List of enclaves and exclaves

Main article: Enclave and exclave

In political geography, an enclave is a piece of land which is totally surrounded by a foreign territory, and an exclave is one which is politically attached to a larger piece but not actually contiguous with it. Many entities are both enclaves and exclaves, but there are examples of areas being one but not the other.

Enclaves which are also exclaves

• Argentina — Isla Martín García (34°11′S 58°16′W) is surrounded by Uruguayan territorial waters in the Río de la Plata. In addition, the Argentine islands of Apipé (27°30′S 56°54′W) and Entre Ríos are surrounded by Paraguayan territorial waters in the Paraná River, as are some small islets.
• Armenia/Azerbaijan — In Armenia, there exist three Azerbaijani exclaves. Barxudarlı (41°00′N 45°13′E) and Yuxarı Əskipara (41°04′N 45°01′E) are in north-eastern Armenia. The other one, Karki (39°48′N 44°58′E), is located north of the region of Nakhchivan (which is a detached fragment of Azerbaijan stuck between Armenia, Iran and Turkey). Reciprocally, there exists one Armenian exclave, a village called Artsvashen in north-western Azerbaijan (40°38′N 45°31′E).
• Bangladesh/India — On the India-Bangladesh border in the Indian district of Cooch-Behar, there are 92 Bangladeshi exclaves, with a total area of 47.7 km². Similarly, there are 106 Indian exclaves inside Bangladesh, with a total area of 69.5 km². Twenty-one of the Bangladeshi exclaves are within Indian exclaves, and three of the Indian exclaves are within Bangladeshi exclaves. The largest Indian exclave, Balapara Khagrabari, surrounds a Bangladeshi exclave, Upanchowki Bhajni, which itself surrounds an Indian exclave called Dahala Khagrabari, of less than one hectare. See link to external map here. An agreement has been reached between India and Bangladesh for these enclaves to be extinguished, at an unspecified date in the future.
• Belgium/Netherlands — The town of Baarle (51°26′N 4°56′E) in the southern Netherlands is made up of the municipality of Baarle-Hertog, a group of 22 Belgian enclaves within the Netherlands; and of the Dutch municipality of Baarle-Nassau, which itself has one enclave in the main body of Belgium and 7 counter-enclaves inside two of the Belgian enclaves.
• Bosnia and Herzegovina — The town of Sastavci (part of Rudo municipality, Foča Region) is completely surrounded by the Serbian municipality of Priboj, in Zlatibor District.

The British Sovereign Base Area of Dhekelia, shown here, separates parts of the Republic of Cyprus from the main body of government-controlled territory.

• Chile - The southernmost tip of the Chile / Argentina border has a lighthouse on the Chile side, which is cut off from the rest of Chile by a river or inlet which appears to cross the border into Argentina at Punta Dungeness.
• Cyprus — The villages of Ormidhia and Xylotymvou (34°59′N 33°47′E) are surrounded by the British Sovereign Base Area of Dhekelia. Inside this base, the Dhekalia Power Station also belongs to Cyprus, even though the station is surrounded by British land and is also divided in two by a road which is under British sovereignty.
• Germany — Büsingen, Germany (47°42′N 8°42′E) is an exclave in the canton of Schaffhausen, northern Switzerland. Germany also has a group of 5 enclaves created by the Vennbahn railway trackbed between the towns of Roetgen and Monschau (south of Aachen) that was granted Belgian sovereignty.
• Israel — Mount Scopus was an enclave of Israeli territory within East Jerusalem from 1949 to 1967. Since the disputed annexation of East Jerusalem by Israel, it is in Israel's eyes no longer an exclave.
• Italy — Campione d'Italia (45°58′N 8°58′E) is enclaved in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland, although in practice it is administered as part of Switzerland. It is part of Swiss customs, uses the Swiss franc, its inhabitants have to pay income tax to Italy, though in a reduced measure, and it is under Italian sovereignty.
• Kyrgyzstan/Tajikistan/Uzbekistan — The Fergana Valley, a region where the three countries meet, has a large number of enclaves. Barak, a small Kyrgyz village, is surrounded by Uzbekistan. Reciprocally, the Uzbek towns of So'x (39°58′N 71°08′E) and Shohimardon as well as the two tiny territories of Qal'acha and Khalmion (north of So'x) are all surrounded by Kyrgyz territory. Also, the Tajik village of Sarvan is in Uzbek territory and the Tajik village of Vorukh (39°52′N 70°39′E) along with another small piece of land near Kairagach are embodied in Kyrgyz land. See Batken Province, with note of possible error or problem.
• Malawi — Chizumulu Island and Likoma Island (12°02′S 34°40′E) are located within Mozambican territorial waters in Lake Malawi.
• Oman/United Arab Emirates — Madha (25°19′N 56°14′E) is an Omani territory enclaved in the UAE, which in turn hosts the tiny territory of Nahwa, a UAE enclave within Madha.
• Russia — In the eastern part of Belarus, the Russian exclave of Sankovo-Medvezhye (52°29′N 31°33′E) is made up of two villages.
• Spain — The town of Llívia (42°28′N 1°59′E), an exclave in southern France near Font-Romeu, east of Andorra and close to Puigcerda.
• Uruguay — The Filomena Islands, which are surrounded by Argentinian territorial waters in the Uruguay River.

Subnational enclaves which are also exclaves

Many of the administrative divisions of the Principality of Liechtenstein have exclaves, some of which are enclaves.

