List of epidemics

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Plague panel with the triumph of death. 1607-35, Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin
An artistic portrayal of cholera which was epidemic in the 19th century

This article is a list of epidemics of infectious disease. Widespread and chronic complaints such as heart disease and allergy are not included if they are not thought to be infectious.

Death toll Region Years Name Species Citation
Egypt -8350-01-011650 BC–-8450-01-011550 BC bubonic plague or influenza [1]
Greece -9570-01-01430 BC–-9573-01-01427 BC Plague of Athens typhoid or typhus [2]
5,000,000 Roman Empire 00165-01-01165–00180-01-01180 Antonine Plague smallpox [3]
Roman Empire 00251-01-01251–00270-01-01270 Plague of Cyprian smallpox [2]
25,000,000 Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire 00541-01-01541–00542-01-01542 Plague of Justinian bubonic plague [4]
25,000 Palestine 00639-01-01639 Plague of Emmaus bubonic plague [5]
100,000,000 Europe, Asia 1338–1351 Black Death bubonic plague [6]
Russia 1353 plague
France 1466 Paris plague [7]
England 1485, 1507, 1516, 1529, 1551 English sweating sickness unknown [8]
Spain 1489 Granada typhus
Hispaniola 1493 influenza
Iceland 1494–1495 plague
England 1498 plague [9]
Italy 1505–1530 typhus [10]
90-95% of native population[citation needed] The Americas 1500–1900 smallpox, measles, typhoid, etc. [11]
Hispaniola 1507 smallpox [12]
England 1509–1510 plague
Puerto Rico 1515 smallpox
Hispaniola 1518 smallpox
Mexico 1520 smallpox [13]
Germany 1527 plague
Peru 1527–1530 smallpox
Mexico, Peru 1530-1531 measles
Mexico 1543 Cocolitztli viral hemorrhagic fever
Mexico, Peru 1546 typhus
Brazil 1555 smallpox
Spain 1557 Valencia plague
Mexico, Peru 1558–1559 influenza
Ottoman Empire 1560 Istanbul plague
Chile 1561 smallpox
England 1563–1564 plague
Russia 1570 Moscow plague
Scotland 1574 Edinburgh plague
Mexico 1576 Cocolitztli viral hemorrhagic fever [14]
Seneca nation 1592–1596 measles [15]
Spain 1596–1602 plague [16]
South America 1600–1650 malaria
England 1603 London plague
Egypt 1609 plague
Thirteen Colonies 1617–1619 Massachusetts Bay area smallpox [17]
280,000 Italy 1629–1631 Italian plague of 1629–1631 plague
Wyandot people 1630 in Ontario smallpox
Thirteen Colonies 1633 Plymouth Colony smallpox
Thirteen Colonies 1634 Connecticut River area smallpox
England 1636 Newcastle plague
China 1641–1644 helped end the Ming Dynasty plague [18]
Spain 1647–1652 Great Plague of Seville plague
South America 1648 yellow fever
Italy 1656 Naples plague
Thirteen Colonies 1657 Boston, Massachusetts measles
Netherlands 1663–1664 Amsterdam plague
100,000[19] England 1665–1666 Great Plague of London plague
40,000 France 1668 plague
Spain 1676–1685 plague
Austria 1679 Great Plague of Vienna plague
Thirteen Colonies 1687 Boston, Massachusetts measles
Thirteen Colonies 1690 New York City yellow fever
Canada, New France 1702–1703 smallpox [20]
Sweden 1710–1711 Stockholm plague
Thirteen Colonies 1713 Boston, Massachusetts measles
Thirteen Colonies 1713–1715 New England and the Great Lakes measles
Canada, New France 1714–1715 measles [21]
France 1720–1722 Great Plague of Marseille plague
Thirteen Colonies 1721–1722 Boston, Massachusetts smallpox [22]
Thirteen Colonies 1729 Boston, Massachusetts measles
Spain 1730 Cadiz yellow fever
Thirteen Colonies 1732–1733 influenza [23]
Canada, New France 1733 smallpox [24]
Balkans 1738 Great Plague of 1738 plague
Thirteen Colonies 1738 South Carolina smallpox
Thirteen Colonies 1739–1740 Boston, Massachusetts measles
