List of extinct states

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This page attempts to list the many extinct states, countries, nations, empires or territories that have ceased to exist as political entities, grouped geographically and by constitutional nature.

Contents

[edit] Ancient and medieval states

States and realms that disappeared in ancient history.

[edit] Europe, North Africa and the Near East

[edit] Ancient

[edit] Medieval

[edit] England

After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Romano-British territories became increasingly fragmented. This was a result of the traditional system of Celtic inheritance: the realm was split amongst all sons upon a king's death. This situation was made worse after c.449 when Jutes and Anglo-Saxons began colonising the south-eastern seaboards. As the Jutes and Anglo-Saxons drove ever further inland, the remaining Celts fled to the far corners of the island. Eventually the Romano-Britons (now known to the Anglo-Saxons as "Welsh") were assimilated or driven into the highlands of Cambria (Wales) or Caledonia (Scotland). Wales and Scotland will be considered separate from what once existed in England.

Sub-Roman Brythonic kingdoms in England

Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England

Kingdom of England[68]

[edit] Wales

Sub-Roman and Medieval Brythonic kingdoms in Wales Wales experienced a similar history during this time, although the Welsh population successfully resisted the influx of Anglo-Saxon settlers into the British Isles. The country was home to a number of princedoms until England's ultimate conquest of the region in the later medieval period.

[edit] Scotland

Sub-Roman Cumbric kingdoms in Scotland

Pictish kingdoms in Scotland

Gaelic kingdoms in Scotland

  • Dál Riata, the proto-state that became Scotland. (this kingdom spanned western Scotland and northeastern Ireland)

Other

[edit] Ireland

Extinct kingdoms in Ireland Ireland during the early medieval period consisted of some two hundred tuathas or minor kingdoms, which were in turn vassals of the rulers of an over-kingdom, called a cóiced (usually translated as a portion, a fifth, or a province). The most prominent of these kingdoms were

Between the 8th and 12th centuries, various Ard Rí attempted unsuccessfully to impose their rule over all the kingdoms in Ireland. Among those whose efforts almost made this a reality were Flann Sinna, reigned 877-916); Niall Glúndub mac Áedo (916-919); Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig (1002-1014); Toirdhealbhach Ua Briain (1055-1086; and Toirdhealbhach Ua Conchobhair (1119-1156). The last of these kingdoms ceased to exist in the early 17th century. Further Irish kingdoms included:

For further information see Irish kings.

[edit] France

[edit] Low Countries

[edit] Germany

[edit] Spain and Portugal

[edit] Italy

[edit] Russia and Ukraine
Main article: List of early East Slavic states

[edit] Balkan States

[edit] Elsewhere

[edit] South Asia

[edit] China

The many Chinese states had an influence on surrounding regions; from the Song Dynasty period alone, this includes:

A number of now-extinct states formed under Chinese influence along the Silk Road in the Tarim Basin, including:

[edit] Korea

The early history of Korea was as complex as that of neighbouring China. A number of Korean states existed on the peninsula and reached up into Manchuria before the formation of the modern state of Korea. These included:

[edit] Japan

[edit] Philippines

[edit] Vietnam

The country of Vietnam in the past was very different to the modern day. The first Vietnamese kingdom occupied only present-day northern Vietnam. In the 10th century, Vietnam began to push to the south for the next 1000 years which was called Nam Tiến (southward expansion) in Vietnamese. It conquered other kingdoms and was split by civil war. All the kingdoms that united to form Vietnam are:

[edit] Cambodia/Laos/Thailand

[edit] Burma

[edit] Malaya/Indonesia

[edit] Pre-Columbian America

The Americas have historically been home to a number of indigenous states, civilizations and societies of great complexity. Those indigenous states which were still in existence by the time of the first permanent European colonizations from the late fifteenth century onwards were soon substantively destroyed and/or absorbed. The list below includes both those which had ceased to exist before this European arrival, and those which ceased to independently function as a result of this impact.

In addition, there were a wide variety of pre-Inca cultures, few of which developed into organised states.