• In Australia, the Australian Capital Territory is an enclave of New South Wales. The ACT used to administer the separate coastal enclave of Jervis Bay on the New South Wales south coast.
• In Azerbaijan, the Raion of Abşeron has an exclave within Baku.
• In Estonia:
  • Kohtla-Järve consists of seven separated areas with a distance of 30 km. Of these exclaves, Kukruse and Oru districts and Viivikonna subdistrict of Sirgala district are also enclaves, since they are surrounded by Kohtla Parish, Toila Parish and Vaivara Parish, respectively.
  • Olgina district of Narva is surrounded by Vaivara Parish.
• In Ethiopia, the Benishangul-Gumuz Region has two exclaves in the Oromia Region.
• In France (départements):
  • Hautes-Pyrénées has two exclaves in Pyrénées-Atlantiques.
  • Meurthe-et-Moselle has one exclave inside Meuse.
  • Nord has one exclave in Pas-de-Calais.
  • Vaucluse has a rather large exclave within the Drôme département. The Enclave des Papes [2] was part of the possessions of the Pope in France near Avignon; it was attached to Vaucluse when annexed after the départements were created (see Comtat Venaissin). The Enclave des Papes contains 4 towns: Valréas, Visan, Grillon and Richerenches.
• In Germany, the city of Bremerhaven is an exclave of Bremen federal state, which is altogether an enclave in Lower Saxony.
• In India, the union territory of Pondicherry (formally Puducherry) comprises four districts: Pondicherry and Karaikal in the state of Tamil Nadu, Yanam in the state of Andhra Pradesh, and Mahé in the state of Kerala. The four districts of Pondicherry were French colonies until 1954. Until 1952, France maintained a fifth colony in India, Chandannagar, which also reported to the Governor of Pondicherry, and which was an enclave in Bengal, just upriver from Calcutta.
  • Pondicherry proper consists of a cluster of eleven enclaves (three coastal), one of which contains an enclave of Tamil Nadu. Mahé consists of two enclaves.
• In Italy, part of the Città di Castello comune, in the region Umbria is completely surrounded by region Marche.
• In Liechtenstein, many Gemeinden (municipalities) are fragmented (see map, right). There are three exclaves which are also enclaves: Planken and Vaduz each have one in Schaan, and Schaan has one in Planken.
• In Moldova, the Chişinău-controlled Dubăsari district is split into five pieces, of which two are enclaves within Transnistria. Transnistria is de facto independent, but not recognized by any UN members.
• In Mongolia, the municipality of Ulan Bator is divided into three parts, two of which are enclaves in Töv Province.
• In New Zealand, the Kawerau District is an enclave within the Whakatane District.
• In Norway, the municipality of Malvik, Sør-Trøndelag has two small exclaves (the Jøsås farms) in the neighbouring municipality of Stjørdal, Nord-Trøndelag. As the municipalities are also in different counties, this also implies that small parts of Sør-Trøndelag are enclaves in Nord-Trøndelag. The municipality of Sandefjord has one exclave, Himberg, inside the neighbouring municipality of Larvik.
• In Panama:
  • The comarca of Emberá has a rather large exclave that is enclaved by Darién Province.
  • The comarca of Ngöbe-Buglé has at least four exclaves, of which two are enclaved in Chiriquí Province and two are enclaved in Veraguas Province. Chiriquí also has at least one exclave which is not an enclave.
• In Portugal, as a consequence of administrative reforms during the 19th century (in the 1830s, then again in the 1850s, and to a much lesser extent in the 1890s), as well as more recent legislation forbidding the creation of territorial discontinuities, there are almost no subnational exclaves or enclaves, and the few that persist are on the municipal or civil parish level:
  • One of the civil parishes of Coimbra has an exclave that constitutes an enclave within the territory of another civil parish of the same municipality, thus the municipality itself is territorially continuous.
• In Spain:
  • In Andalusia, Villar is an exclave of Córdoba province surrounded by Seville province.
  • Cantabria — Villaverde de Trucios is a small exclave within the Basque province of Biscay.
  • Castile-La Mancha — The province of Guadalajara has a tiny enclave La Canaleja in the Autonomous Community of Madrid.
  • Castile and León — The province of Burgos has four exclaves: The Condado de Treviño is an enclave of the Basque province of Álava. Sajuela and Ternero are enclaves of the Autonomous Community of Rioja. La Rebolleda is an enclave of the province of Palencia. Palencia also has four exclaves which are enclaves: Cezura and Lastrilla are within Cantabria. Villodrigo and Aguanares are in the province of Burgos. Also, the Province of Valladolid administers San Llorente, which is within the province of León.
  • In Catalonia, the province of Girona administers Solelles de les Rovires, which is surrounded by the province of Barcelona.
  • Navarre — Within the Aragonese province of Zaragoza are two enclaves, Petilla de Aragón and Baztanes.
  • Comunidad de Madrid - Dehesa de la Cepeda is a minute exclave of Madrid on the Northern slopes of Sierra de Guadarrama, wedged between the provinces of Ávila and Segovia, in Castile and León.
• In South Africa, the Eastern Cape Province has an exclave which is an enclave in KwaZulu-Natal Province, containing the town of Umzimkulu.
• In Sweden many municipalities have exclaves (most notably the municipalities of Dalarna County). At least eleven of the exclaves are also exclaves of the first subnational, county, level:
  • Halland County has three very tiny exclaves in Jönköping County.
  • Jönköping County has one exclave in Halland County.
  • Jönköping County has two exclaves in Västra Götaland County.
  • Västra Götaland county has one second degree exclave inside one of the two Jönköping County exclaves.
  • Uppsala County has one exclave in Västmanland County.
  • Jämtland County has two exclaves in Gävleborg County.
  • Västerbotten County has one exclave in Norrbotten County.
• In Switzerland:
  • Aargau — Kloster Fahr is a tiny exclave of Baden district, surrounded by the canton of Zürich.
  • Appenzell Innerrhoden has three exclaves, one of which, Grimmenstein, is enclaved by Appenzell Ausserrhoden.
  • Bern — Münchenwiler, part of Laupen district, is entirely surrounded by the canton of Fribourg.
  • Fribourg — Broye district has three exclaves separated by Vaud, of which two (Surpierre and Vuissens) are enclaves, and the other is bounded by Vaud and Lake Neuchâtel. Another enclave from See district – Wallenbuch – lies within the canton of Bern.
  • Geneva has two small exclaves within Vaud, together forming the commune of Céligny. The larger has a shoreline on Lake Geneva.
  • Solothurn — Steinhof is an exclave, enclaved by the canton of Bern.
• In Ukraine:
  • The city of Slavutych is located geographically in the Chernihiv Oblast district, but is a political part of Kiev Oblast, thus forming an exclave.
  • The town of Kotsiubynske is part of Kiev Oblast, but surrounded by Kiev city.
• In the United States of America:
  • In Alaska, the community of Klukwan is surrounded by Haines Borough, even though the community is part of the Hoonah-Angoon Census Area, which is in turn part of the Unorganized Borough.
  • In Colorado, Arapahoe County has two exclaves within the City and County of Denver, one of which is the city of Glendale. Additionally, Boulder and Weld counties both have an exclave within the City and County of Broomfield, and Broomfield has an exclave in Boulder County.
  • District of Columbia — Reagan National Airport was built on reclaimed land in the Potomac River. The District's boundary with Virginia runs to the high-water mark on the south side of the river. Therefore, until 1945, the site was considered to be an exclave of the District. Since then, the airport is officially deemed to be part of Arlington County, Virginia, but it is under exclusive federal jurisdiction and is administered as if still part of the District.
  • In Georgia, Bibb County has an exclave within Monroe County. This boundary is disputed, however.
  • In Kentucky, following the merger of the Louisville and Jefferson County governments in 2003, the new Louisville Metro has several disjoint parcels of land throughout the county, some of which are enclaves in other cities.
  • In New Jersey, Middletown Township in Monmouth County has an exclave surrounded by the borough of Keansburg.
  • New York has two exclaves in New Jersey. Liberty Island and the original 3.3 acres (13,000 m²) of Ellis Island not created by landfill are part of New York County (the borough of Manhattan in New York City) are located in the Hudson County municipality of Jersey City.
  • In Summit County, Ohio:
    • The city of Cuyahoga Falls has four small enclave/exclaves along its border with the city of Akron. Several houses along Smith Road are legally in the Falls, while neighbors and municipal lands on all sides of the properties are legally within Akron.
    • Bath Township has four exclaves, one of which is an enclave of Akron.
    • Springfield Township has six exclaves, two of which are enclaves in Akron.
    • Coventry Township has six exclaves, five of which are enclaves in Akron. Two of these are joined at a quadripoint.
    • Twinsburg Township has seven exclaves, four of which are enlaves in the city of Twinsburg. The city in turn has one piece connected by only a quadripoint, otherwise surrounded by the township.
  • In Virginia, Fairfax County has an exclave within the City of Fairfax that houses the county courthouse and some other county governmental offices. Prince William County has an exclave within the City of Manassas that houses the county courthouse and some other county governmental offices. Note that in Virginia, communities that are incorporated as cities are completely separate from counties; see Political subdivisions of Virginia.
  • The lands within numerous Indian reservations have been fragmented, with privately owned real estate intermixed with tribal, city, county, state, and federal authorities in a bewildering array of jurisdictional geographies.
    • Red Lake Indian Reservation has one large exclave bordering Canada (itself containing enclaves of non-reservation land) and numerous other small exclaves.
    • Rosebud Indian Reservation also has numerous small exclaves.

Enclaves which are not exclaves

Lesotho (shown in green) is completely surrounded by South Africa.

See also: List of countries that border only one other country

Some enclaves are sovereign states, completely surrounded by another one, and therefore not exclaves. Three such sovereign countries exist:

• The Kingdom of Lesotho, embedded inside South Africa
• The republic of San Marino, enclaved within Italy
• Vatican City, within the city of Rome, in Italy