Italy 1743 Messina plague
Thirteen Colonies 1747 CT, NY, PA, SC measles
North America 1755–1756 smallpox
North America 1759 measles
North America, West Indies 1761 influenza
Russia 1770–1772 Russian plague of 1770–1772 plague
Pacific Northwest natives 1770s smallpox [25]
North America 1772 measles
North America 1775 particularly in the northeast unknown cause [citation needed]
England 1775–1776 influenza [26]
Spain 1778 Cadiz dengue fever
Plains Indians 1780–1782 North American smallpox epidemic smallpox [27]
Pueblo Indians 1788 smallpox
United States 1788 Philadelphia and New York measles
New South Wales, Australia 1789–1790 amongst the Aborigines smallpox [28]
United States 1793 Vermont influenza and epidemic typhus
United States 1793 Virginia influenza
United States 1793–1798 Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793, resurgences yellow fever [29]
Spain 1800–1803 yellow fever [30]
Ottoman Empire, Egypt 1801 bubonic plague [31]
United States 1803 New York yellow fever
Egypt 1812 plague
Ottoman Empire 1812 Istanbul plague
Malta 1813 plague
Romania 1813 Bucharest plague
Ireland 1816–1819 typhus
>>100,000 Asia, Europe 1816–1826 first cholera pandemic cholera [32]
United States 1820–1823 arising near Schuylkill River fever[ambiguous]
Spain 1821 Barcelona yellow fever [33]
New South Wales, Australia 1828 amongst the Aborigines smallpox [34]
Netherlands 1829 Groningen epidemic malaria
South Australia 1829 smallpox [35]
Iran 1829–1835 bubonic plague [36]
>>100,000 Asia, Europe, North America 1829–1851 second cholera pandemic cholera [32]
Egypt 1831 cholera [37][38]
Plains Indians 1831–1834 smallpox
England, France 1832 London, Paris cholera
North America 1832 New York City, Montreal other cities cholera
United States 1833 Columbus, Ohio cholera
United States 1834 New York City cholera
Egypt 1834–1836 bubonic plague [37][38]
United States 1837 Philadelphia typhus
Great Plains 1837–1838 1837-38 smallpox epidemic smallpox
Dalmatia 1840 plague
South Africa 1840 Cape Town smallpox
United States 1841 especially severe in the South yellow fever
20,000+ Canada 1847–1848 Typhus epidemic of 1847 epidemic typhus [39]
United States 1847 New Orleans yellow fever
worldwide 1847–1848 influenza [40]
Egypt 1848 cholera [37][38]
North America 1848–1849 cholera
United States 1850 yellow fever
North America 1850–1851 influenza
United States 1851 Illinois, the Great Plains, and Missouri cholera
United States 1852 New Orleans yellow fever
1,000,000 Russia 1852–1860 third cholera pandemic cholera [32]
Ottoman Empire 1853 what is now Yemen plague [41]
616 England 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak cholera [42]
United States 1855 yellow fever
worldwide 1855–1950 Third Pandemic bubonic plague [43]
Portugal 1857 Lisbon yellow fever
Victoria, Australia 1857 smallpox [44]
Europe, North America, South America 1857–1859 influenza [45]
Middle East 1863–1879 fourth cholera pandemic cholera [32]
Egypt 1865 cholera [37][38]
Russia, Germany 1866–1867 cholera
Australia 1867 Sydney measles
Iraq 1867 plague [46]
Argentina 1852–1871 Buenos Aires yellow fever [47]
Germany 1870–1871 smallpox
40,000 Fiji 1875 Fiji measles [48]
Russian Empire 1877 Baku, now part of Azerbaijan plague [49]
Egypt 1881 cholera [37][38]
>>9,000 India, Germany 1881–1896 fifth cholera pandemic cholera [32]
3,164 Montreal 1885 smallpox timeline
1,000,000 worldwide 1889–1890 Russian flu influenza [50]
Congo Basin 1896–1906 trypanosomiasis [51]
>>800,000 Europe, Asia, Africa 1899–1923 sixth cholera pandemic cholera [32]