[edit] Oceania

See List of Indigenous Australian group names

[edit] Modern states

[edit] States and territories grouped by geographical location

[edit] Europe

For the hundreds of feudal states of various size (mainly Kleinstaaterei) and nature that were part of the non-centralised Holy Roman Empire (mainly in Germany, Austria, Benelux countries and various neighbouring regions), see List of states in the Holy Roman Empire
  • Lazistan Former part of Georgia, now part of Turkey

[edit] Asia

[edit] North America

Name Location Origin Fate Notes
Indigenous peoples of the Americas The whole of North America (including the Inuit of the Arctic). Native Americans in the United States and the First Nations of Canada had established varying levels of governmental organization before contact with Europeans; in many cases, these were equivalent to contemporary European levels of government organization. The most advanced civilizations of North America were represented by the indigenous peoples in Mexico and Central America. All the native peoples were eventually incorporated into the United States, Mexico, Canada and Central America (Nicaragua), but many retain various levels of self-government and autonomy within those nations.
Cahokia Illinois, Missouri, Indiana, Kentucky and parts of Ohio. The population of the town at Cahokia exploded circa 1050 AD, indicating the establishment of a large "chiefdom". The population of Cahokia dispersed in the 14th Century, indicating the decline of the Cahokia "chiefdom". Other political bodies existed in the Mississippian culture; the Mississippian culture article has a list of Known Mississippian Chiefdoms.
Huron Confederacy Central Ontario. Confederacy of five Iroquoian tribes and several smaller groups. Controlled trade in corn and furs in the upper Great Lakes area and sporadically through the Ottawa and St. Lawrence River valleys. The Hurons were dispersed by the Iroquois in 1649. Many fled to the northern Lake Michigan region and Quebec, while a large group joined the Iroquois.
Iroquois Confederacy Upstate New York and surrounding areas. Formed before European contact; arguably as early as 31 August 1142, though also likely sometime in the 15th to the 17th Century. The Treaty of Canandaigua, signed in 1794, established relations between the United States government and the Iroquois; the treaty is still in force, though the Confederacy is no longer effectively an independent nation.
Cherokee Nation Originally in the southeastern United States, primarily Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, and parts of Alabama and Tennessee. Part of the nation (and its government structures) ended up in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee nation was unified from an interrelated society of city-states in the early 18th century under the "Emperor" Moytoy. They enjoyed relatively peaceful relations with the Spanish, and later the British and French, and to some extent the USA. The Cherokee Nation and several smaller nations which broke off are still federally recognized tribal entities, somewhat autonomous within the United States, but having similar powers to states.
Vermont Republic State of Vermont. Organized by Ethan Allen and others in 1777 from territory claimed by New York and New Hampshire. Admitted as a state to the United States of America in 1791. They were originally a part of British North America via the newly conquered province of Quebec. Originally known as Republic of New Connecticut, it had the first written national constitution in North America.
State of Franklin Easternmost Tennessee and westernmost Virginia. Seceded from North Carolina 23 August 1784. Voluntarily re-incorporated into North Carolina in 1788. Applied for admission to the United States as a separate state. Whether Franklin considered itself independent of the United States is unclear.
State of Muskogee Western Florida, near Tallahassee, might claimed parts of Georgia (U.S. state) and Alabama. Creek and Seminole Indians under English adventurer William Augustus Bowles declared independence in 1799. Annexed by Spain in 1803.
West Florida Gulf Coast of the United States, parts of present-day Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. Rebelled and declared independence on 3 September 1810. The Republic lasted only 90 days. Formal reannexation was complete by 10 December 1810. Applied for admission to the United States as a separate state, but the U.S. refused to recognize it as such.
Republic of Indian Stream Pittsburg, New Hampshire Formed 9 July 1832 in territory claimed by both the United States and Great Britain, where the treaty description of the border was unclear. Voted to annex to the United States in 1835, Britain relinquished claim in January 1836, and U.S. jurisdiction was acknowledged around May 1836.
Republic of Texas Texas and some surrounding territory. Seceded from Mexico in 1836. Voluntarily annexed to the United States of America and admitted as a state in 1845. Annexation to the U.S. triggered the Mexican-American War the next year 1846.
California Republic California, though based in Northern California. American settlers declared independence from Mexico in June 1846. Claimed by U.S. Navy for the United States of America in July 1846, and admitted as a state in 1850. The Republic was in Sonoma, California 30 miles north of San Francisco and has not covered a large area that became the present-day state of California in 1850.
