List of endangered languages in the United States

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An endangered language is a language that it is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers. If it loses all of its native speakers, it becomes an extinct language. UNESCO distinguishes four levels of endangerment in languages, based on intergenerational transfer:[1]

Vulnerable: Most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home).
Definitely endangered: Children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home.
Severely endangered: Language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves.
Critically endangered: The youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently.
Language Speakers Status Ethnologue
(ISO 639-3)		 Comments Ref
Achumawi language[1] 8 Critically endangered acv    
Acoma-Laguna language[1]   Definitely endangered kjq Keresan languages  
Ahtna language[1] 80 Critically endangered aht    
Alabama language[1] 100 Definitely endangered akz    
Aleut language (Eastern)[1] Critically endangered ale    
Aleut language (Western)[1] Severely endangered ale    
Arapaho language (Wyoming)[1] 250 Severely endangered arp    
Arikara language[1] 3 Critically endangered ari    
Assiniboine language (United States)[1] 250 Critically endangered asb    
Blackfoot language (United States)[1] 5,100 Definitely endangered bla    
Caddo language[1] 25 Critically endangered cad    
Cahuilla language[1] 15 Critically endangered chl    
Central Alaskan Yup'ik language [1] 18,950 Vulnerable esu 2 varieties, 1 on Nunivak Island  
Central Pomo language[1] 8 Critically endangered poo    
Central Siberian Yupik language (St. Lawrence Island)[1] 1,010 Definitely endangered ess    
Central Sierra Miwok language[1] 2,000 Critically endangered csm    
Chemehuevi language[1]   Critically endangered ute    
Cherokee language (North Carolina)[1]   Severely endangered chr    
Cherokee language (Oklahoma)[1]   Definitely endangered chr    
Cheyenne language (Montana)[1]   Definitely endangered chy    
Cheyenne language (Oklahoma)[1]   Severely endangered chy    
Chickasaw language[1]   Severely endangered cic    
Chinook Jargon language[1]   Critically endangered chn    
Choctaw language (Louisiana)[1]   Vulnerable cho    
Choctaw language (Mississippi)[1]   Vulnerable cho    
Choctaw language (Oklahoma)[1]   Vulnerable cho    
Cocopa language (Arizona)[1]   Severely endangered coc    
Coeur d'Alene language[1]   Critically endangered crd    
Columbia-Moses language[1]   Critically endangered col Columbia-Wenatchi language  
Comanche language[1]   Severely endangered com    
Creek language[1]   Definitely endangered mus    
Crow language[1]   Definitely endangered cro    
Gros Ventre language[1]   Critically endangered ats    
Gwich'in language (United States)[1]   Severely endangered gwi    
Halkomelem language[1]   Severely endangered hur Primarily in Canada  
Hän language (United States)[1]   Critically endangered haa    
Havasupai language[1]   Definitely endangered yuf    
Hawaiian language[1]   Critically endangered haw    
Hidatsa language[1]   Definitely endangered hid    
Holikachuk language[1]   Critically endangered hoi    
Hopi language[1]   Vulnerable hop    
Hualapai language[1]   Vulnerable yuf    
Hupa language[1]   Critically endangered hup    
Ingalik language[1]   Critically endangered ing    
Ipai language[1]   Critically endangered dih    
Jemez language[1]   Vulnerable tow    
Jicarilla Apache language[1]   Severely endangered apj    
Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille[1]   Critically endangered fla Montana Salish language  
Karuk language[1]   Severely endangered kyh    
Kashaya language[1]   Critically endangered kju    
Kawaiisu language[1]   Critically endangered xaw    
Kickapoo language (Kansas)[1]   Severely endangered kic    
Kickapoo language (Oklahoma)[1]   Severely endangered kic    
Kickapoo language (Texas)[1]   Severely endangered kic    
Kiksht language[1]   Critically endangered chh    
Kings River Yokuts[1]   Critically endangered yok    
Kiowa language[1]   Severely endangered kio    
Kiowa Apache language[1]   Critically endangered apk    
Klallam language[1]   Critically endangered clm    
Koasati language (Louisiana)[1]   Definitely endangered cku    
Koasati language (Texas)[1]   Definitely endangered cku    
Konkow language[1]   Critically endangered mjd    
Koyukon language[1]   Critically endangered koy    
Kutenai language[1]   Severely endangered kut Primarily in Canada  
Kwak'wala language[1]   Critically endangered kwk Primarily in Canada  
Lake Miwok language[1]   Critically endangered lmw    
Luiseño language[1]   Critically endangered lui    
Lushootseed language[1]   Critically endangered lut    
Maidu language[1]   Critically endangered nmu    
Makah language[1]   Critically endangered myh    
Malecite-Passamaquoddy language[1]   Definitely endangered pqm Primarily in Canada  
Maliseet-Passamaquoddy language[1]   Severely endangered pqm    
Mandan language[1]   Critically endangered mhq    
Maricopa language[1]   Severely endangered mrc    
Massachusett language[1] 5 children and growing Defnitely endangered wam Actively being revived, largest volume of printed/written documentation (since 1663) of any Native American language  
Menominee language[1]   Critically endangered mez    
Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache language (New Mexico)[1]   Definitely endangered apm    
Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache language (Oklahoma)[1]   Critically endangered apm    
Micmac language (Massachusetts)[1]   Definitely endangered mic    
Mikasuki language[1]   Vulnerable mik    