113 San Francisco 1900–1904 Third plague pandemic bubonic plague [52]
West Africa 1900 yellow fever
Uganda 1900–1920 trypanosomiasis [53]
Egypt 1902 cholera [37][38]
India 1903 plague [54]
China 1910–1912 Manchuria bubonic plague [55]
75,000,000 worldwide 1918–1920 1918 flu pandemic influenza [56]
Russia 1918–1922 typhus
Egypt 1942–1944 malaria [37][38]
China 1946 Manchuria bubonic plague
Egypt 1946 relapsing fever [37][38]
Egypt 1947 cholera [37][38]
2,000,000 worldwide 1957–1958 Asian flu influenza [57]
worldwide 1961–present seventh cholera pandemic cholera [32]
1,000,000 worldwide 1968–1969 Hong Kong flu influenza [57]
Yugoslavia 1972 1972 outbreak of smallpox in Yugoslavia smallpox
United States 1972–1973 London flu influenza [58]
15,000 India 1974 1974 smallpox epidemic of India smallpox
25,000,000 worldwide 1981–present HIV/AIDS pandemic HIV/AIDS [59]
South America 1990s cholera
52 India 1994 1994 plague epidemic in Surat plague
West Africa 1996 meningitis
Central America 2000 dengue fever [60]
Nigeria 2001 cholera [61]
South Africa 2001 cholera [62]
775 Asia 2002–2003 SARS SARS coronavirus
Algeria 2003 plague [63]
Afghanistan 2004 leishmaniasis [64]
Bangladesh 2004 cholera [65]
Indonesia 2004 dengue fever
Senegal 2004 cholera [66]
Sudan 2004 ebola
Mali 2005 yellow fever [67]
19 Singapore 2005 2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore dengue fever
Angola 2006 Luanda cholera [68]
Congo 2006 Ituri Province plague
India 2006 malaria [69]
50+ India 2006 2006 dengue outbreak in India dengue fever [70]
India 2006 Chikungunya outbreaks Chikungunya virus [71]
50+ Pakistan 2006 2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan dengue fever
Philippines 2006 dengue fever
Congo 2007 Mweka ebola [72]
Ethiopia 2007 cholera [73]
49 India 2007 cholera [74]
10 Iraq 2007 2007 Iraq cholera outbreak cholera [75]
Nigeria 2007 polio [76]
Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Mexico 2007 dengue fever [77]
Somalia 2007 cholera [78]
Uganda 2007 ebola
Vietnam 2007 cholera [79]
Brazil 2008 dengue fever
Cambodia 2008 dengue fever [80]
Chad 2008 cholera [81]
China 2008 hand, foot and mouth disease
Madagascar 2008 bubonic plague [82]
Philippines 2008 dengue fever [83]
Vietnam 2008 cholera [84]
4,293 Zimbabwe 2008–2009 2008–2009 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak cholera
18 Bolivia 2009 2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic dengue fever
India 2009 2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak hepatitis B
Queensland, Australia 2009 dengue fever [85]
worldwide 2009 Mumps outbreaks in the 2000s mumps
931 West Africa 2009–2010 2009-2010 West African meningitis outbreak meningitis [86]
14,286 worldwide 2009–2010 2009 flu pandemic influenza [87]
6,500+ (January 2012) Hispaniola 2010–present 2010–2011 Haiti cholera outbreak cholera [88]
Congo 2011–present measles [89]
81 Vietnam 2011–present hand, foot and mouth disease [90]
350+ Pakistan 2011–present 2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan dengue fever


Death toll Region Years Name Species Citation

See also [edit]

References [edit]

  1. ^ Arielle Kozloff, in "Bubonic Plague in the Reign of Amenhotep III?" (KMT, 17, 3 (Fall 2006), pp. 36–46)
  2. ^ a b George C. Kohn (2008). Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-6935-4. Retrieved 30 March 2011. 
  3. ^ Dionysios Ch Stathakopoulos (March 2004). Famine and pestilence in the late Roman and early Byzantine empire: a systematic survey of subsistence crises and epidemics. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-3021-0. Retrieved 30 March 2011. 
