhits)". 
  2. ^ "The end of the enclaves". The Economist. 
  3. ^ a b Whyte, Brendan (2004). "En Territoire Belge et à Quarante Centimètres de la Frontière" An historical and documentary study of the Belgian and Dutch enclaves of Baarle-Hertog and Baarle-Nassau. The University of Melbourne, School of Anthropology, Geography and Environmental Studies. ISBN 0-7340-3032-0. 
  4. ^ Krogh, Jan. "Jan S. Krogh's Geosite: Enclaves and Exclaves". Retrieved 2013-02-21. 
  5. ^ Krogh, Jan. "Jan S. Krogh's Geosite: Enclave/exclave of Brezovica". Retrieved 2013-03-12. 
  6. ^ a b c d e "Complete Files of Geographic Names for Geopolitical Areas from GNS". Retrieved 2013-02-20. Toponymic information is based on the Geographic Names Database, containing official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names and maintained by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. More information is available at the Maps and Geodata link at http://www.nga.mil. The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency name, initials, and seal are protected by 10 United States Code Section 425. 
  7. ^ a b c d e National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. "GeoNames WMS Viewer". Retrieved 2013-02-20. 
  8. ^ a b c "GeoHack - Batken Province". Retrieved 2013-02-20. 
  9. ^ National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. "Romanization Systems and Policies". Retrieved 2013-03-02. 
  10. ^ "Exclaves of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina". 26 Mar 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-28. 
  11. ^ "Provence-Hideaways". 
  12. ^ a b Art. 4, № 5 of Law № 142/85, from 18 November (law on the creation of municipalities)
  13. ^ a b Art. 6, № 1 of Law № 8/93, from 5 March (law on the creation of civil parishes)
  14. ^ Bibb-Monroe County Line dispute
  15. ^ Hudson County New Jersey Street Map. Hagstrom Map Company, Inc. 2008. ISBN 0-88097-763-9. 
  16. ^ "Ellis Island - Structural Development". 
  17. ^ "Urban Neighborhoods, Municipalities & Census-Designated Places: Jefferson County, Kentucky" (PDF). Louisville/Jefferson County Information Consortium. 2007-06-24. Retrieved 2007-06-28.  Note that this map clearly marks the pre-merger boundaries of Louisville.
  18. ^ "Browse San Antonio". 
  19. ^ "Thingvellir National Park". 
  20. ^ "Statutory Instruments, S.I. No. 187 Of 2006, Roads Act 1993 (Classification Of National Roads), Order 2006". The Stationery Office, Sun Alliance House, Molesworth Street, Dublin, Ireland. 2006. p. 16. 
  21. ^ Jan S. Krogh's Geosite on the Trosterud farms[unreliable source?]
  22. ^ Jan S. Krogh's Geosite on Sørdalen valley[unreliable source?]
  23. ^ Bray, J. (1997). Ladakhi and Bhutanese enclaves in Tibet. "Proceedings of the 7th Colloquium of the International Association for Ladakh Studies. Bonn/St. Augustin, 12–15 June 1995". Recent Research on Ladakh (Ulmer Kulturantropologische Schriften. Universität Ulm). 
  24. ^ a b Vinokurov, Evgeny (2007). The Theory of Enclaves. Lexington Books, Lanham, MD. 
  25. ^ Bartholomew, John (1955). "The Times Atlas of the World. Belgium, Plate 61, V. III". Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston London. Retrieved 2013-05-04. 
  26. ^ "Vennbahn: Bahnhof Konzen/Fringshaus". Retrieved 2013-05-04. 
  27. ^ a b U.S. Department of State (30 June 1961). "International Boundary Study, Belgium-Germany Boundary". Retrieved 2013-05-04. 
  28. ^ Contract between the Swiss Confederation and the Federal Republic of Germany
  29. ^ "Berlin Exclaves". Retrieved 2013-05-02. 