Subnational enclaves which are not exclaves

• In Australia:
  • In New South Wales, the City of Broken Hill is surrounded by the Unincorporated Far West Region.
  • In South Australia:
    • The District Council of Coober Pedy is surrounded by the Outback Areas Community Development Trust.
    • The City of Mount Gambier is surrounded by the District Council of Grant.
    • The Municipal Council of Roxby Downs is surrounded by the Outback Areas Community Development Trust.
  • In Western Australia, the Town of Narrogin is surrounded by the Shire of Narrogin.
  • In Victoria, a few unincorporated areas for ski resorts form enclaves within the surrounding shires: Falls Creek and Mount Hotham within Alpine Shire and Mount Baw Baw in Baw Baw Shire. In addition, Mount Buller and Mount Stirling share a border with each other, but are surrounded by Mansfield Shire.
• In Austria, Vienna is an enclave in Lower Austria. Interestingly, Vienna was also Lower Austria's capital until 1986.
• In Azerbaijan, several cities are administratively separate from the rayons and form enclaves. These include Mingachevir, Naftalan, Shaki, Khankendi/Stepanakert (in Nagorno-Karabakh), Yevlakh, and Nakhichevan.
• In Belarus, Minsk city is an enclave in Minsk Province.
• In Belgium, the Brussels-Capital Region is an enclave within the Flemish Region, and within the province of Flemish Brabant.
• In Brazil:
  • In Goiás: Portelândia is surrounded by Mineiros.
  • In Mato Grosso do Sul: Ladário is surrounded by Corumbá.
  • In Rio Grande do Sul: Arroio do Padre is surrounded by Pelotas.
  • In São Paulo: Águas de São Pedro is surrounded by São Pedro.
• In Cambodia, Phnom Penh Municipality is surrounded by Kandal Province.
• In Canada: In Quebec, the city of Westmount, the town of Mount Royal, and, collectively, the municipalities of Hampstead, Côte Saint-Luc and Montreal West (Montréal-Ouest) are all enclaves in the city of Montreal. Similarly, the city of L'Ancienne-Lorette is an enclave in Quebec City after the demerger on January 1, 2006. In Saskatchewan, the city of Saskatoon is an enclave inside the rural municipality of Corman Park.
  • The Haskell Free Library and Opera House is located on the line between the United States and Canada; the library is physically located in Stanstead, Quebec in Canada, but the front door to the building exits onto Caswell Avenue in Derby Line, Vermont in the United States. A special exception allows Canadians and Americans to cross the border in order to use the building's facilities, but they must return back to their home country (or see the Customs office) or they can be charged with illegally entering the other country.
• In the People's Republic of China: In the Xinjiang autonomous region, the prefecture-level city of Karamay (which has two non-contiguous parts) and the county-level city of Kuytun (a part of the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture) are completely surrounded by the Tacheng Prefecture (which is also technically part of the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture).
• In Colombia: In the Capital District, La Candelaria municipality is an enclave of SantaFé.
• In the Czech Republic, Prague is not part of the Central Bohemian Region, although it is the region's capital.
• In Denmark, Frederiksberg is an enclave of Copenhagen.
• In Estonia, many urban municipalities are enclaves, when a town or a borough is surrounded by a single parish. Such cases include the towns of Jõgeva, Mõisaküla, Põltsamaa, Põlva, Püssi, Tõrva and Võru and the boroughs of Järvakandi and Vändra.
• In Ethiopia, Addis Ababa city and Harari Region are two of the four enclaves in Oromia Region.
• In Finland: In Uusimaa region, the town of Kauniainen is enclosed by the city of Espoo. The two are located west of Helsinki, in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area.
• In France: In Côtes-d'Armor département, the commune of Plessix-Balisson is surrounded by the commune of Ploubalay.
• In Germany:
  • Berlin is an enclave in Brandenburg.
  • Bremen is an enclave in Lower Saxony. Bremen in its turn has an exclave with access to the sea called Bremerhaven, 60 km to the north.
• In Hungary: the city of Budapest is an enclave within Pest County, of which it is the capital (although it does not form part of it).
• In Iceland, the municipality of Hveragerði is an enclave in Sveitarfélagið Ölfus.
• In India: the city of Dadra, an exclave of the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, is a true enclave of the state of Gujarat.
• In Kazakhstan, the cities of Almaty, Astana, and Baikonur are administratively separate from the provinces in which they are enclaved.
• In Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek is an independent city within Chuy Province, although it is the province's capital.
• In Latvia, the cities of Daugavpils and Rēzekne are surrounded by and independent from the municipalities with the same names.
• In Lithuania, a few city municipalities are enclaved in the district municipalities of the same names, including Šiauliai, Panevėžys, and Alytus.
• In Malaysia, the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya are enclaves of the sultanate of Selangor.
• In Mali, the Bamako Capital District is enclaved in Koulikoro Region.
• In Mexico, in the state of Nuevo León, the municipality of Hualahuises is surrounded by the municipality of Linares.
• In Mongolia, Darkhan-Uul Province is surrounded by Selenge Province.
• In New Zealand, the Kawerau District territorial authority is completely surrounded by the Whakatane District.
• In Niger, the capital district of Niamey is surrounded by the department of Tillabéri.
• In North Korea: In South Pyongan province, Ch'ŏngnam district is an enclave in Mundŏk county.
• In the Philippines:
  • Baguio City is an enclave in Benguet province.
  • Angeles City is an enclave in Pampanga province.
  • Naga City is an enclave in Camarines Sur province.
• In the Republic of China:
  • Taipei City is an enclave of New Taipei City.
  • Chiayi City is an enclave of Chiayi County.
• In Romania, Bucureşti-Ilfov development region is enclaved by the Sud (South) development region. The municipality of Bucharest is also an enclave of Ilfov County.
• In Russia:
  • Adygea republic is an enclave in Krasnodar Krai.
  • Moscow is an enclave in Moscow Oblast, although it is the administrative centre of Moscow Oblast. Also, some small exclaves of Moscow in Moscow Oblast exist. Also, St. Petersburg is the administrative centre of Leningrad Oblast, being an enclave in it, although this enclave is not true as it has access to Baltic Sea.
  • Moscow region: there is a small part of Krasnogorsk region addressed at 65–66 km MKAD, outer side which is used to base administrative center and regional court. This exclave doesn't have access to river even the Moscow river is here.
• In South Korea, Gwangju city is an enclave of Jeollanam-do province. Seoul was an enclave of Gyeonggi Province until neighbouring Incheon was declared a special city in 1981.
• In Switzerland, the two half-cantons of Appenzell are enclaved by the Canton of St. Gallen. Appenzell Innerrhoden is mostly surrounded by Appenzell Ausserrhoden, and both are completely surrounded by St Gall.
• In Syria, the governorate of Damascus is surrounded by the governorate of Rif Dimashq.
• In Tajikistan, the Dushanbe RRS is enclaved by Karotegin province.
• In Togo: In Centrale Region, the prefecture of Blitta is surrounded by the prefecture of Sotouboua.
• In Trinidad and Tobago, the Borough of Arima is surrounded by the Tunapuna-Piarco Regional Corporation.
• In Ukraine, the city of Kiev is independent of surrounding Kiev Oblast, although it is the oblast's administrative center.
• In the United Kingdom:
  • The English unitary authorities of Nottingham, Derby, Stoke-on-Trent, and Leicester are enclaves in the administrative counties of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Staffordshire, and Leicestershire, respectively.
  • In Cambridgeshire: the City of Cambridge is a local government district completely surrounded by the district of South Cambridgeshire.
  • In Cheshire: the unpopulated civil parish of Chester Castle is completely surrounded by the unparished area of Chester. Both form part of the borough of Cheshire West and Chester.
  • The City of London is an enclave within the ceremonial county of Greater London. It forms its own ceremonial county. Also, the rest of Greater London consists of London boroughs, whilst the City is not a London borough.
• In the United States of America:
  • In Arizona:
    • The Hopi Reservation is surrounded by the Navajo Reservation.
    • The city of South Tucson is an enclave in the city of Tucson.
  • In Arkansas, the City of Cammack Village is an enclave of Little Rock.
  • In California:
    • In 1956, Newark defected from the proposed incorporation of the communities of Washington Township as the city of Fremont. It is now an incorporated city surrounded by Fremont.
    • Piedmont incorporated in 1907 to avoid annexation by Oakland, and is now surrounded by Oakland.
    • The city of San Fernando is an enclave in the city of Los Angeles. Beverly Hills and West Hollywood together form another. Culver City and the unincorporated community of Ladera Heights form a third enclave. Santa Monica borders the Pacific Ocean on one side but it is otherwise completely surrounded by the City of Los Angeles
    • The city of Signal Hill is entirely surrounded by the city of Long Beach.
    • The city of Villa Park is an enclave of city of Orange.
  • In Florida, the town of Baldwin is an enclave within the city of Jacksonville. The Village of Lazy Lake is contained entirely within the borders of the city of Wilton Manors.
  • In Georgia, Payne City is an enclave within the city of Macon, similarly Remerton is an enclave of Valdosta.
  • In Idaho, Garden City is an enclave in the city of Boise.
  • In Illinois, Norridge and Harwood Heights together form an enclave in the city of Chicago.
  • In Indiana, after the creation of Unigov (the merged government of Indianapolis and Marion County) in 1970, three of the four communities that did not fully merge with Indianapolis – Beech Grove, Southport, and Speedway – became enclaves of Indianapolis.
  • In Iowa, the city of University Heights is entirely surrounded by Iowa City.