  4. ^ William Rosen (8 May 2007). Justinian's flea: plague, empire, and the birth of Europe. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-03855-8. Retrieved 29 March 2011. 
  5. ^ Dols, Michael W. "Plague in Early Islamic History". Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 94, No. 3 (Jul–Sep, 1974), pp. 371–383.
  6. ^ Justus Friedrich Carl Hecker (1835). The epidemics of the middle ages. Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper. Retrieved 29 March 2011. 
  7. ^ Plague – LoveToKnow 1911
  8. ^ George C. Kohn (2008). "English Sweating Sickness Epidemics". Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence. pp. 105–107. ISBN 978-0-8160-6935-4. 
  9. ^ Plague in Tudor and Stuart England
  10. ^ August Hirsch (1883). "XI Typhus". Handbook of geographical and historical pathology v. 1 1883. New Sydenham Society. Retrieved 29 March 2011. 
  11. ^ History of smallpox#Epidemics in the Americas
  12. ^ Texas Department of State Health Services, History of Smallpox
  13. ^ Guns Germs & Steel: Variables. Smallpox
  14. ^ American plague, New Scientist
  15. ^ American Indian Epidemics
  16. ^ A History of Spain and Portugal
  17. ^ The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge
  18. ^ Timothy Brook (1 September 1999). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. University of California Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-520-22154-3. Retrieved 31 March 2011. 
  19. ^ Ross, David. "UK travel and heritage – Britain Express UK travel guide". The London Plague of 1665. Retrieved 14 July 2011. 
  20. ^ B. Desjardins "Demographic Aspects of the 1702–1703 Smallpox Epidemic in the St. Lawrence Valley". Canadian Studies in Population, vol. 23, No 1 (1996), pp. 49–67.
  21. ^ "The Measles Epidemic of 1714- 1715 in New France" Canadian Studies in Population, vol. 36 (2009), pp. 295–323.
  22. ^ Zabdiel Boylston and innoculation
  23. ^ Ambrosevideo.com
  24. ^ "Does exposure to infectious diseases in infancy affect old-age mortality? Evidence from a pre-industrial population" Social Science & Medicine, vol.68 (2009), pp.1609–1616.
  25. ^ Greg Lange,"Smallpox epidemic ravages Native Americans on the northwest coast of North America in the 1770s", 23 Jan 2003, HistoryLink.org, Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, accessed 2 Jun 2008
  26. ^ The Lancet, Volume 143, Issue 3673, Pages 175–176, 20 January 1894
  27. ^ "The first smallpox epidemic on the Canadian Plains: In the fur-traders' words", National Institutes of Health
  28. ^ BC [Before Cook] and Colonisation
  29. ^ Epidemics
  30. ^ Tiger mosquitoes and the history of yellow fever and dengue in Spain
  31. ^ Andrew Davidson (1893). Hygiene & diseases of warm climates. Pentland. p. 337. Retrieved 31 March 2011. 
  32. ^ a b c d e f g J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. Retrieved 29 March 2011. 
  33. ^ Yellow Fever – LoveToKnow 1911
  34. ^ Aboriginal Health History
  35. ^ South Australian History Timeline (19th Century)
  36. ^ A History of the Human Plague in Iran, Mohammad Azizi, Farzaneh Azizi
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kuhnke, Laverne. Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. ark.cdlib.org, Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gallagher, Nancy. Egypt's Other Wars: Epidemics and the Politics of Public Health. Syracuse University Press, c1990. Published by the American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 977-424-295-5
  39. ^ Gallagher, The Reverend John A. (1936). "The Irish Emigration of 1847 and Its Canadian Consequences". Canadian Catholic Historical Association Report, University of Manitoba Web site. Retrieved 2008-03-23. 
  40. ^ American Journal of the Medical Sciences: July 1849, Volume 18, Issue 35, pp. 148–154
  41. ^ Practitioner. 1877. Retrieved 29 March 2011. 
  42. ^ John Snow (1855). On the mode of communication of cholera. John Churchill. Retrieved 29 March 2011. 
  43. ^ Pryor, E.G. (1975). "The Great Plague of Hong Kong". Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Hong Kong: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Hong Kong Branch (Hong Kong Branch)) 1975: 69. 