Alta California Southern California, centered in San Jose and Santa Barbara. After U.S. occupation of Los Angeles in 1846, the Californios revolted and defeated an American force on 30 September 1846, and organized a government and an army. Signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo accepting American sovereignty over California on 2 February 1848. By November 1846, the Californios had gained back control of all the territory south of San Francisco, leaving America in control of just San Diego and Monterey.[69]
Confederate States of America Southeastern United States of America, from Texas to Virginia. Portions of the "border states" of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri and Kansas declared themselves parts of the Confederacy.[citation needed] Seceded from United States of America in 1861. Reintegrated into United States of America in 1865. Reconstruction ended in 1876, US troops withdrew as an occupation force in 1877. South Carolina was the first state to secede on Dec 15, 1860.
Republic of Manitoba Manitoba Founded in June 1867 by Thomas Spence at the town of Portage la Prairie in Rupert's Land or the "Northwest Territories". By late spring 1868, the Republic had been informed by the Colonial Office in London that its government had no power. The Province of Manitoba was organized within Canada on 12 May 1870, and promised the Metis people of Manitoba an autonomous government.
Dominion of Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador. A former Crown Colony which had rejected confederation with Canada in 1869, the Dominion of Newfoundland was established on 26 September 1907. Newfoundland entered into confederation with Canada on 31 March 1949, becoming a province. In 1934, Newfoundland voluntarily gave up self-government and reverted to direct control from London.
Olmec nation In and around Veracruz and Tabasco. Arose approximately 1200 BC. Decline through approximately 400 BC. First people to use zero.
Toltec kingdom/empire Central Mexico. sometime after 750. Destroyed by Chichimeca ("barbarian") invasions around 12th Century AD.
Aztec Empire Central Mexico, might extended northward to present-day U.S. by the Mexican border, and southward towards Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras). 1325, founded Tenochtitlan (present-day Mexico City). 1521, conquered by Hernán Cortés. When he and his crew first arrived in 1519, it was thought to be the world's largest city.
Tlaxcala nation Tlaxcala, Mexico, north of Mexico City. unknown (present in 1521). Absorbed by Spanish conquest into New Spain. Never conquered by Aztec Empire, assisted Hernán Cortés in his campaign against the Aztecs in 1520.
Zapotec kingdom Oaxaca and surrounding areas of southern Mexico. unknown (present in 1521). Submitted to Spain in 1551 after previous resistance against the Spaniards.
Maya civilization Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Belize. Political structures formed by about 250 AD. Last Mayan kingdom conquered on 13 March 1697 by the Spaniards, and later the British in Belize. Mayan political structures tended to center around the person of the king; even when one king conquered another, the result was usually a tributary arrangement, and the identity of the conquered kingdom persisted.
Northern America Viceroyalty of New Spain and Captaincy General of Guatemala Withdrew from Spain on November 6, 1813. It became the Mexican Empire. The United Provinces of Central America seceded from Mexico one year later (1814).
Republic of the Rio Grande Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas, and the U.S. state of Texas along the Rio Grande river. Withdrew from Mexico on 17 January1840. General Canales, commander of the forces of the Republic of the Rio Grande, accepted a command in the Mexican Army on 6 November 1840. The Republic of the Rio Grande claimed territory north to the Nueces River and the upper Medina River, territory also claimed by the Republic of Texas by 1845.
Republic of Yucatán Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico (The states of Campeche and Quintana Roo were later separated from the state of Yucatán. Declared independence 1840 and 1845, due to dislike of centralization of Mexican government. Resolved differences with central government and rejoined Mexico in December 1843. Rejoined Mexico to obtain assistance against Mayans in the Caste War of Yucatan, treaty signed 17 August 1848. Republic of Yucatán declared neutrality in Mexican-American War 1846-47.
United Provinces of Central America Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica with a southern portion of Chiapas, Mexico. Formed in aftermath of independence from Spain in 1823. Confederation dissolved civil war in 1840. Attempts were made to reunite in 1842-44, 1852, the 1880s, 1896-98 and 1921-22.
Chan Santa Cruz Quintana Roo, then a territory. Formed during the Caste War of Yucatan, named about 1850. The eponymous capital was conquered by Mexico on 5 May 1901, though low-level fighting persisted for another 10 years. Withdrawal of British recognition and end of trade with Belize in 1893 led to eventual reconquest by Mexico.
See also: :Category:Former countries in North America