  • In Kansas, the city of Eastborough is entirely surrounded by Wichita
  • In Kentucky:
    • When the governments of Louisville and Jefferson County merged in 2003, a bewildering array of enclaves was created, as all other incorporated cities in Jefferson County retained their status as separate cities. Note that the entire Ohio River between the northern and southern low-water marks is now part of Louisville Metro.
      • The following enclaves existed in pre-merger Louisville: Audubon Park, Meadowview Estates, Parkway Village, Seneca Gardens, Wellington, and the combination of Kingsley, Strathmoor Manor, and Strathmoor Village.
      • Three other cities were, and still are, enclaved in cities other than Louisville:
        • Norbourne Estates and Richlawn are enclaves of St. Matthews.
        • Woodland Hills is an enclave of Middletown.
      • The merger created many other enclaves within the portion of Louisville Metro that includes pre-merger Louisville but excludes all other pre-existing cities, an entity defined by the United States Census Bureau as the "Louisville-Jefferson County balance".
        • These individual enclaves: Creekside, Fincastle, Glenview Hills, Hickory Hill, Hills and Dales, Hollow Creek, Hollyvilla, Lynnview, Minor Lane Heights, Shively, South Park View, Spring Mill, and Thornhill.
        • The combination of Cambridge, Houston Acres, Lincolnshire, and St. Regis Park.
        • The combination of Poplar Hills, Watterson Park, and West Buechel.
        • The aforementioned cities of Middletown, Norbourne Estates, Richlawn, St. Matthews, and Woodland Hills are part of a large enclave within the "balance", which also includes Anchorage, Bancroft, Barbourmeade, Beechwood Village, Bellemeade, Bellewood, Blue Ridge Manor, Briarwood, Broeck Pointe, Brownsboro Farm, Brownsboro Village, Crossgate, Douglass Hills, Druid Hills, Forest Hills, Glenview, Glenview Manor, Goose Creek, Graymoor-Devondale, Jeffersontown, Hurstbourne, Hurstbourne Acres, Indian Hills, Langdon Place, Lyndon, Manor Creek, Maryhill Estates, Meadow Vale, Meadowbrook Farm, Mockingbird Valley, Moorland, Murray Hill, Northfield, Norwood, Old Brownsboro Place, Plantation, Riverwood, Rolling Fields, Rolling Hills, Spring Valley, Sycamore, Ten Broeck, Westwood, Wildwood, Windy Hills, and Woodlawn Park.
  • In Michigan:
    • The city of Center Line is completely surrounded by Warren.
    • Highland Park and Hamtramck border each other, but the two together are completely surrounded by Detroit.
    • The city of Lathrup Village is completely surrounded by Southfield.
  • In Minnesota:
    • The city of Centerville is completely surrounded by Lino Lakes
    • The city of Hilltop is completely surrounded by Columbia Heights.
    • The city of Willernie is completely surrounded by Mahtomedi.
  • In Missouri, the cities of Gladstone and North Kansas City are separately surrounded by Kansas City.
  • In Montana, when the governments of Butte and Silver Bow County merged in 1977, the town of Walkerville voted not to join the consolidated government, thus becoming an enclave.
  • In New Jersey:
    • In Burlington County:
      • The borough of Fieldsboro is surrounded by Bordentown Township.
      • The borough of Medford Lakes is completely surrounded by the township of Medford.
      • The borough of Pemberton is enclaved within Pemberton Township.
    • In Gloucester County, the borough of Swedesboro is surrounded by Woolwich Township.
    • In Hunterdon County:
      • The borough of Flemington is enclaved within Raritan Township.
      • The borough of Lebanon is surrounded by Clinton Township.
    • In Mercer County:
      • The boroughs of Hopewell and Pennington are enclaves in Hopewell Township.
      • The borough of Hightstown is completely surrounded by East Windsor Township.
      • The Borough of Princeton, home of Princeton University, is completely surrounded by Princeton Township.
    • In Middlesex County:
      • The borough of Jamesburg is completely surrounded by Monroe Township.
      • The borough of Metuchen is completely surrounded by the township of Edison.
    • In Monmouth County:
      • The borough of Englishtown is completely surrounded by Manalapan Township.
      • The borough of Farmingdale is enclaved within Howell Township.
      • Freehold Borough is completely surrounded by Freehold Township.
    • In Morris County:
      • Morristown is surrounded by Morris Township.
      • Chester Borough is enclaved within Chester Township.
    • In Ocean County:
      • The borough of Lakehurst is completely surrounded by Manchester Township.
      • The borough of Lavallette is surrounded by Toms River Township.
      • The borough of Ocean Gate is surrounded by Berkeley Township.
      • The borough of Tuckerton is enclaved within Little Egg Harbor Township.
    • In Salem County, the borough of Woodstown is surrounded by Pilesgrove Township.
    • In Sussex County:
      • The borough of Branchville is surrounded by Frankford Township.
      • The borough of Sussex is enclaved within Wantage Township.
    • In Warren County:
      • The borough of Alpha is surrounded by Pohatcong Township.
      • The borough of Washington is enclaved by Washington Township.
  • In North Dakota, the city of Prairie Rose is an enclave of Fargo.
  • In Ohio:
    • In Montgomery County, there are several cities with enclaves and exclaves. Dayton has one exclave, while surrounding several enclaves that belong to the cities of Trotwood and Riverside. Riverside also has several exclaves that border more than one city as well as additional parcels that are connected to the city only by a roadway. Clayton contains several enclaves surrounded by Englewood and one that is completely surrounded by Union. Other than Dayton's exclave, the international airport, these enclaves and exclaves were formed by municipality-township mergers in the 1990s.
    • The cities of Minerva Park, Bexley, Whitehall, and Valleyview are all enclaves of Columbus. The cities of Worthington and Riverlea together form another enclave of Columbus.
    • The city of Norwood is an enclave of Cincinnati. The cities of Elmwood Place, to the north, and St. Bernard, to the south, together form another enclave of Cincinnati.
    • In Stark County, the village of Hills & Dales is enclaved by Jackson Township.
    • In Summit County, the village of Lakemore is surrounded by Springfield Township.
  • In Oregon, the city of Maywood Park is surrounded by Portland, which annexed the surrounding lands after Maywood Park incorporated.
  • In Pennsylvania, every county in the state other than the counties of Fulton, Philadelphia, Pike and Union contains at least one municipality in another municipality. Allegheny County, among others, contain numerous enclaved municipalities.
  • In Tennessee, the cities of Red Bank and Ridgeside are enclaves in the city of Chattanooga.
  • In Texas:
    • The cities of Alamo Heights, Balcones Heights, Castle Hills, Hill Country Village, Hollywood Park, Kirby, Leon Valley, Olmos Park, Shavano Park, and Terrell Hills are all enclaves of San Antonio. [3]
    • The cities of Bellaire, West University Place, and Southside Place together form an enclave of Houston. The cities of Bunker Hill Village, Hedwig Village, Hilshire Village, Hunters Creek Village, Piney Point Village, and Spring Valley Village together form another enclave of Houston.
    • The cities of Highland Park and University Park, collectively known locally as the "Park Cities", together form an enclave of Dallas. In addition, the city of Cockrell Hill is also an enclave of Dallas.
    • The city of Beverly Hills is an enclave of Waco.
    • The cities of Dalworthington Gardens and Pantego together form an enclave of Arlington.
  • In Vermont:
    • The city of Rutland is an enclave of the town of Rutland.
    • The city of St. Albans is an enclave of the town of St. Albans.
    • The Haskell Free Library and Opera House is located on the line between the United States and Canada; the library is physically located in Stanstead, Quebec in Canada, but the front door to the building exits onto Caswell Avenue in Derby Line, Vermont.
  • In Virginia:
    • Under Virginia law, all municipalities that are incorporated as cities are legally independent of any county. Fifteen such enclaves—thirteen individual cities, plus two pairs of adjoining cities—exist within the state; some of the cities that form these enclaves serve as county seat of the surrounding county:
      • Bedford, enclaved within and the county seat of Bedford County
      • Buena Vista, enclaved within Rockbridge County
      • Charlottesville, enclaved within and the county seat of Albemarle County
      • Covington, enclaved within and the county seat of Alleghany County
      • Emporia, enclaved within and the county seat of Greensville County
      • Fairfax, enclaved within and the county seat of Fairfax County. As noted above, the county courthouse is located in an unincorporated portion of Fairfax County that is completely surrounded by the city.
      • Harrisonburg, enclaved within and the county seat of Rockingham County
      • Lexington, enclaved within and the county seat of Rockbridge County
      • Manassas and Manassas Park together form an enclave within Prince William County. Manassas is the county seat; as noted above, the county courthouse is located in an unincorporated portion of Prince William County that is completely surrounded by the city.
      • Martinsville, enclaved within and the county seat of Henry County
      • Norton, enclaved within Wise County
      • Roanoke and Salem together form an enclave within Roanoke County. The Roanoke County Courthouse is located in Salem, but the rest of the county government is located in the unincorporated community of Cave Spring.
      • Staunton, enclaved within and the county seat of Augusta County
      • Waynesboro, enclaved within Augusta County
      • Winchester, enclaved within and the county seat of Frederick County
  • In Wisconsin, the village of Thiensville is an enclave of the city of Mequon in Ozaukee County.
• In Uzbekistan, Tashkent is separate from surrounding Toshkent Province, although it serves as its capital.
• In Yemen, Amanat Al Asimah Governorate (Sana'a municipality) is surrounded by San‘a’ Governorate.
• In Zimbabwe, Harare is an enclave in the province of Mashonaland East.