  44. ^ Australian Medical Pioneers Index (AMPI) – Colonial Medical Life
  45. ^ Beveridge, W.I.B. Influenza, the Last Great Plague (Heinemann, London, 1977)
  46. ^ 1902Encyclopedia.com
  47. ^ Cited in: Howlin, Diego (2004). "Vómito Negro, Historia de la fiebre amarilla, en Buenos Aires de 1871", Revista Persona.
  48. ^ "Death of Forty Thousand Fijians from Measles". Liverpool Mercury. 29 Sep 1875. Retrieved 9 Nov 2012. 
  49. ^ Plague – LoveToKnow 1911
  50. ^ Great Britain. Local Government Board (1893). Further report and papers on epidemic influenza, 1889–92: with an introduction by the medical officer of the Local Government Board. Eyre. Retrieved 29 March 2011. 
  51. ^ African trypanosomiasis, WHO
  52. ^ Echenberg, Myron (2007). Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague: 1894–1901. Sacramento: New York University Press. p. 231. ISBN 0-8147-2232-6. 
  53. ^ Reanalyzing the 1900–1920 sleeping sickness epidemic in Uganda
  54. ^ Texas Department of State Health Services, History of Plague
  55. ^ In Memory of the 1910 Harbin Plague
  56. ^ Patterson, KD; Pyle GF (Spring 1991). "The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic". Bull Hist Med. 65 (1): 4–21. PMID 2021692. 
  57. ^ a b William E. Paul (1 May 2008). Fundamental immunology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-6519-0. Retrieved 29 March 2011. 
  58. ^ "New, Deadly Flu Strain Detected in Albany Co.". Schenectady Gazette. Associated Press. January 24, 1975. p. 3. Retrieved August 3, 2012. 
  59. ^ UNAIDS (2010) report on the global AIDS epidemic'
  60. ^ Dengue in the Americas: The Epidemics of 2000
  61. ^ Nigeria cholera outbreak kills 400
  62. ^ Cholera Spreads Through South Africa Townships
  63. ^ Plague reappearance in Algeria after 50 years, 2003.
  64. ^ World Health Organization action in Afghanistan aims to control debilitating leishmaniasis
  65. ^ Self-limiting nature of seasonal cholera epidemics: Role of host-mediated amplification of phage
  66. ^ Cholera epidemic takes hold in Senegal
  67. ^ Mali: Yellow fever epidemic in Kayes
  68. ^ Worst cholera outbreak in Angola, BBC
  69. ^ Malaria Epidemic Sweeps Northeast India
  70. ^ Dengue epidemic threatens India's capital
  71. ^ WHO | Chikungunya in India
  72. ^ "Mourners die as fever grips Congo." Sydney Morning Herald, August 30, 2007
  73. ^ Fatal outbreak not a cholera epidemic, insists Ethiopia
  74. ^ Cholera death toll in India rises, BBC News
  75. ^ Cholera outbreak in Iraq growing, Associated Press
  76. ^ Vaccine-linked polio hits Nigeria, BBC News
  77. ^ Dengue fever epidemic hits Caribbean, Latin America, Reuters
  78. ^ Somalia cholera death fears grow
  79. ^ Cholera epidemic losing its sting
  80. ^ Cambodia suffers worst dengue epidemic, 407 dead, Reuters
  81. ^ Cholera epidemic in western Chad kills 123
  82. ^ Madagascar: eighteen dead from Bubonic Plague, five in hospital since 1 January 2008
  83. ^ Dengue cases in Philippines rise by 43 percent: government
  84. ^ Vietnam PM urges action against diarrhea outbreak, Thanh Nien Daily
  85. ^ "Dengue fever epidemic hits northern Australia". bmj.com. March 9, 2009.
  86. ^ "West Africa has worst meningitis epidemic for 10 years". bmj.com. April 21, 2009.
  87. ^ "ECDC Daily Update – Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 – 18 January 2010". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2010-01-18<!- – 09:00 UTC +2-->. Retrieved 2010-01-18. 
  88. ^ Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population official cholera report
  89. ^ Doctorswithoutborders.org
  90. ^ [1]
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