[edit] South America

Name Location Origin Fate Notes
Republic of Acre present-day state of Acre, Brazil. Created 1899 declaring independence from Bolivia. Annexed by Brazil in the Treaty of Petrópolis. Three attempts at independence in 1899, 1900, and 1903.
Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia present-day Patagonia in Argentina, and the Araucanía Region in Chile. The British and French claimed parts of Patagonia at the time. Created 1860 by the French lawyer Orelie-Antoine de Tounens who was appointed king by indigenous Mapuches. It never controlled its vast territory and was an unrecognized state. Lost the last portion of land under its control in 1862 to Chile. Also Argentina annexed the province of Santa Cruz. The microstate kingdom was allied with Napoleon III of France.
Kingdom of Chimor Indigenous people of northern Peru and Ecuador. unknown (present in 1531). Incorporated into the Inca Empire in the 1470s. Chimors or the Chim migrated from Colombia over 1,000 years ago.
Confederation of the Equator States of Pernambuco and others in the northeast of Brazil. unknown, might been formed in 1821. Incorporated into the Brazilian Empire in November 1824. Also known as the "Amapa" and "Amazonian Republic"s.
Gran Colombia present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama. Created 1819 during wars for independence from Spain. Broke apart in 1830, formally dissolved in 1831. Successor states were Colombia, which included present-day Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador. Its official name was República de Colombia: there never was a state called "Greater Colombia" or "Gran Colombia"; this is an addition by later historians in order to distinguish it from the present-day Republic of Colombia. Although the literal translation is "Great Colombia", historians have traditionally chosen to translate it as "Greater Colombia".[citation needed]
Inca Empire large parts of modern Ecuador, Peru, western and south central Bolivia, northwest Argentina, north and north-central Chile, and southern Colombia. unknown, but went back over 1,000 years. Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire. It's capital was in Cuzco, Peru.
Juliana Republic present-day Santa Catarina state of Brazil. Created as a separatist state from the Empire of Brazil in July 24, 1836. Dissolved as a result of the War of the Farrapos in November 15, 1839. The land was disputed with Paraguay and Uruguay.
Liga Federal present-day Uruguay and the Mesopotamia region of Argentina, also known as the state of Parana. 1830's. It was reannexed to Argentina and Brazil (now Uruguay). The land was disputed with Paraguay and Uruguay.
Peru-Bolivian Confederation Approximately present-day Peru and Bolivia, plus some of northern Chile and other territories. Created 1836 through union of Republic of North Peru, Republic of South Peru, and Bolivia. Dissolved as a result of the War of the Confederation, 1839. Another conflict, the War of the Pacific followed in the 1870s. The Chileans defeated the Bolivians and Peruvians. Chile annexed the Arica and Tacna provinces in 1881, but returned Tacna to Peru in 1928.
Riograndense Republic present-day Rio Grande do Sul state of Brazil. Created as a separatist state from the Empire of Brazil in 1836. Dissolved as a result of the War of the Farrapos in 1845. Was disputed between Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay.

[edit] Pre-colonial Africa

See also: List of Great Lakes kingdoms and East African City-States

[edit] States and territories grouped by type

[edit] Former colonies, possessions, protectorates and territories

These were all colonies, most of which were renamed after their independence.

[edit] Dismembered countries

These states are now dissolved into a number of states, none of which retain the old name.

[edit] Renamed countries

Main article: Geographical renaming

These country names have been replaced. Only major and/or famous cases are listed, there are thousands of relatively obscure former names.

[edit] Nominally independent homelands of South Africa

Four of the homelands, or bantustans, for black South Africans, were granted nominal independence from South Africa. Not recognised by other nations, these puppet states were re-incorporated in 1994.

  • Bophuthatswana - Declared independent in 1977, reincorporated in 1994.
  • Ciskei - Declared independent in 1981, reincorporated in 1994.
  • Transkei - Declared independent in 1976, reincorporated in 1994.
  • Venda - Declared independent in 1979, reincorporated in 1994.

[edit] Secessionist states

These nations declared themselves independent, but failed to achieve it in fact or did not seek permanent independence and were either re-incorporated into the mother country or incorporated into another country.

[edit] Annexed countries

These nations, once separate, are now part of another country. (At present cases of voluntary accession are included)

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

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Harding, Les. Dead Countries of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Aden to Zululand. Scarecrow Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8108-3445-6

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