Exclaves which are not enclaves

To be a true exclave, there has to be no way to get from one part of the country to the other without going through another country.

• Azerbaijan: Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia, Iran, and Turkey.
• Honduras: The larger and more westerly of two areas of juridical condominium shared with El Salvador and Nicaragua in the Gulf of Fonseca comprising about 20 sq nm of actually detached internal waters of Honduras abutting on about 160 sq nm of territorial seas of Honduras in the adjacent Pacific Ocean just beyond the closing line of the gulf.

Subnational exclaves which are not enclaves

St. Martin Parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana, shown here, is divided into two non-contiguous areas separated by Iberia Parish.

• In Australia, the state of Victoria's Murrindindi Shire has an exclave along the border with Shire of Yarra Ranges. It is separated from the rest of Murrindindi Shire by the Lake Mountain unincorporated area, which was originally a part of the shire.
• In Austria, the transfer of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol to Italy after World War I left the county of Tyrol in two parts.
• In Belgium, the Flemish Region has an exclave, the municipality of Voeren (Fourons), whereas Wallonia also has an exclave, the municipality of Comines-Warneton (Komen-Waasten). The territory of the German-speaking Community of Belgium is also composed of two parts separated by a part of the French Community. Apart from Baarle-Hertog, there are two municipalities consisting of non-contiguous parts: Ixelles/Elsene in the Brussels Capital Region and Mesen in West-Flanders.
• In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Posavina Canton is part of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina situated between Republika Srpska and Croatia. In this canton, Orašje is adjacent to Brčko District, which belongs to both entities, but Odžak is a true exclave.
• In Brazil:
  • In Goiás: Sítio d'Abadia was cut in two as a result of the expansion of Alvorada do Norte.
  • In Mato Grosso: Barra do Bugres was cut in two as a result of the expansion of Salto do Céu and Reserva do Cabaçal.
  • In Pará: Senador José Porfírio was cut in two as a result of the formation of Anapu.
• In Canada:
  • In Quebec, the Caniapiscau Regional County Municipality is separated into multiple sections.
• In China:
  • Xianghe County, Sanhe City, and Dachang Hui Autonomous County, lodged between the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin, together make up an exclave of the prefecture-level city of Langfang in Hebei province.
  • Tanggulashan Town is an exclave of the city of Golmud, and is also an exclave of the Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture which Golmud is part of, separated from the rest of the prefecture by a "panhandle" of Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture.
• In Estonia:
  • Roodu village is an exclave of Kohtla Parish.
  • Harku small borough is an exclave of Harku Parish.
  • Kohtla-Järve is divided into six districts in seven separated areas. Of these exclaves, Ahtme, Järve, Sompa and Viivikonna districts are not enclaves.
  • Kudruküla district is an exclave of Narva.
• In Finland: In Central Finland, the former municipality of Säynätsalo is now an exclave of Jyväskylä municipality.
• In France, the commune of Ménessaire is an exclave of the department of Côte-d'Or between Nièvre and Saône-et-Loire.
• In Germany:
  • The North Sea island of Neuwerk in front of the Lower Saxon coast is an exclave of the federal state of Hamburg.
  • The Samtgemeinde Baddeckenstedt is separated from the greater part of the district Wolfenbüttel by the urban district of Salzgitter.
  • The former municipality Hinterhermsdorf forms an exclave of the town Sebnitz and is separated from the latter by the municipality Kirnitzschtal.
• In Iceland:
  • The municipality of Grímsnes- og Grafningshreppur has three sections. One section is connected to the main part at a quadripoint, and another is effectively separate, although administrative boundaries are undetermined. If this section is in fact connected, then the municipality of Bláskógabyggð would be divided in two (although still connected at the aforementioned quadripoint). [4]
  • The municipality of Ásahreppur has one exclave.
  • The municipality of Kópavogur is divided into three parts.
• In Italy:
  • The Comune di San Colombano (named after the Irish missionary Saint Columbanus) is an exclave of the Province of Milan between the provinces of Lodi and Pavia.
  • The comune Verucchio, in the Emilia-Romagna region, includes an exclave between the Marche region and the Republic of San Marino.
• In Japan, Kitayama Village and Kumanogawa Town of Wakayama prefecture are located in the border between Mie and Nara prefectures.
• In Latvia, Olaine and Rauna municipalities are divided into two sections apiece.
• In Liechtenstein, seven of the eleven municipalities are in two or more pieces. In addition to the enclaves mentioned above, Vaduz has four exclaves; Schaan has three; Planken, Balzers, and Eschen each have two; and Triesenberg and Gamprin both have one.
• In Moldova:
  • Cahul district and Taraclia district both have one exclave, and the autonomous territory of Gagauzia has three.
  • Criuleni district has one exclave, and Dubăsari district has four (two of which are enclaves).
• In the Netherlands, Amsterdam Zuidoost is cut from other parts of the municipality of Amsterdam by land that belongs to the municipalities of Ouder-Amstel and Diemen.
• In the Philippines:
  • Caloocan City is divided in two by Valenzuela City.
  • The municipality of Cordon is separated from the rest of Isabela province by Santiago City.
  • In Cotabato province, the municipality of President Roxas is divided in two by Antipas municipality.
• In Poland, Sławków is an exclave of Będzin County on the border between Lesser Poland Voivodeship and Silesian Voivodeship, to which it administratively belongs.
• In Portugal, as a consequence of administrative reforms during the 19th century (in the 1830s, then again in the 1850s, and to a much lesser extent in the 1890s), as well as more recent legislation forbidding the creation of territorial discontinuities, there are almost no subnational exclaves or enclaves, and the few that persist are on the municipal or civil parish level:
  • Municipalities with exclave civil parishes (at least one civil parish is separated from the main body): Montijo, Oliveira de Frades, Vila Real de Santo António.
  • Municipalities with sub-civil parish level exclaves (at least one civil parish is itself territorially discontinuous, creating an exclave also at the municipal level): Soure.
  • Municipalities with sub-civil parish exclaves that do not constitute an exclave at the municipal level (at least one civil parish is itself territorially discontinuous, but that doesn't create a territorial discontinuity at the municipal level): Ansião, Belmonte, Coimbra, Oliveira de Frades, Penela.
• In Spain:
  • Rincón de Ademuz is an exclave of Valencia province in Valencia autonomous community, between the provinces of Teruel in Aragon and Cuenca in Castile-La Mancha.
  • In Castile-La Mancha, Anchuras is an exclave of the Ciudad Real province between Toledo province and the Extremaduran province of Badajoz.
  • Between the provinces of Zamora and León there is an exclave with the cities of Roales de Campos and Quintanilla del Molar belonging to the province of Valladolid.
  • The province of Palencia possesses an exclave Berzosilla between the provinces of Cantabria and Burgos.
  • Orduña is an exclave of the province of Biscay located between the provinces of Álava and Burgos.
• In Switzerland:
  • Appenzell Innerrhoden — Both parts of the district of Oberegg are bounded by Appenzell Ausserrhoden and St. Gallen.
  • Bern — Clavaleyres is surrounded by Fribourg and Vaud's exclave. (The secession of the new canton of Jura in 1979 left Bern temporarily with another exclave, Laufental, bounded by Jura, Solothurn, Basel-Landschaft and France. Laufental joined Basel-Landschaft in 1994.)
  • Obwalden — Engelberg is a large piece of this canton separated by Nidwalden and Bern.
  • Schaffhausen, the only canton lying mostly on the north bank of the Rhine, is cut into three parts by German corridors to the Rhine. The middle part is the largest, and embraces the German enclave of Büsingen. The upper and middle parts border on Thurgau, the middle and lower parts on Zürich.
  • Solothurn has two exclaves, Dorneck and Thierstein, both bounded on the south by Basel-Landschaft and on the north by France.
  • Vaud — Avenches district is separated from this canton by the canton of Fribourg.
• In Turkey, İstanbul Maslak is an exclave of Şişli county.
• In the United Arab Emirates
  • Dubai, Ajmān, Ras al-Khaimah, and Fujairah Emirates each have one exclave.
  • Sharjah Emirate has four exclaves, one of which is Nahwa.

South Hackensack, New Jersey is divided into three non-contiguous areas.

Darby Township, Pennsylvania is divided into two non-contiguous areas.

Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan is divided into three non-contiguous areas.

• In the United States of America:
  • In Alaska, the Unorganized Borough is separated into multiple sections.
  • Kentucky — The westernmost part of Fulton County is a piece of land known as the Kentucky Bend, located inside a loop of the Mississippi River, detached from its mother state. The only road in the area goes south into Tennessee. This exclave exists because the Mississippi, which forms the boundary between Missouri (right bank) and Kentucky/Tennessee (left bank), crosses latitude 36°30', which defines part of the border between Kentucky and Tennessee, three times.
  • In Louisiana, a portion of St. Martin Parish is separated by Iberia Parish. A portion of West Feliciana Parish is separated by Concordia Parish. A portion of Madison Parish is separated by Warren County, Mississippi.
  • In Massachusetts, Norfolk County has two exclaves: Brookline between Middlesex and Suffolk counties, and Cohasset on the coast of Plymouth County.
  • In Michigan:
    • In Houghton County: The city of Houghton divides Portage and Adams townships into two sections apiece, and the city of Hancock divides Quincy Township in two as well.
    • Brownstown Township, Wayne County is separated into three parts. The two smaller parts are separated from the main portion of the township by Woodhaven. Both smaller parts are further separated by Rockwood and Gibraltar.
  • In New Jersey:
    • In Atlantic County, Egg Harbor Township is split into three parts.
    • In Bergen County, the township of South Hackensack is divided into three separate parts as a result of other municipalities having seceded from it.
    • In Burlington County, the borough of Wrightstown has two sections.
    • In Camden County, Haddon Township is split into three parts, two of which are joined at a quadripoint.
    • In Monmouth County, Aberdeen Township is divided into two pieces.
    • In Morris County, the township of Randolph has a tiny exclave, and Rockaway Township has a small portion that is joined by only a quadripoint.
  • In New Mexico, Sandoval County has an exclave. During World War II, Los Alamos County was created out of parts of Sandoval and Santa Fe Counties, for the convenience of the Manhattan Project. That portion of Sandoval County which is within the San Ildefonso Indian Reservation, about 3 km², became an exclave bounded by Los Alamos County on the southwest, Santa Fe County on the east and Rio Arriba County on the north.
  • In Pennsylvania, numerous municipalities in the southeastern part of Delaware County have exclaves. For example, Springfield Township has an exclave separated from the main body of the township by the village of Swarthmore; Darby Township consists of two separate non-contiguous areas; and part of Upper Darby is separated from the main body of the township by Aldan and Lansdowne. In Lackawanna County, South Abington Township has an isolated section along Glenburn Road surrounded by Clarks Summit borough and Waverly Township. The township also has several virtual exclaves as it is oddly shaped and surrounds Clarks Summit, Clarks Green, and Waverly Township collectively on three sides.
  • In Tennessee, over a period of about 24 hours on March 7, 1876, the Mississippi River abandoned its former channel that coincided with the Tennessee-Arkansas border, and established a new channel east of the town of Reverie, Tennessee. This places Reverie on the Arkansas side, while most of the area of Tipton County is located east of the Mississippi River, the Tennessee side. The direct distance between Reverie and the county seat, Covington, Tennessee, is only 18 miles (29 km), but the road trip to Covington requires the driver to cross the Mississippi River at Memphis, and is longer than 83 miles (134 km).