  30. ^ Johnston, T.B. (1912). "The Royal Atlas Of Modern Geography Exhibiting, In A Series Of Entirely Original And Authentic Maps, The Present Condition Of Geographical Discovery And Research In The Several Countries, Empires, And States Of The World By The Late Alexander Keith Johnston ... With Additions And Corrections To The Present Date ... With A Special Index To Each Map. A New Edition.". W. & A.K. Johnston, Limited, Edinburgh & London. p. 58. Retrieved 2013-05-03. 
  31. ^ "Atlas Of The Mexican Conflict Containing Detailed Maps Showing the Territory Involved, Pertinent Statistics of Mexico and the United States, Summary of Recent Events in Mexico". Rand McNally & Company, Publishers, Chicago - New York, U.S.A. 1914. p. 11. Retrieved 2013-05-03. 
  32. ^ "London atlas series. Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, also Panama. (with Panama Canal Zone). (with) Galapagos Islands, Colon". Edward Stanford, Ltd. Stanford's Geographical Establishment, Long Acre, W.C. London. 1922. pp. 12–14. Retrieved 2013-05-03. 
  33. ^ "Times survey atlas of the world. The West Indies. (with) Panama Canal. (with) Kingston. (with) Havana. (with) Jamaica. (with) Porto Rico. (with) Trinidad.". The Edinburgh Geographical Institute, John Bartholomew & Co., London). 1922. Retrieved 2013-05-03. 
  34. ^ "Rand McNally & Co.'s Commercial Atlas Of America. Fifty-Fifth Edition". Rand McNally & Company, Chicago, U.S.A. 1924. pp. 592–593. Retrieved 2013-05-03. 
  35. ^ a b c d Boggs, Samuel Whittemore (1940). International boundaries: a study of boundary functions and problems. Columbia University Press. p. 48-49. Retrieved 2013-04-27. 
  36. ^ Horwitz, Tony. Oct. 2003, Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before, Bloomsbury, ISBN 0-7475-6455-8
  37. ^ Erickson, Lt Clayton, RCN (2012). "Captain Cook Monument at Kealakekua Cleaned and Repaired". Cook's Log 35 (4). p. 38. Retrieved 2013-02-23. 
  38. ^ "Canadian Crew Cleans Cook Monument". 30 August 2012. Retrieved 2013-02-23. 
  39. ^ Harris, Francis (22 Jul 2006). "Don't mention the murder - how Hawaii forgot Capt. Cook". Retrieved 2013-02-23. 
  40. ^ Taylor, Albert P. "HOW HAWAII HONORED CAPTAIN COOK, R.N., IN 1928". p. 29. Retrieved 2013-02-23. 
  41. ^ MacFarlane, John M. (2012). "The Captain Cook Memorial at Kealakakua Bay Hawaii". Retrieved 2013-02-23. 
  42. ^ William E. Lass (1980). Minnesota's Boundary with Canada: Its Evolution Since 1783. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 48. ISBN 0-87351-153-0. Retrieved 15 August 2011. 
  43. ^ Christopher Long (1991-10-25). "A Regal Bid Too Far?". Retrieved 2006-12-15. "I was born on Yugoslav territory at Claridges Hotel in London, 1945, on June 17, and this was done in agreement with the British Government." [unreliable source?]
  44. ^ Warum die Baustelle eines Sendemasten exterritoriales Gebiet wurde.
  45. ^ "As It Happens - Hans Island Settlement". 11 April 2012. Retrieved 2013-05-04. 
  46. ^ Moldova-Ukraine relations, interview with Andrei Popov
  47. ^ Arnaut, Damir (2004). "Stormy Waters on the Way to the High Seas: The Case of the Territorial Sea Delimitation between Croatia and Slovenia". In Caron, David; Scheiber, Harry. Bringing New Law to Ocean Waters. Klüwer. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. 
  48. ^ a b Turkalj, Kristian. "Razgraničenje teritorijalnog mora između Hrvatske i Slovenije u sjevernom Jadranu (Piranski zaljev)" (PDF) (in Croatian). Retrieved 20 September 2008. 
  49. ^ "Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone" (PDF). UN. p. 1. "Article 4: ... baselines may not be applied by a State in such a manner as to cut off from the high seas the territorial sea of another State." 

References [edit]