Mohave language (Arizona)[1]   Severely endangered mov    
Mohave language (California)[1]   Severely endangered mov    
Mohawk language (Akwesasne, St. Regis)[1]   Definitely endangered moh    
Mohawk language (Ganienkeh)[1]   Definitely endangered moh    
Mohawk language (Kanatsiohareke)[1]   Definitely endangered moh    
Mono language (Eastern)[1]   Critically endangered mnr    
Mono language (Western)[1]   Critically endangered mnr    
Montana Salish language[1]   Critically endangered fla    
Munsee language (United States)[1]   Critically endangered umu    
Navajo language[1]   Vulnerable nav    
Nez Perce language[1]   Critically endangered nez    
Inupiat language ()[1]   Severely endangered esi North Alaskan: Kotzebue Sound & North Slope  
Northern Haida language[1]   Critically endangered hdn Primarily in Canada  
Northern Paiute language (Idaho)[1]   Critically endangered pao    
Northern Paiute language (Nevada)[1]   Definitely endangered pao    
Northern Paiute language (Oregon)[1]   Critically endangered pao    
Northern Pomo language[1]   Critically endangered pej    
Northern Sierra Miwok language[1]   Critically endangered nsq    
Northern Straits Salish language[1]   Critically endangered sal    
O'odham language (Akimel)[1]   Definitely endangered ood    
O'odham language (Tohono)[1]   Definitely endangered ood    
Ojibwe language[1]   Severely endangered ciw    
Okanagan language[1]   Definitely endangered oka Primarily in Canada  
Omaha-Ponca language[1]   Critically endangered oma    
Oneida language (New York)[1]   Critically endangered one Also in Canada
Oneida language (Wisconsin)[1]   Critically endangered one    
Onondaga language (New York)[1]   Critically endangered ono Also in Canada  
Osage language[1]   Critically endangered osa    
Ottawa language (Michigan)[1]   Critically endangered otw Also in Canada  
Pacific Gulf Yupik language[1]   Severely endangered ems    
Panamint language[1]   Critically endangered par    
Patwin language[1]   Critically endangered wit    
Pawnee language[1]   Critically endangered paw    
Picuris language[1]   Vulnerable twf    
Potawatomi language (Kansas)[1]   Critically endangered pot    
Potawatomi language (Michigan)[1]   Critically endangered pot    
Potawatomi language (Oklahoma)[1]   Critically endangered pot    
Potawatomi language (Wisconsin)[1]   Critically endangered pot    
Quechan language[1]   Definitely endangered yum    
Rio Grande Keresan language[1]   Definitely endangered none Keresan languages  
Sahaptin language[1]   Severely endangered uma
waa		    
Sauk-Fox language[1]   Critically endangered sac    
Seneca language (United States)[1]   Severely endangered see    
Seward Peninsula Inupiaq language (King Island)[1]   Critically endangered esk Inupiat language  
Seward Peninsula Inupiaq language (Little Diomede Island)[1]   Critically endangered esk Inupiat language  
Seward Peninsula Inupiaq language (Norton Sound)[1]   Critically endangered esk Inupiat language  
Shawnee language[1]   Severely endangered sjw    
Shoshoni language (Idaho)[1]   Severely endangered shh    
Shoshoni language (Nevada)[1]   Severely endangered shh    
Shoshoni language (Wyoming)[1]   Severely endangered shh    
Sioux language[1]   Vulnerable dak    
Southern Paiute language[1]   Severely endangered ute    
Southern Pomo language[1]   Critically endangered peq    
Southern Sierra Miwok language[1]   Critically endangered skd    
Southern Tiwa language (Isleta Pueblo)[1]   Definitely endangered tix    
Southern Tiwa language (Sandia Pueblo)[1]   Definitely endangered tix    
Spokane language[1]   Critically endangered spo Interior Salish languages, Montana Salish language  
Straits Salish language[1]   Severely endangered str Primarily in Canada  
Tanacross language[1]   Critically endangered tcb    
Tanaina language[1]   Severely endangered tfn    
Tanana language[1]   Critically endangered taa    
Taos language[1]   Definitely endangered twf    
Tewa language (Arizona)[1]   Definitely endangered tew    
Tewa language (New Mexico)[1]   Severely endangered tew    
Tipai language (United States)[1]   Severely endangered dih    
Tlingit language (United States)[1]   Critically endangered tli    
Tolowa language[1]   Critically endangered tol    
Tubatulabal language[1]   Critically endangered tub    
Tule-Kaweah Yokuts[1]   Critically endangered yok    
Tuscarora language (United States)[1]   Critically endangered tus    
Upland Yuman language[1]   Vulnerable yuf    
Upper Kuskokwim language[1]   Critically endangered kuu    
Upper Tanana language (United States)[1]   Critically endangered tau    
Ute language (Colorado, Southern Ute)[1]   Severely endangered ute    
Ute language (Colorado, Ute Mountain)[1]   Severely endangered ute    
Ute language (Utah)[1]   Severely endangered ute    
Valley Yokuts[1]   Severely endangered yok    
Washo language[1]   Severely endangered was    
Western Apache language[1]   Definitely endangered apw    
Wichita language[1]   Critically endangered wic    
Winnebago language (Nebraska)[1]   Severely endangered win    
Winnebago language (Wisconsin)[1]   Severely endangered win    
Wintu-Nomlaki language, Wintu language[1]   Critically endangered wit Wintuan languages  
Yaqui language (United States)[1]   Definitely endangered yaq    
Yavapai language[1]   Severely endangered yuf    
Yuchi language[1]   Critically endangered yuc    
Yurok language[1]   Critically endangered yur    
Zuni language[1]   Vulnerable zun    

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. Paris, UNESCO Publishing. Online version: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/endangered-languages/atlas-of-languages-in-danger/
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