Pene-enclaves/exclaves and inaccessible districts

Pene-enclaves and pene-exclaves are regions that are enclaves (resp., exclaves) for practical purposes, without meeting the strict definition. For instance, being contiguous with the main region but not connected by road.

• Angola: Cabinda is bounded by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, and the Atlantic Ocean.
• Argentina: The eastern part of Tierra del Fuego island, which is part of Tierra del Fuego province, is bounded by Chile, the Beagle Channel and the Atlantic Ocean.
• Austria:
  • The municipality of Jungholz is surrounded by German territory virtually everywhere, except at one point, a so-called quadripoint: the top of a mountain.
  • The Kleinwalsertal, a valley part of Vorarlberg, can only be reached by road from Oberstdorf, Germany.
• Belarus/Lithuania: Adutiškis railway station straddles the Lithuania/Belarus border. Trains pass through Lithuanian territory while travelling to and from Belarus, and platforms are in both Belarus and Lithuania. Nowadays, the station is mainly used for freight.
• Bolivia: Copacabana and the surrounding promontory are separated from the rest of Bolivia by Lake Titicaca, only joining by land to Peruvian territory.
• Brunei: Temburong District is bounded by Malaysia and Brunei Bay. Territorial waters are contiguous, however.
• Canada:
  • St. Regis, Quebec: Part of the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River, it is attached by land to the St. Regis Mohawk Reservation in New York State; road access to the rest of Canada is only available through New York State.
  • Campobello Island, New Brunswick can be reached by road only by driving through the United States, across the border bridge. Connection with the rest of Canada is by ferry.
  • Cold Lake, a large C-shaped lake, straddles the border between Alberta and Saskatchewan in such a way that a peninsula in Alberta territory can only be reached overland by passing through Saskatchewan's Meadow Lake Provincial Park.
• Croatia: The southern portion of Dubrovnik-Neretva County, including the historic city of Dubrovnik, is bounded by Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and the Adriatic Sea. Territorial waters are contiguous, however. Neum, Bosnia and Herzegovina's only sea access, is sandwiched between the two portions of this county.
• Cyprus (de facto): Two portions of land in the island's Southeast, in addition to the enclaves mentioned above, are cut off from the rest of the Greek Cypriot territory by the British Sovereign Base Area of Dhekelia. They are bounded by the base and the Mediterranean Sea, and the larger one also is bounded by a United Nations Buffer Zone. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus also has an exclave in the island's Northwest, Kokkina/Erenköy, which is bounded by the buffer zone and the Mediterranean.
• Denmark/Germany: Several farms on the border.
• East Timor: Oecussi-Ambeno is bounded by Indonesia and the Savu Sea.
• Finland/Sweden: The Finnish municipality of Tornio has one pene-enclave unreachable directly by land from Finnish territory, and the neighbouring Swedish municipality of Haparanda has two similar pene-enclaves unreachable directly from Swedish territory.
• France:
  • French Guiana (an Overseas Department), in South America, is bounded by Suriname, Brazil, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  • The territorial water of Canada completely surrounds that of the French territorial collectivity of St Pierre and Miquelon except for a corridor 10.5 NM (19.4 km) wide stretching 200 NM (370 km) south to open sea.
• Ireland/United Kingdom: The western-most region of County Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland contains a pene-enclave jutting into County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland (United Kingdom). There are two inaccessible districts: Drumard in the Republic of Ireland is inaccessible directly by road from any other part of the Republic; the village of Summerhill, County Fermanagh in Northern Ireland is similarly inaccessible from the rest of Northern Ireland. The A3 (Northern Ireland) and N54 (Republic of Ireland) road crosses the border 4 times in a short distance. See N54 here: [5]
• Italy:
  • The Livigno valley near the Swiss border was at one time accessible only from Switzerland and was exempt from Italian customs, an exemption that continues today even though road access to the rest of Italy has been established. It is therefore excluded from EU VAT area.
  • The village of Bagni di Craveggia can only be reached by travelling through the Canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The village never became part of Switzerland as the pastures surrounding it were owned by the people of Vigezzo Valley, rather than the people of the Swiss Onsernone Valley, at the end of which the village is situated. Consequently, the Swiss franc is commonly used.
  • On the San Marino/Italy border, there is Italian land east of the river San Marino that does not join to any other part of 'dry' Italian territory. This area is only a few metres wide, and follows the river's course for around 500 metres, and is close to the Strada del Lavoro.
• Namibia: Mpalila Island can only be reached from the rest of the country by travelling through Botswana.
• Netherlands: Part of the province of Zeeland, namely Zeeuws Vlaanderen is accessible by land only through the country of Belgium though it is accessible by sea from the rest of the province of Zeeland. There is a tunnel, the Westerscheldetunnel, which also links Zeeuws Vlaanderen to the rest of the province.
• Norway/Sweden:
  • Properties 79/3 and 79/4 at Trosterud in the Norwegian municipality of Rømskog are only accessible by road via a small tract following the vista of the Norwegian–Swedish state boundary.
  • Close to Narvik, a road enters Swedish territory. It does not connect with any other Swedish road before it enters Norwegian land once more.
• Oman: Musandam is bounded by the United Arab Emirates and the Strait of Hormuz.
• Portugal: An area north of Tourém is cut off from the rest of Portuguese territory by the lake Encoro de Salas, being surrounded by Spanish territory. It is accessible by a road bridge, but otherwise does not border the rest of Portugal.
• Russia:
  • Kaliningrad Oblast is bounded by Lithuania, Poland, and the Baltic Sea.
  • Dubki area is bounded by Estonia and Lake Peipsi-Pihkva.
  • The settlement of Maloje Kulisko is separated from the rest of the country by the Kuuleski River; the village is otherwise surrounded by Estonian territory.
  • There are three pene-exclaves of Russian territory which can be accessed only via the Lithuanian town of Vištytis. The border is officially undemarcated, and there are proposals to change the boundaries around this area.
• Senegal: An area of marshy land, approximately 1-mile (1.6 km) south of Tiong, Mauritania is owned by Senegal, but is inaccessible from any other part of Senegal. Coastal waters, however, are contiguous.
• Spain:
  • Ceuta, Melilla, and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera are bounded by Morocco and the Mediterranean Sea.
  • Os de Civis is inaccessible via any other part of Spanish territory, as one has to travel via Andorra.
• Switzerland: The village of Samnaun could initially only be reached by road from Austria. Thus in 1892 the village was excluded from the Swiss customs territory. The exemption was maintained even when in 1907-1912 a road was built to the Engadin valley.
• Turkey:
  • The European section of Turkey is bounded by Greece and Bulgaria. Note that despite the fact that the European section and the Asian sections of Turkey are not geographically contiguous, there are two connecting bridges in Istanbul.
  • The valley of Macahel, which includes five villages in northeastern Turkey, can only be reached by vehicle via Batumi in Georgia. In winter, as the snow shuts the paths which are completely within the borders of Turkey, the road via Batumi is the only way for getting there.
• United Kingdom:
  • Northern Ireland is bounded by The Republic of Ireland, The Irish Sea and The Atlantic Ocean
  • The overseas territory of Gibraltar is on the south coast of Spain.
• United States:
  • Alaska is bounded by Canada, the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Sea, and the Pacific Ocean.
  • Although Alaska is itself an exclave (road access is primarily via the Alaska Highway), the town of Hyder, Alaska, can only be reached by road from Stewart, British Columbia. There is no road from Hyder to any other point in Alaska. Additionally, much of the Alaska Panhandle consists of mountainous peninsulas; many communities along the coast lack road connection to other parts of Alaska directly, such as the state capital Juneau.
  • Point Roberts, Washington, is bounded by Canada, the Strait of Georgia, and Boundary Bay.
  • The Northwest Angle – the northernmost part of Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota and the northernmost part of the contiguous 48 states – is bounded by Canada and Lake of the Woods.
  • Elm Point, Minnesota, and a small piece of land just to the west are also bounded by Canada and Lake of the Woods.
  • Alburgh, Vermont, is bounded by Canada and Lake Champlain.
  • Province Point, the small end of a peninsula east of Alburgh, Vermont, is bounded by Canada and Lake Champlain.
  • Estcourt Station, Maine, does not have public road access to the rest of Maine. Instead, Estcourt Station's houses, store and gas station access Rue Frontiere, a street on the Canadian side of the border in Pohenegamook, Quebec.

Subnational pene-enclaves/exclaves and inaccessible districts

• In Iceland:
  • Akureyri municipality now controls the islands of Hrísey (as of 2004) and Grímsey (as of 2009), although these two islands are roughly 35 km and 95 km from the city, respectively.
  • Hafnarfjörður municipality is divided into two sections, on opposite sides of a peninsula.
  • Skagabyggð municipality has two noncontiguous pieces with sea access.
• In India, The Union Territory of Daman and Diu consists of two coastal enclaves in the state of Gujarat.
• In Indonesia, the province of Yogyakarta is a coastal enclave of Central Java province with access to Indian Ocean in the south.
• In Malaysia:
  • Cape Rachado is an exclave of state of Malacca, which lies on the coast of Negeri Sembilan.
  • Cameron Highlands, Malaysia's largest tea-growing region, lies in the state of Pahang but is only accessible via Tapah in the state of Perak.
• In Mexico: Calica and Xel-Há in the municipality of Cozumel in Quintana Roo State have two poligons of land bounded by the Solidaridad Municipality but with a Coast.
• In the Netherlands, the province of Overijssel has two exclaves on the Gelderland bank of the IJssel river opposite the towns of Olst and Wijhe, in which the villages of Marle (north exclave), Welsum and Welsumerveld (south exclave) are situated. There are cable ferries between Olst and Welsum and between Wijhe and Vorchten in the municipality of Heerde (there is no direct connection between Marle and the rest of Overijssel).
• In Norway, the municipalities Asker and Bærum are separated from the rest of the county of Akershus by land that belongs to the counties of Oslo, Oppland and Buskerud and Oslofjorden. However, these municipalities border on the bay of Oslofjord.
• In the People's Republic of China: Most of Chongming Island at the mouth of the Yangtze is administered as Chongming County of the Shanghai municipality, which is connected to the rest of Shanghai by a tunnel. However, two small villages on the north side, Haiyong (海永乡) and Qilong (启隆乡), are administered by Haimen and Qidong county-level cities, respectively, both of which are part of the Nantong prefecture-level city of the Jiangsu province. There is no road connection between these villages and the rest of Jiangsu.
• In the Philippines:
  • Three municipalities and two cities of Laguna are separated by the municipality of Santo Tomas, Batangas (a portion of SLEX crosses the municipality) from the rest of the province.
  • In SoCCSKSarGen, Sarangani province is divided by General Santos City or Sarangani Bay.
  • In Zamboanga Peninsula:
    • Isabela City is part of this region (although it is the capital of the ARMM province of Basilan), but it is separated from it by Basilan Strait.
    • Zamboanga del Sur — Zamboanga City, a chartered city, is unofficially part of this province but is separated from it by Zamboanga Sibugay.
  • Some coastal barangays in Canaman, Camarines Sur do not have direct connection to barangays in poblacion. People from some coastal barangays in Canaman have to pass Camaligan via Barangays of Sua and Dugcal or Naga City via Bicol River before reaching poblacion.
• In Portugal, Vila Real de Santo António is divided into 3 freguesias, one of which is a few kilometers due West of the other two. The 'main', Eastern part of its territory (where the municipal seat stands and where most of its inhabitants live) is more than three times smaller than the 'secondary' part. To go from the Eastern part to the Western, you have to pass by territory belonging to the municipality of Castro Marim, or go by sea, as all 3 freguesias face the Atlantic Ocean to the South.
• In the Republic of China (Taiwan), Keelung City (part of Taiwan Province) faces East China Sea on one side and borders New Taipei City (a special municipality not a part of Taiwan Province) on all other sides.
• In Samoa, A'ana, Palauli, Satupa'itea, and Va'a-o-Fonoti districts each have one exclave, and Gaga'emauga district has two. All parts of each district have sea access.
• In South Korea:
  • Incheon Metropolitan City: Ganghwa Island is administered by Incheon, but is connected by bridges to Gyeonggi Province.
  • Yeongjong Island, where Incheon International Airport is located, is administered by Jung-gu, but is connected by bridge to Seo-gu. (A "gu" is a geo-political subdivision of S. Korea's metropolitan cities).
• In Switzerland:
  • Lucerne has two pieces separated from the main territory by the Vierwaldstättersee; one borders Schwyz, the other Nidwalden.
  • Nidwalden's district of Hergiswil is separated by an arm of the Vierwaldstättersee.
  • One of the pieces of Fribourg is a large exclave bounded by Vaud and Lake Neuchâtel.
  • Appenzell Innerrhoden has three small exclaves, two of which border on both Appenzell Ausserrhoden and on Sankt-Gallen.
  • Vaud has one exclave, Avenches, bordered by Lake Neuchâtel, Fribourg and the tiny Bernese exclave of Clavaleyres. The coast of Lake Neuchâtel is thus in seven pieces belonging to four cantons: clockwise from the north they are Neuchâtel, Bern (main), Vaud (Avenches exclave), Fribourg (main), Vaud (main), Fribourg (exclave), Vaud (main).
• In the United Kingdom:
  • England:
    • The village of Pentreheyling in Shropshire, near the Welsh border and south-east of Montgomery, is disconnected from the rest of England by road. (see map).
    • The hamlet/township of Newtown in Theale in Somerset forms a postal pene-exclave of post code area BA5 1, being accessible by road only through post code are BS28 4.
    • On the English side of the English/Scottish border, the hamlet of High Cocklaw is not accessible directly from any other part of England except via footpath.
  • Scotland: There are two parts inaccessible from anywhere else other than travelling through England; these are Edrington Castle and the village of Cawderstanes, which is accessible to the rest of Scotland by footbridge only. Also a small area of land adjacent to a weir on the River Tweed, north of the B6350, due south of Coldstream and due south west of Cornhill on Tweed which can only reach the rest of Scotland directly by crossing the weir.
  • Wales:
    • In Flintshire, on the Dee estuary, there are several bits of marshland that are separated from other bits of Wales.
    • There is also a small area of land south of Wyastone Leys which is inaccessible from any other area of Wales directly by road, being separated by land and the River Wye.
    • There are several small areas north of the village of Part-Y-Seal are inaccessible from Wales directly, these include one farm, two river banks and a small island in the River Wye.
    • National rail services connecting north and south Wales must pass through England.
• In the United States of America:
  • Shifts in the meandering course of the lower Mississippi River have created numerous pene-exclaves.
  • In California:
    • The City and County of San Francisco has an exclave on Alameda Island, across San Francisco Bay and adjoining Alameda County. The exclave came into being as land on the border between the two counties was reclaimed from the Bay to build the Naval Air Station Alameda, now decommissioned. This small piece of open space cannot be reached from San Francisco (except by boat) without passing through Oakland and Alameda.
    • Also in San Francisco Bay, there is a small (5.37 acres) piece of land on the eastern end of Angel Island that belongs to the City and County of San Francisco. The rest (99.3%) of Angel Island lies in the town of Tiburon, which is in Marin County.
    • The port community of San Pedro is part of the city of Los Angeles but is connected to the rest of the city only by a narrow strip of land known as the Harbor Gateway, four city blocks wide and several miles long.
    • The community of San Ysidro borders Mexico and is part of the city of San Diego. It is joined to San Diego proper by a thin strip of territory in San Diego Bay. Between San Ysidro and San Diego proper are the cities of Chula Vista and National City.
    • Coast Guard Island in the Oakland estuary is part of Alameda, California, but only accessible via a bridge from Oakland, California. Most of the former Naval Air Station Alameda was built on artificial fill in San Francisco Bay; the westernmost end is within San Francisco City and County, but physically connected to the rest of Alameda Island.
    • Redwood Shores on the San Francisco Peninsula is part of Redwood City, California, but is only connected with the rest of the city by an area of wetland in San Francisco Bay. It is accessible only via the cities of San Carlos and Belmont.
    • Devil's Postpile National Monument in eastern Madera County, California, is inaccessible from the remainder of the county due to wilderness areas of the Sierra Nevada mountain range. It can be reached only via Mono County near Mammoth Lakes.
    • General Grant Grove is an isolated, non contiguous section of Kings Canyon National Park.
  • Delaware — At least two parcels of land on the east (New Jersey) side of the Delaware River belong to the state of Delaware (the bulk of which is west of the river) and not to New Jersey. This is because within the "Twelve Mile Circle", the entire Delaware River, to the low water mark, is the territory of Delaware and not New Jersey (unlike many other river borders where the border is at some intermediate point in the river itself). As a result, certain areas (including the Killcohook National Wildlife Refuge and a portion of the Salem Nuclear Power Plant) on the New Jersey side of the river that have been expanded by adding fill into areas that were historically below the low water mark are considered part of New Castle County, Delaware, and not Salem County, New Jersey. Both of these areas are accessible by land only by traveling through New Jersey.
  • Kentucky — Ellis Park Racecourse, a Thoroughbred horse racing track in Henderson, Kentucky, actually lies to the north of the Ohio River that forms the border between Kentucky and Indiana. The border is based on the river's course when Kentucky achieved statehood in 1792; a change in course to the south left the land that would later house Ellis Park cut off from the rest of Kentucky by the river. A pair of bridges across the Ohio connect the track to the rest of Kentucky.
  • Iowa — The town of Carter Lake, Iowa, occupied a meander on the left bank of the Missouri River, until 1877 when flooding caused the river to jump its banks, shortening the main stream. The meander became an oxbow lake and Carter Lake now found itself on the right bank, attached to Nebraska. A lengthy court case ensued; the Supreme Court of the United States held that the sudden change in the river's course did not change the original boundary, and Carter Lake was still part of Iowa. (Nebraska v. Iowa, 143 U.S. 359 (1892)). The Court delayed a final decree to allow Nebraska and Iowa to reach an agreement consistent with its holding, which they did. (145 U.S. 519 (1892)). All roads into Carter Lake run through Omaha, Nebraska. For similar geographic reasons there are many slices of Mississippi River states that are now on the "wrong" side of the waterway.
  • In Massachusetts:
    • Humarock, legally part of Scituate, was separated from the rest of the town in the Blizzard of 1898, in which the mouth of the North River shifted. The village is only accessible via a bridge which connects it to Marshfield, but has a peninsular connection to the mainland to the south at the old mouth of the North River, now Rexhame Beach.
    • Long Island, situated in Boston Harbor, is part of the City of Boston (Suffolk County) yet remains accessible by road only from Quincy (Norfolk County).
    • The town of Sandwich is partially-separated in its northern portion by the Cape Cod Canal and is only accessible by road through the neighboring town of Bourne.
  • Michigan —
    • The "Lost Peninsula" in Monroe County, Michigan, can only be reached via Toledo, Ohio. It is otherwise surrounded by Maumee Bay in Lake Erie. (Map)
    • The Upper Peninsula is attached by land to Wisconsin. It is connected to the rest of Michigan via the 5 miles (8 km) Mackinac Bridge on I-75.
  • Missouri — St. Joseph Rosecrans Memorial Airport is separated from St. Joseph and Buchanan County by the Missouri River; the airport lies on the west bank of the river, with the remainder of the city and county on the east bank. The only land access to the airport from Missouri is via Kansas Route 238 through Elwood.
  • In New Jersey: In Ocean County, Long Beach Township is split into four parts, each with sea access.
  • In New York:
    • The construction in 1895 of the Harlem River Ship Canal isolated Marble Hill, a small portion of the northern tip of Manhattan (New York County). Initially an island, it was later physically connected to the Bronx by the filling of Spuyten Duyvil Creek. It remains politically part of Manhattan, to which it is connected by the Broadway Bridge. Thus, it is part of the Borough of Manhattan and New York County, but not the island of Manhattan.
    • Rockaway Peninsula, part of Queens, is connected to the rest of New York City only by two causeways across Jamaica Bay, or through Nassau County.
    • Riker's Island, the jail complex of the City of New York, is considered to be in the borough of The Bronx, but is only accessible via the Riker's Island Bridge, which terminates in the Borough of Queens.
    • Roosevelt Island in New York City is part of the Borough of Manhattan, but is accessible by bridge only from the Borough of Queens. (A tramway and subway connect it to Manhattan, the subway to Queens as well. An automobile elevator on the Queensboro Bridge is no longer in operation.)
    • Similarly, Manhattan's borders often extend to the shorelines of the other boroughs so that, for example, certain piers extending from the Brooklyn waterfront are part of Manhattan but accessible only from Brooklyn. Manhattan (New York County) claims the entire East River bed.
  • North Carolina — Knotts Island in Currituck County is only accessible by road through Virginia Beach, Virginia via a narrow strip of land from the west. A 45-minute ferry connects the island to the rest of Currituck.
  • In Rhode Island, the city of Warwick has an exclave called Potowomut separated from the main body of the city by Greenwich Bay on the north and the town of East Greenwich on the west.
  • Virginia — The Eastern Shore, comprising Accomack County and Northampton County, is located at the southern tip of the Delmarva Peninsula. It is connected to the rest of Virginia by the 23 mile (37 km) long Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel.
  • Washington, D.C. — Theodore Roosevelt Island in the Potomac River is part of Washington, D.C., but only accessible by a footbridge from Virginia. Although the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge from Washington to Virginia passes over the island, one cannot exit from the bridge onto the island.

Historic enclaves/exclaves

• Altona was a Danish enclave in Germany between 1640 and 1864.
• Bremen-Verden, Swedish Pomerania, and Wismar, Swedish enclaves in Germany after the Peace of Westphalia.
• Cheikh Saïd - former French enclave near Aden
• Comtat Venaissin
• Dadra and Nagar Haveli
• Despotate of the Morea, exclave of the Byzantine Empire
• East Pakistan (1955–1971), now Bangladesh, was an exclave from Islamic Republic of Pakistan, if one considers West Pakistan, site of the capital Islamabad, mainland. There were 1600 kilometers of foreign territory separating the east and west wings of Pakistan. East Pakistan accounted for 70% of the exports of the country and was more populous than West Pakistan.
• East Prussia, a German exclave during the Weimar Republic: it was separated from Germany after World War I, when Poland regained access to the Baltic Sea (Polish corridor). East Prussia (essentially the old Duchy of Prussia) is now divided into Kaliningrad Oblast in Russia (see above), the Warmian-Masurian Voivodship in Poland, and Klaipėda County in Lithuania.
• Forbidden City - The last emperor of the Qing Dynasty of China, Emperor Henry Puyi, succeeded the throne in 1909. In 1911, revolution broke out and the Qing army was defeated. According to the treaty signed between the Qing court and the government of the newly formed Republic of China (ROC), Puyi preserved the emperor title and alongside other rights, maintained certain government organs in the Forbidden City mainly for management of the Forbidden City and other palaces, management of imperial families, etc. Inside the Forbidden City it still flew the Dragon Flag of the Qing Dynasty. In 1924, the treaty signed in 1911 was revised unilaterally by the ROC government, abolishing the Puyi's title of Emperor, his right to live in the Forbidden City and other related arrangements.
• Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá a Portuguese enclave within Dahomey/Benin until 1961 (de facto) and 1975 (de jure).
• Gwadar - till 1958, Omani coastal enclave inside Pakistan
• Lado Enclave
• Ifni
• Turkey - The Tomb of Suleyman Shah, located in or near Qal'at Ja'bar in modern-day Syria, was considered a Turkish territory in accordance with the Treaty of Ankara. The tomb has been relocated in 1973 after the creation of Lake Assad.
• Kowloon Walled City - enclave inside Kowloon, Hong Kong. Question of jurisdiction led to hands-off approach adopted by the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong and the United Kingdom until solution was agreed upon.
• Kwang-Chou-Wan
• Mount Scopus (in Jerusalem) was an Israeli exclave in Jordan between 1948 and 1967, before being reunited with West Jerusalem following the Six Day War. It is still an exclave on a political level, since Israel's annexation of the connecting territory is unrecognized.
• Port Arthur
• Pagiriai - 1,7 km² Lithuanian exclave ceded to Belarus in 1996
• Portuguese India
• Jiaozhou Bay
• Shanghai - British and American Concessions (later Shanghai International Settlement), and Shanghai French Concession
• Town Line, New York - voted 85 to 40 to secede from the United States in 1861, becoming an exclave of the Confederate States of America; formally reincorporated into the U.S. in 1946.
• Verenahof
• Walvis Bay was a South African exclave in Namibia, before being transferred from South African jurisdiction and incorporated with Namibia in 1994, four years after that country's independence.
• Wei-Hai-Wei
• West Berlin, before the reunification of Germany, was de facto a West German exclave, enclaved by East Germany. Many small West Berlin land areas, such as Steinstücken, were in turn separated from the main body of West Berlin, some by only a few meters. De jure all of Berlin was ruled by the four Allied powers (as an enclave of East Germany); this meant that West Berlin could not send voting members to the German Parliament, and that its citizens were exempt from conscription.
• Zadar
• Various historical foreign concessions.

Temporary enclaves

Sometimes land is ceded temporarily to another country as a form of legal fiction.

• Suite 212 at Claridges Hotel in London was ceded by the United Kingdom to Yugoslavia on June 17, 1945 to allow Crown Prince Alexander, whose parents were in exile, to be born on Yugoslav soil.
• Camp Zeist, a former United States Air Force base in the Netherlands, was, in 2000, temporarily declared sovereign territory of the United Kingdom, in order to allow the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial to take place.
• In 1943, the maternity ward at the Ottawa Civic Hospital in Canada was temporarily extraterritorial so that Princess Juliana's daughter Princess Margriet would only have Dutch (by parents' nationality) and not dual nationality, because of being born on Canadian soil. Dual nationality would have excluded her from the royal succession.

Sources

• Whyte, Brendan R. (2002, revised 2004). WAITING FOR THE ESQUIMO: An historical and documentary study of the Cooch Behar enclaves of India and Bangladesh. Melbourne: University of Melbourne (doctoral dissertation). ISBN 0-7340-2208-5. 
  • University of Melbourne ePrints repository has an abstract and a complete reprint (PDF: 13.59 MB).
  • Chapter 1 (pages 1–24) is a general survey of international enclaves, with a table Enclaves of the world since 1996 on page 5.
• Jan S. Krogh's Geosite
• Pondicherry Map